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The first measurements of light antinucleus production in Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider are reported. The observed production rates for d-bar and 3He-bar are much larger than in lower energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. A coalescence model analysis of the yields indicates that there is little or no increase in the antinucleon freeze-out volume compared to collisions at CERN SPS energy. These analyses also indicate that the 3He-bar freeze-out volume is smaller than the d-bar freeze-out volume.
We present the first measurement of midrapidity vector meson phi production in Au+Au collisions at RHIC (sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV) from the STAR detector. For the 11% highest multiplicity collisions, the slope parameter from an exponential fit to the transverse mass distribution is T=379±50(stat)±45(syst) MeV, the yield dN/dy=5.73±0.37(stat)±0.69(syst) per event, and the ratio N phi /Nh- is found to be 0.021±0.001(stat)±0.004(syst). The measured ratio N phi /Nh- and T for the phi meson at midrapidity do not change for the selected multiplicity bins.
Elliptic flow from nuclear collisions is a hadronic observable sensitive to the early stages of system evolution. We report first results on elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV using the STAR Time Projection Chamber at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The elliptic flow signal, v2, averaged over transverse momentum, reaches values of about 6% for relatively peripheral collisions and decreases for the more central collisions. This can be interpreted as the observation of a higher degree of thermalization than at lower collision energies. Pseudorapidity and transverse momentum dependence of elliptic flow are also presented.
Cephalization is a major innovation of animal evolution and implies a synchronization of nervous system, mouth, and foregut polarization to align alimentary tract and sensomotoric system for effective foraging. However, the underlying integration of morphogenetic programs is poorly understood. Here, we show that invagination of neuroectoderm through de novo polarization and apical constriction creates the mouth opening in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. Simultaneously, all 18 juxta-oral sensory organ dendritic tips become symmetrically positioned around the mouth: While the two bilaterally symmetric amphid sensilla endings are towed to the mouth opening, labial and cephalic sensilla become positioned independently. Dendrite towing is enabled by the pre-polarized sensory amphid pores intercalating into the leading edge of the anteriorly migrating epidermal sheet, while apical constriction-mediated cell–cell re-arrangements mediate positioning of all other sensory organs. These two processes can be separated by gradual inactivation of the 26S proteasome activator, RPN-6.1. Moreover, RPN- 6.1 also shows a dose-dependent requirement for maintenance of coordinated apical polarization of other organs with apical lumen, the pharynx, and the intestine. Thus, our data unveil integration of morphogenetic programs during the coordination of alimentary tract and sensory organ formation and suggest that this process requires tight control of ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation.
We report first results on elliptic flow of identified particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV using the STAR TPC at RHIC. The elliptic flow as a function of transverse momentum and centrality differs significantly for particles of different masses. This dependence can be accounted for in hydrodynamic models, indicating that the system created shows a behavior consistent with collective hydrodynamical flow. The fit to the data with a simple model gives information on the temperature and flow velocities at freeze-out.
The minimum-bias multiplicity distribution and the transverse momentum and pseudorapidity distributions for central collisions have been measured for negative hadrons ( h-) in Au+Au interactions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV. The multiplicity density at midrapidity for the 5% most central interactions is dNh-/d eta | eta = 0 = 280±1(stat)±20(syst), an increase per participant of 38% relative to pp-bar collisions at the same energy. The mean transverse momentum is 0.508±0.012 GeV/c and is larger than in central Pb+Pb collisions at lower energies. The scaling of the h- yield per participant is a strong function of pperp. The pseudorapidity distribution is almost constant within | eta |<1.
We report the first measurement of inclusive antiproton production at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV by the STAR experiment at RHIC. The antiproton transverse mass distributions in the measured transverse momentum range of 0.25<pperp<0.95 GeV/c are found to fall less steeply for more central collisions. The extrapolated antiproton rapidity density is found to scale approximately with the negative hadron multiplicity density.
