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We report first results on elliptic flow of identified particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV using the STAR TPC at RHIC. The elliptic flow as a function of transverse momentum and centrality differs significantly for particles of different masses. This dependence can be accounted for in hydrodynamic models, indicating that the system created shows a behavior consistent with collective hydrodynamical flow. The fit to the data with a simple model gives information on the temperature and flow velocities at freeze-out.
The minimum-bias multiplicity distribution and the transverse momentum and pseudorapidity distributions for central collisions have been measured for negative hadrons ( h-) in Au+Au interactions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV. The multiplicity density at midrapidity for the 5% most central interactions is dNh-/d eta | eta = 0 = 280±1(stat)±20(syst), an increase per participant of 38% relative to pp-bar collisions at the same energy. The mean transverse momentum is 0.508±0.012 GeV/c and is larger than in central Pb+Pb collisions at lower energies. The scaling of the h- yield per participant is a strong function of pperp. The pseudorapidity distribution is almost constant within | eta |<1.
We report the first measurement of inclusive antiproton production at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV by the STAR experiment at RHIC. The antiproton transverse mass distributions in the measured transverse momentum range of 0.25<pperp<0.95 GeV/c are found to fall less steeply for more central collisions. The extrapolated antiproton rapidity density is found to scale approximately with the negative hadron multiplicity density.
We report results on the ratio of midrapidity antiproton-to-proton yields in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV per nucleon pair as measured by the STAR experiment at RHIC. Within the rapidity and transverse momentum range of | y|<0.5 and 0.4<pt<1.0 GeV/c, the ratio is essentially independent of either transverse momentum or rapidity, with an average of 0.65±0.01(stat)±0.07(syst) for minimum bias collisions. Within errors, no strong centrality dependence is observed. The results indicate that at this RHIC energy, although the p-p-bar pair production becomes important at midrapidity, a significant excess of baryons over antibaryons is still present.
Molecular and cellular research modalities for the study of liver pathologies have been tremendously improved over the recent decades. Advanced technologies offer novel opportunities to establish cell isolation techniques with excellent purity, paving the path for 2D and 3D microscopy and high-throughput assays (e.g., bulk or single-cell RNA sequencing). The use of stem cell and organoid research will help to decipher the pathophysiology of liver diseases and the interaction between various parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells. Furthermore, sophisticated animal models of liver disease allow for the in vivo assessment of fibrogenesis, portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and for the preclinical testing of therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this review is to portray in detail novel in vitro and in vivo methods for the study of liver cell biology that had been presented at the workshop of the 8th meeting of the European Club for Liver Cell Biology (ECLCB-8) in October of 2018 in Bonn, Germany.
Introduction: Recent animal studies have shown that the alternate renin-angiotensin system (RAS) consisting of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin-(1–7) (Ang-(1–7)) and the Mas receptor is upregulated in cirrhosis and contributes to splanchnic vasodilatation and portal hypertension. To determine the potential relevance of these findings to human liver disease, we evaluated its expression and relationship to the patients’ clinical status in subjects with cirrhosis. Methods: Blood sampling from peripheral and central vascular beds was performed intra-operatively for cirrhotic patients at the time of liver transplantation (LT) or trans-jugular intra-hepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedures to measure angiotensin II (Ang II) and Ang-(1–7) peptide levels and ACE and ACE2 enzyme activity. Relevant clinical and hemodynamic data were recorded pre-operatively for all subjects and peripheral blood sampling was repeated 3 months or later post-operatively. Results: Ang-(1–-7) and ACE2 activity were up-regulated more than twofold in cirrhotic subjects both at the time of LT and TIPS and levels returned to comparable levels as control subjects post-transplantation. Ang-(1–7) levels correlated positively with the degree of liver disease severity, as measured by the model for an end-stage liver disease (MELD) and also with clinical parameters of pathological vasodilatation including cardiac output (CO). There were strong correlations found between the ACE2:ACE and the Ang-(1–7):Ang II ratio highlighting the inter-dependence of the alternate and classical arms of the RAS and thus their potential impact on vascular tone. Conclusions: In human cirrhosis, the alternate RAS is markedly upregulated and the activation of this system is associated strongly with features of the hyperdynamic circulation in advanced human cirrhosis.
ß-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body formed in high amounts during lipolysis and fasting. Ketone bodies and the ketogenic diet were suggested as neuroprotective agents in neurodegenerative disease. In the present work, we induced transient ischemia in mouse brain by unilaterally occluding the middle cerebral artery for 90 min. BHB (30 mg/kg), given immediately after reperfusion, significantly improved the neurological score determined after 24 h. In isolated mitochondria from mouse brain, oxygen consumption by the complexes I, II and IV was reduced immediately after ischemia but recovered slowly over 1 week. The single acute BHB administration after reperfusion improved complex I and II activity after 24 h while no significant effects were seen at later time points. After 24 h, plasma and brain BHB concentrations were strongly increased while mitochondrial intermediates (citrate, succinate) were unchanged in brain tissue. Our data suggest that a single administration of BHB may improve mitochondrial respiration for 1–2 days but not for later time points. Endogenous BHB formation seems to complement the effects of exogenous BHB administration.
Transfer RNA fragments replace microRNA regulators of the cholinergic post-stroke immune blockade
(2020)
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. Recovery depends on a delicate balance between inflammatory responses and immune suppression, tipping the scale between brain protection and susceptibility to infection. Peripheral cholinergic blockade of immune reactions fine-tunes this immune response, but its molecular regulators are unknown. Here, we report a regulatory shift in small RNA types in patient blood sequenced two days after ischemic stroke, comprising massive decreases of microRNA levels and concomitant increases of transfer RNA fragments (tRFs) targeting cholinergic transcripts. Electrophoresis-based size-selection followed by RT-qPCR validated the top 6 upregulated tRFs in a separate cohort of stroke patients, and independent datasets of small and long RNA sequencing pinpointed immune cell subsets pivotal to these responses, implicating CD14+ monocytes in the cholinergic inflammatory reflex. In-depth small RNA targeting analyses revealed the most-perturbed pathways following stroke and implied a structural dichotomy between microRNA and tRF target sets. Furthermore, lipopolysaccharide stimulation of murine RAW 264.7 cells and human CD14+ monocytes upregulated the top 6 stroke-perturbed tRFs, and overexpression of stroke-inducible tRF-22-WE8SPOX52 using an ssRNA mimic induced downregulation of immune regulator Z-DNA binding protein 1 (Zbp1). In summary, we identified a “changing of the guards” between RNA types that may systemically affect homeostasis in post-stroke immune responses, and pinpointed multiple affected pathways, which opens new venues for establishing therapeutics and biomarkers at the protein- and RNA-level.
Significance Statement Ischemic stroke triggers peripheral immunosuppression, increasing the susceptibility to post-stroke pneumonia that is linked with poor survival. The post-stroke brain initiates intensive communication with the immune system, and acetylcholine contributes to these messages; but the responsible molecules are yet unknown. We discovered a “changing of the guards,” where microRNA levels decreased but small transfer RNA fragments (tRFs) increased in post-stroke blood. This molecular switch may re-balance acetylcholine signaling in CD14+ monocytes by regulating their gene expression and modulating post-stroke immunity. Our observations point out to tRFs as molecular regulators of post-stroke immune responses that may be potential therapeutic targets.
Transfer RNA fragments replace microRNA regulators of the cholinergic poststroke immune blockade
(2020)
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. Recovery depends on a delicate balance between inflammatory responses and immune suppression, tipping the scale between brain protection and susceptibility to infection. Peripheral cholinergic blockade of immune reactions fine-tunes this immune response, but its molecular regulators are unknown. Here, we report a regulatory shift in small RNA types in patient blood sequenced 2 d after ischemic stroke, comprising massive decreases of microRNA levels and concomitant increases of transfer RNA fragments (tRFs) targeting cholinergic transcripts. Electrophoresis-based size-selection followed by qRT-PCR validated the top six up-regulated tRFs in a separate cohort of stroke patients, and independent datasets of small and long RNA sequencing pinpointed immune cell subsets pivotal to these responses, implicating CD14+ monocytes in the cholinergic inflammatory reflex. In-depth small RNA targeting analyses revealed the most-perturbed pathways following stroke and implied a structural dichotomy between microRNA and tRF target sets. Furthermore, lipopolysaccharide stimulation of murine RAW 264.7 cells and human CD14+ monocytes up-regulated the top six stroke-perturbed tRFs, and overexpression of stroke-inducible tRF-22-WE8SPOX52 using a single-stranded RNA mimic induced down-regulation of immune regulator Z-DNA binding protein 1. In summary, we identified a “changing of the guards” between small RNA types that may systemically affect homeostasis in poststroke immune responses, and pinpointed multiple affected pathways, which opens new venues for establishing therapeutics and biomarkers at the protein and RNA level.