We report results on the ratio of midrapidity antiproton-to-proton yields in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV per nucleon pair as measured by the STAR experiment at RHIC. Within the rapidity and transverse momentum range of | y|<0.5 and 0.4<pt<1.0 GeV/c, the ratio is essentially independent of either transverse momentum or rapidity, with an average of 0.65±0.01(stat)±0.07(syst) for minimum bias collisions. Within errors, no strong centrality dependence is observed. The results indicate that at this RHIC energy, although the p-p-bar pair production becomes important at midrapidity, a significant excess of baryons over antibaryons is still present.
Receptor tyrosine kinases of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family regulate essential cellular functions such as proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation but also play central roles in the etiology and progression of tumors. We have identified short peptide sequences from a random peptide library integrated into the thioredoxin scaffold protein, which specifically bind to the intracellular domain of the EGF receptor (EGFR). These molecules have the potential to selectively inhibit specific aspects of EGF receptor signaling and might become valuable as anticancer agents. Intracellular expression of the aptamer encoding gene construct KDI1 or introduction of bacterially expressed KDI1 via a protein transduction domain into EGFR-expressing cells results in KDI1·EGF receptor complex formation, a slower proliferation, and reduced soft agar colony formation. Aptamer KDI1 did not summarily block the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity but selectively interfered with the EGF-induced phosphorylation of the tyrosine residues 845, 1068, and 1148 as well as the phosphorylation of tyrosine 317 of p46 Shc. EGF-induced phosphorylation of Stat3 at tyrosine 705 and Stat3-dependent transactivation were also impaired. Transduction of a short synthetic peptide aptamer sequence not embedded into the scaffold protein resulted in the same impairment of EGF-induced Stat3 activation.
Elliptic flow from nuclear collisions is a hadronic observable sensitive to the early stages of system evolution. We report first results on elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=130 GeV using the STAR TPC at RHIC. The elliptic flow signal, v_2, averaged over transverse momentum, reaches values of about 6% for relatively peripheral collisions and decreases for the more central collisions. This can be interpreted as the observation of a higher degree of thermalization than at lower collision energies. Pseudorapidity and transverse momentum dependence of elliptic flow are also presented.
Background: Bipolar disorder is associated with circadian disruption and a high risk of suicidal behavior. In a previous exploratory study of patients with bipolar I disorder, we found that a history of suicide attempts was associated with differences between winter and summer levels of solar insolation. The purpose of this study was to confirm this finding using international data from 42% more collection sites and 25% more countries. Methods: Data analyzed were from 71 prior and new collection sites in 40 countries at a wide range of latitudes. The analysis included 4876 patients with bipolar I disorder, 45% more data than previously analyzed. Of the patients, 1496 (30.7%) had a history of suicide attempt. Solar insolation data, the amount of the sun’s electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, was obtained for each onset location (479 locations in 64 countries). Results: This analysis confirmed the results of the exploratory study with the same best model and slightly better statistical significance. There was a significant inverse association between a history of suicide attempts and the ratio of mean winter insolation to mean summer insolation (mean winter insolation/mean summer insolation). This ratio is largest near the equator which has little change in solar insolation over the year, and smallest near the poles where the winter insolation is very small compared to the summer insolation. Other variables in the model associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts were a history of alcohol or substance abuse, female gender, and younger birth cohort. The winter/summer insolation ratio was also replaced with the ratio of minimum mean monthly insolation to the maximum mean monthly insolation to accommodate insolation patterns in the tropics, and nearly identical results were found. All estimated coefficients were significant at p < 0.01. Conclusion: A large change in solar insolation, both between winter and summer and between the minimum and maximum monthly values, may increase the risk of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder. With frequent circadian rhythm dysfunction and suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder, greater understanding of the optimal roles of daylight and electric lighting in circadian entrainment is needed.