Background: About 2000 children and adolescents under the age of 18 are diagnosed with cancer each year in Germany. Because of current medical treatment methods, a high survival rate can be reached for many types of the disease. Nevertheless, patients face a number of long-term effects related to the treatment. As a result, physical and psychological consequences have increasingly become the focus of research in recent years. Social dimensions of health have received little attention in health services research in oncology so far. Yet, there are no robust results that allow an estimation of whether and to what extent the disease and treatment impair the participation of children and adolescents and which factors mediate this effect. Social participation is of great importance especially because interactions with peers and experiences in different areas of life are essential for the development of children and adolescents.
Methods: Data are collected in a longitudinal, prospective, observational multicenter study. For this purpose, all patients and their parents who are being treated for cancer in one of the participating clinics throughout Germany will be interviewed within the first month after diagnosis (t1), after completion of intensive treatment (t2) and half a year after the end of intensive treatment (t3) using standardized questionnaires. Analysis will be done by descriptive and multivariate methods.
Discussion: The results can be used to identify children and adolescents in high-risk situations at an early stage in order to be able to initiate interventions tailored to the needs. Such tailored interventions will finally reduce the risk of impairments in the participation of children and adolescents and increase quality of life.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04101123.
Objective: We aimed to estimate the incidence of cerebral sinus and venous thrombosis (CVT) within 1 month from first dose administration and the frequency of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) as the underlying mechanism after vaccination with BNT162b2, ChAdOx1, and mRNA-1273, in Germany. Methods: A web-based questionnaire was e-mailed to all departments of neurology. We requested a report of cases of CVT occurring within 1 month of a COVID-19 vaccination. Other cerebral events could also be reported. Incidence rates of CVT were calculated by using official statistics of 9 German states. Results: A total of 45 CVT cases were reported. In addition, 9 primary ischemic strokes, 4 primary intracerebral hemorrhages, and 4 other neurological events were recorded. Of the CVT patients, 35 (77.8%) were female, and 36 (80.0%) were younger than 60 years. Fifty-three events were observed after vaccination with ChAdOx1 (85.5%), 9 after BNT162b2 (14.5%) vaccination, and none after mRNA-1273 vaccination. After 7,126,434 first vaccine doses, the incidence rate of CVT within 1 month from first dose administration was 0.55 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.38–0.78) per 100,000 person-months (which corresponds to a risk of CVT within the first 31 days of 0.55 per 100,000 individuals) for all vaccines and 1.52 (95% CI = 1.00–2.21) for ChAdOx1 (after 2,320,535 ChAdOx1 first doses). The adjusted incidence rate ratio was 9.68 (95% CI = 3.46–34.98) for ChAdOx1 compared to mRNA-based vaccines and 3.14 (95% CI = 1.22–10.65) for females compared to non-females. In 26 of 45 patients with CVT (57.8%), VITT was graded highly probable. Interpretation: Given an incidence of 0.02 to 0.15 per 100,000 person-months for CVT in the general population, these findings point toward a higher risk for CVT after ChAdOx1 vaccination, especially for women.
Longitudinal changes of cortical microstructure in Parkinson's disease assessed with T1 relaxometry
(2016)
Background: Histological evidence suggests that pathology in Parkinson's disease (PD) goes beyond nigrostriatal degeneration and also affects the cerebral cortex. Quantitative MRI (qMRI) techniques allow the assessment of changes in brain tissue composition. However, the development and pattern of disease-related cortical changes have not yet been demonstrated in PD with qMRI methods. The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinal cortical microstructural changes in PD with quantitative T1 relaxometry.
Methods: 13 patients with mild to moderate PD and 20 matched healthy subjects underwent high resolution T1 mapping at two time points with an interval of 6.4 years (healthy subjects: 6.5 years). Data from two healthy subjects had to be excluded due to MRI artifacts. Surface-based analysis of cortical T1 values was performed with the FreeSurfer toolbox.
Results: In PD patients, a widespread decrease of cortical T1 was detected during follow-up which affected large parts of the temporo-parietal and occipital cortices and also frontal areas. In contrast, age-related T1 decrease in the healthy control group was much less pronounced and only found in lateral frontal, parietal and temporal areas. Average cortical T1 values did not differ between the groups at baseline (p = 0.17), but were reduced in patients at follow-up (p = 0.0004). Annualized relative changes of cortical T1 were higher in patients vs. healthy subjects (patients: − 0.72 ± 0.64%/year; healthy subjects: − 0.17 ± 0.41%/year, p = 0.007).
Conclusions: In patients with PD, the development of widespread changes in cortical microstructure was observed as reflected by a reduction of cortical T1. The pattern of T1 decrease in PD patients exceeded the normal T1 decrease as found in physiological aging and showed considerable overlap with the pattern of cortical thinning demonstrated in previous PD studies. Therefore, cortical T1 might be a promising additional imaging marker for future longitudinal PD studies. The biological mechanisms underlying cortical T1 reductions remain to be further elucidated.
Herausforderungen meistern, Krisen überwinden : über Ratgeberliteratur aus narratologischer Sicht
(2012)
Ratgebende Texte sind eine feste Größe im Buchmarkt. Ausweislich des Branchenmonitors des Börsenvereins des deutschen Buchhandels zählte im Jahr 2010 jedes siebte in Deutschland verkaufte Buch zum Marktsegment Ratgeber – im ersten Halbjahr 2011 sogar fast jedes sechste. Wenn im Folgenden der Frage nachgegangen werden soll, auf welche Art und Weise in diesen weit verbreiteten Texten Ratschläge an den Leser gebracht werden, welche Erzählstrukturen und -strategien auszumachen sind und welche Bedeutung ihnen zukommt, dann ist zunächst festzuhalten, dass Ratgeber aus mehreren Textsorten zusammengesetzt und zumeist nicht dominant erzählerisch angelegt sind – 'erzählerisch' in dem Sinne, dass ein Geschehen vergegenwärtigt wird. Vielmehr werden erzählende mit informativen, argumentativen, essayistischen und beschreibenden Passagen kombiniert. Ratgeberliteratur wird hier als Sammelbezeichnung für die als gedruckte Bücher vorliegenden Ratgeber (gegenüber Ratgebertexten in anderen Medien wie Zeitschriften, Filmen oder Internetforen) verstanden. Der Terminus Ratgeberliteratur zielt also auf eine mediale Spezifikation.
Erzählen ist eine grundlegende Form unseres Zugriffs auf Wirklichkeit. In den verschiedensten Bereichen der alltäglichen Lebenswelt und nicht zuletzt auf den Gebieten wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnis orientieren und verständigen wir uns mit Hilfe von Erzählungen. Reportagen des investigativen Journalismus, Selbstdarstellungen von Politikern im Wahlkampf, Erlebnisberichte in Internetblogs, Anamnesen im medizinischen Patientengespräch, Plädoyers vor Gericht, Vermittlungen von Verhaltensnormen in populärer Ratgeberliteratur, Heilserzählungen im Gottesdienst, Fallgeschichten in juristischen Lehrbüchern, ökonomische Prognosen von Kursverläufen – all diese Kommunikationen erfolgen wesentlich in erzählender Form. Anders als in den erfundenen Geschichten der Literatur bezieht man sich in diesen Erzählungen direkt auf unsere konkrete Wirklichkeit und trifft Aussagen mit einem spezifischen Geltungsanspruch: 'So ist es (gewesen)'. Solche Erzählungen mit unmittelbarem Bezug auf die konkrete außersprachliche Realität nennen wir Wirklichkeitserzählungen. In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten wurde die referentielle Leistung sprachlicher Kommunikation im Zeichen strukturalistischer und poststrukturalistischer Theorien allzu oft zugunsten eines pauschalen 'Panfiktionalismus' unterschlagen. Zweifellos 'konstruieren' Wirklichkeitserzählungen in erheblichem Maße eine Realität; aber sie sind eben auch auf eine intersubjektiv gegebene Wirklichkeit bezogen. Wirklichkeitserzählungen sind sowohl konstruktiv als auch referentiell – darin liegt ihre besondere erkenntnistheoretische Bedeutung. Es gilt, den referentiellen Aspekt von Wirklichkeitserzählungen angemessen zu berücksichtigen, ohne deren konstruktive Elemente zu vernachlässigen.