In einer Vielzahl von Tumoren begründet sich die maligne Transformation der Zellen in einer Überexpression der ErbB2-Rezeptortyrosinkinase. Aufgrund der erhöhten ErbB2-Rezeptordichte auf der Zelloberfläche wird durch die Aktivierung des Rezeptors eine starke Proliferation der Zellen ausgelöst, welche invasiv in gesundes Gewebe eindringen. Dieses starke Wachstum wird über die Aktivierung ErbB2-vermittelter Angiogenese sichergestellt und lässt sich durch die Verwendung von Chemotherapeutika nicht aufhalten. Auf diese Weise können sich diese malignen Zellen durch Metastasierung im ganzen Körper verteilen, was sich in einer 5 Jahres-Überlebensrate der Patienten von 5 % widerspiegelt. Die Inhibition der ErbB2-Rezeptor-Tyrosinkinase stellt somit durch ihre Rolle in der Tumorprogression, ein relevantes Ziel der modernen Tumormedizin dar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die ErbB2-Tyrosinkinasedomäne in einem Hefe Zwei-Hybrid System verwendet, um spezifische Interaktionspartner zu isolieren, die mit der Funktion der Kinase interferieren. Bei den potentiellen Inhibitoren handelt es sich um Peptid-Aptamere. Dies sind randomisierte Peptide aus 12 bis 42 Aminosäuren, die in einer konstringierten Konformation in ein Gerüstprotein eingebaut sind. Als Gerüstprotein wurde das intrazelluläre Protein Thioredoxin verwendet, dessen aktives Zentrum als Schleife aus der Proteinstruktur ragt. In dieses aktive Zentrum wurden die randomisierten Peptide inseriert und für die Interaktion mit der Tyrosinkinase präsentiert. Durch die Klonierung einer optimierten PeptidAptamer Bibliothek gelang es einen Pool von 2 x 108 unterschiedlichen Peptiden zu konstruieren. Aus dieser Bibliothek konnten durch das Hefe Zwei-Hybrid System Peptid-Aptamere isoliert werden, die spezifisch mit dem ErbB2-Rezeptor interagierten. Diese in der Hefe gezeigte Interaktion wurde in vitro in GST-Pulldown und in vitro Co-IP Experimenten bestätigt. Damit die Funktion der Aptamere in Krebszellen analysiert werden konnte, wurden die Peptid-Aptamere über die lentivirale Transduktion und Proteintransduktion effizient in Zielzellen eingebracht. Mit Hilfe der Aptamer-Transduktion konnte die Rezeptor-Aptamer Interaktion durch Co-IP und Co-Lokalisationsuntersuchungen auch in ErbB2-exprimierende Zellen, wie SKBr3 und NIH#3.7, bestätigt werden. Zur Funktionsanalyse wurden die Aptamere ferner in MCF7 Zellen eingebracht und dort durch HRG die Aktivierung von ErbB2/ErbB3-Heterodimeren induziert. Diese Heterodimere übertragen über den PKB/AKT-Signalweg ein anti-apoptotischen Signal in die Zelle, welches zur Chemoresistenz-Entwicklung dieser Zellen beiträgt. Die ErbB2-induzierte Aktivierung des PKB/AKT-Signalweges konnte durch die Aptamer-Applikation verhindert werden. Im Folgenden wurden die Aptamere in MCF7 her2 Zellen transduziert. Bei MCF7 her2 Zellen handelt es sich um MCF7 Zellen, die stabil mit ErbB2 transfiziert wurden. Die daraus resultierende Überexpression des ErbB2 Rezeptors führt über die Induktion des AKT-Signalweges zur Resistenz der Zellen gegenüber Chemotherapeutika-Behandlung, wie Taxol. Durch Applikation der Aptamer wurden MCF7 her2 Zellen für die Taxol-Behandlung resensitiviert. Auf diese Weise wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit Peptid-Aptamere isoliert, die mit der ErbB2-induzierter Chemoresistenz interferierten und damit in Kombination mit einer Taxol-Behandlung eine alternative Therapiemöglichkeit bieten.