Micky Maus, Superman, Asterix, Popeye - zahlreiche Figuren aus Comics haben ein Eigenleben entwickelt und sich als Marke etabliert. Die Figuren halten die Fortsetzungsgeschichten zusammen und stellen entsprechend einen Wiedererkennungswert dar. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist es bemerkenswert, dass sich die inzwischen doch einigermaßen etablierte Comic-Forschung der Betrachtung der Figuren nur am Rande gewidmet hat. Das gilt erst recht für jene Sonderform des Comics, die im Folgenden in den Fokus gerückt werden soll: die Graphic Novel.
Elliptic flow from nuclear collisions is a hadronic observable sensitive to the early stages of system evolution. We report first results on elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=130 GeV using the STAR TPC at RHIC. The elliptic flow signal, v_2, averaged over transverse momentum, reaches values of about 6% for relatively peripheral collisions and decreases for the more central collisions. This can be interpreted as the observation of a higher degree of thermalization than at lower collision energies. Pseudorapidity and transverse momentum dependence of elliptic flow are also presented.
Purpose: In secondary progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS), global neurodegeneration as a driver of disability gains importance in comparison to focal inflammatory processes. However, clinical MRI does not visualize changes of tissue composition outside MS lesions. This quantitative MRI (qMRI) study investigated cortical and deep gray matter (GM) proton density (PD) values and T1 relaxation times to explore their potential to assess neuronal damage and its relationship to clinical disability in SPMS.
Materials and Methods: 11 SPMS patients underwent quantitative T1 and PD mapping. Parameter values across the cerebral cortex and deep GM structures were compared with 11 healthy controls, and correlation with disability was investigated for regions exhibiting significant group differences.
Results: PD was increased in the whole GM, cerebral cortex, thalamus, putamen and pallidum. PD correlated with disability in the whole GM, cerebral cortex, putamen and pallidum. T1 relaxation time was prolonged and correlated with disability in the whole GM and cerebral cortex.
Conclusion: Our study suggests that the qMRI parameters GM PD (which likely indicates replacement of neural tissue with water) and cortical T1 (which reflects cortical damage including and beyond increased water content) are promising qMRI candidates for the assessment of disease status, and are related to disability in SPMS.
The macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (mincle) is part of the innate immune system and acts as a pattern recognition receptor for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Ligand binding induces mincle activation which consequently interacts with the signaling adapter Fc receptor, SYK, and NF-kappa-B. There is also evidence that mincle expressed on macrophages promotes intestinal barrier integrity. However, little is known about the role of mincle in hepatic fibrosis, especially in more advanced disease stages. Mincle expression was measured in human liver samples from cirrhotic patients and donors collected at liver transplantation and in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Human results were confirmed in rodent models of cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). In these models, the role of mincle was investigated in liver samples as well as in peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC), tissues from the kidney, spleen, small intestine, and heart. Additionally, mincle activation was stimulated in experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) by treatment with mincle agonist trehalose-6,6-dibehenate (TDB). In human NASH, mincle is upregulated with increased collagen production. In ApoE deficient mice fed high-fat western diet (NASH model), mincle activation significantly increases hepatic collagen production. In human cirrhosis, mincle expression is also significantly upregulated. Furthermore, mincle expression is associated with the stage of chronic liver disease. This could be confirmed in rat models of cirrhosis and ACLF. ACLF was induced by LPS injection in cirrhotic rats. While mincle expression and downstream signaling via FC receptor gamma, SYK, and NF-kappa-B are upregulated in the liver, they are downregulated in PBMCs of these rats. Although mincle expressed on macrophages might be beneficial for intestinal barrier integrity, it seems to contribute to inflammation and fibrosis once the intestinal barrier becomes leaky in advanced stages of chronic liver disease.
Monoklonale Antikörper und rekombinante Antikörperfragmente gegen sekundäre Arzneipflanzenmetabolite
(2004)
Monoklonale Antikörper sind seit vielen Jahren aus den biochemischen und molekularbiologischen Laboratorien nicht mehr wegzudenken. Sowohl in der Grundlagenforschung, als auch in der angewandten medizinischen Diagnostik und der Therapie spielen sie eine immer wichtigere Rolle. Dennoch konnten sich monoklonale Antikörper als Hilfsmittel im Bereich der Naturstoffanalytik bisher noch nicht durchsetzen. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit stand daher die Frage, inwieweit sich monoklonale Antikörper und rekombinante Antikörperfragmente für die Analytik komplexer Naturstoffgemische eignen. Eine der Zielstrukturen, gegen die monoklonale Antikörper generiert werden sollten, ist das pentazyklische Triterpen Oleanolsäure. Oleanolsäure ist als Aglykon in zahlreichen verschiedenen Triterpensaponinen enthalten. Triterpensaponine bzw. Triterpensaponin-haltige Arzneipflanzen spielen aufgrund ihres breiten Wirkungsspektrums in der Phytotherapie eine wichtige Rolle. Sie zeichnen sich nachweislich durch venentonisierende, antiödematöse, antiphlogistische, diuretische, expektorierende und broncholytische Eigenschaften aus. Da es sich bei den Triterpensaponinen um eine sehr heterogene Stoffgruppe handelt, ist ihre Analytik sehr aufwendig. Monoklonale Antikörper könnten daher bei der Analytik von komplexen Saponingemischen sehr nützlich sein. In Zusammenarbeit mit Frau Dr. Kerstin Brand aus dem Arbeitskreis von PD Dr. Werner Knöss (Universität Bonn) konnten verschiedene monoklonale Antikörper gegen Oleanolsäure etabliert werden. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden die Bindungseigenschaften dieser Antikörper eingehend charakterisiert. In kompetitiven ELISAs konnten die Molekülepitope, an die die verschiedenen Antikörper binden, bestimmt werden. Außerdem wurden die Immunglobuline auf Kreuzreaktivitäten gegenüber 72 unterschiedlichen sekundären Arzneipflanzenmetaboliten untersucht. Die monoklonalen Antikörper zeigten dabei keine Interaktion mit Steroiden, Phytosterolen und Herzglykosiden – Substanzen die zwar in die Gruppe der Triterpene eingeordnet werden können, sich aber in ihrer Struktur und Stereochemie deutlich von der Oleanolsäure unterscheiden. Gegenüber zahlreichen pentazyklischen Triterpenen, die strukturelle Ähnlichkeiten mit der Oleanolsäure besitzen, zeigten hingegen alle untersuchten Immunglobuline eine ausgeprägte Kreuzreaktivität. Daher eignen sie sich für die Analytik von komplex zusammengesetzten Triterpengemischen, z.B. von Arzneipflanzenextrakten. Dies konnte durch verschiedene direkte und indirekte Kompetitionsversuche mit unterschiedlichen Arzneipflanzenextrakten im Rahmen dieser Arbeit und der Dissertation von Frau Dr. Kerstin Brand gezeigt werden. Mit Hilfe eines kompetitiven ELISAs ist z.B. ein Screening von unbekannten Arzneipflanzen auf Triterpensaponine möglich. Auch eine Wertbestimmung von Arzneipflanzen oder Arzneipflanzenextrakten mit Hilfe der monoklonalen Antikörper ist denkbar, sofern eine Referenz zur Verfügung steht, auf den die Kompetitionsergebnisse bezogen werden können. Der Einsatz der hier vorgestellten Antikörper wird allerdings dadurch eingeschränkt, dass die Immunglobuline eine unvorhersehbare Polyspezifität gegenüber den polyphenolischen Sekundärmetaboliten Quercetin und Ellagsäure zeigten. Bei einem Einsatz der Antikörper im Rahmen der Naturstoffanalytik sind daher Vorversuche erforderlich, um diese Substanzen zu identifizieren und wenn möglich zu entfernen. Einer der untersuchten monoklonalen Antikörper, der Antikörper der Zelllinie 10F10, zeigte eine Kreuzreaktivität gegenüber verschiedenen ß-Boswelliasäuren. Boswelliasäuren sind in der Lage, das Enzym 5-Lipoxygenase zu hemmen und dadurch die Synthese von entzündungsfördernden Leukotrienen zu inhibieren. Daher scheinen Boswelliasäuren viel versprechende Arzneistoffe bei der Therapie der unterschiedlichsten inflammatorischen Erkrankungen, wie z.B. Colitis ulcerosa, Morbus Crohn, Asthma bronchiale oder rheumatoider Arthritis zu sein. Der Antikörper der Zelllinie 10F10 soll im Arbeitskreis von Prof. Dieter Steinhilber am Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie der Universität Frankfurt unter anderem für eine Immobilisierung der Boswelliasäuren an Immunaffinitätssäulen eingesetzt werden. In diesem Arbeitskreis wird der Einfluss von ß-Boswelliasäuren auf die 5-Lipoxygenase intensiv erforscht. In einem zweiten Projekt wurden rekombinante scFv-Antikörperfragmente gegen das Triterpen Oleanolsäure und gegen das Pyrrolizidinalkaloid Retrorsin generiert. Pyrrolizidinalkaloide sind hepatotoxische Sekundärmetabolite, die in zahlreichen Nutzpflanzen und traditionellen Arzneipflanzen enthalten sind. Insgesamt wurden vier verschiedene scFv-Fragmente konstruiert. Zwei Anti- Oleanolsäure-Antikörperfragmente konnten in E. coli erfolgreich periplasmatisch exprimiert und ihre Funktionalität in verschiedenen Antigenbindungsstudien nachgewiesen werden. Darüber hinaus wurde eine Phagen-Display- und Phagen- Panning-Methode etabliert, mit deren Hilfe es möglich ist, gezielt nach funktionellen Antikörperfragmenten zu suchen. Mit dieser Methode sollte es möglich sein, nach erfolgter Mutation der verschiedenen scFv-Fragmente, Proteine mit neuen Bindungseigenschaften zu identifizieren. Interessant wären dabei z.B. scFv- Fragmente, die mit Pyrrolizidin-N-oxiden interagieren. Gegen diese Substanzen konnten im Arbeitskreis Dingermann mit Hilfe der konventionellen Hybridoma- Technologie bisher noch keine monoklonalen Antikörper generiert werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass es sich bei monoklonalen Antikörpern und rekombinanten Antikörperfragmenten um interessante Hilfsstoffe für die Naturstoffanalytik handelt, deren Bedeutung für dieses Anwendungsgebiet aber bisher noch deutlich unterbewertet ist. Es wäre daher sehr interessant, die hier vorgestellten Projekte fortzuführen und die Arbeitsmethoden weiter zu optimieren. Mit den im Rahmen dieser Arbeit charakterisierten Anti-Oleanolsäure-Antikörpern stehen bereits drei Immunglobuline für die Arzneipflanzenanalytik zur Verfügung. Von allen drei Antikörpern liegen inzwischen auch scFv-Fragmente vor. Diese Fragmente könnten modifiziert und mit Hilfe der hier vorgestellten Phagen-Display-Methode nach Proteinen mit modifizierten Bindungseigenschaften gesucht werden. Letztendlich wäre auf diese Weise die Generierung eines großen Sortiments von Antikörpern und Antikörperfragmenten für die Analytik der unterschiedlichsten Substanzklassen möglich.
Transfer RNA fragments replace microRNA regulators of the cholinergic post-stroke immune blockade
(2020)
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. Recovery depends on balance between inflammatory response and immune suppression, which can be CNS-protective but may worsen prognosis by increasing patients’ susceptibility to infections. Peripheral cholinergic blockade of immune reactions fine-tunes this immune response, but its molecular regulators are unknown. Therefore, we sought small RNA balancers of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in peripheral blood from ischemic stroke patients. Using RNA-sequencing and RT-qPCR, we discovered in patients’ blood on day 2 after stroke a “change of guards” reflected in massive decreases in microRNAs (miRs) and increases in transfer RNA fragments (tRFs) targeting cholinergic transcripts. Electrophoresis-based size-selection followed by RT-qPCR validated the top 6 upregulated tRFs in a separate cohort of stroke patients, and independent small RNA-sequencing datasets presented post-stroke enriched tRFs as originating from lymphocytes and monocytes. In these immune compartments, we found CD14+ monocytes to express the highest amounts of cholinergic transcripts. In-depth analysis of CD14+ regulatory circuits revealed minimally overlapping subsets of transcription factors carrying complementary motifs to miRs or tRFs, indicating different roles for the stroke-perturbed members of these small RNA species. Furthermore, LPS-stimulated murine RAW264.7 cells presented dexamethasone-suppressible upregulation of the top 6 tRFs identified in human patients, indicating an evolutionarily conserved and pharmaceutically treatable tRF response to inflammatory cues. Our findings identify tRF/miR subgroups which may co-modulate the homeostatic response to stroke in patients’ blood and open novel venues for establishing RNA-targeted concepts for post-stroke diagnosis and therapeutics.