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Neben dem Erregernachweis beruht die Labordiagnose der Cytomegalie auf der Bestimmung HCMV spezifischer IgG-, IgM- und IgAAntikörper. Von der Industrie werden jedes Jahr neue Antikörpertests basierend auf der ELISA-Technologie angeboten. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden ein neues Testverfahren (Freka CMV-M-ELISA, Fresenius, Bad Homburg) mit bereits seit mehreren Jahren etablierten und zugelassenen ELISAs (Enzygnost CMVIgM; Behringwerke, Marburg und CMV-ELA, Medac, Hamburg) verglichen. Zur Bestimmung der Sensitivität wurden Verlaufsproben von 15 Organtransplantierten mit einer aktiven HCMV-Infektion, welche in den meisten Fällen über ein positives Ergebnis in der HCMV-DNA-PCR und/oder Virusisolierung und/oder quantitative pp65-Antigenbestimmung bestätigt wurde, untersucht. Zur Ermittlung der Spezifität wurde ein Kollektiv von bekannten HCMV-IgM-negativen Serumproben sowie potentiell kreuzreaktive Seren mit Antikörpern gegen andere Herpesviren und Rheumafaktor- bzw. Antinuklear-Antikörper-positive Seren untersucht. Die höchste Sensitivität wurde für den Medac-ELA ermittelt. Der Freka CMV-M ELISA zeigte eine ähnliche Sensitivität und Spezifität wie der Enzygnost CMV-IgM. Relativ zum Erregernachweis über PCR, Virusisolierung und quantitative pp65-Antigenbestimmung dauerte es bei vielen Patienten bis zu mehreren Wochen, ehe eine humorale Immunantwort über die Bildung von spezifischem IgM nachweisbar war. Bei zwei Patienten waren trotz dem Vorliegen einer floriden Cytomegalie keine HCMV-IgM-Antikörper bis zum Ende des Beobachtungszeitraums nachweisbar. Die Ergebnisse unserer Studie zeigen, daß es relativ große Unterschiede in bezug auf die Sensitivität der verschiedenen ELISAs gibt.
A wide variety of enzymatic pathways that produce specialized metabolites in bacteria, fungi and plants are known to be encoded in biosynthetic gene clusters. Information about these clusters, pathways and metabolites is currently dispersed throughout the literature, making it difficult to exploit. To facilitate consistent and systematic deposition and retrieval of data on biosynthetic gene clusters, we propose the Minimum Information about a Biosynthetic Gene cluster (MIBiG) data standard.
Genetic generalised epilepsy (GGE) is the most common form of genetic epilepsy, accounting for 20% of all epilepsies. Genomic copy number variations (CNVs) constitute important genetic risk factors of common GGE syndromes. In our present genome-wide burden analysis, large (≥ 400 kb) and rare (< 1%) autosomal microdeletions with high calling confidence (≥ 200 markers) were assessed by the Affymetrix SNP 6.0 array in European case-control cohorts of 1,366 GGE patients and 5,234 ancestry-matched controls. We aimed to: 1) assess the microdeletion burden in common GGE syndromes, 2) estimate the relative contribution of recurrent microdeletions at genomic rearrangement hotspots and non-recurrent microdeletions, and 3) identify potential candidate genes for GGE. We found a significant excess of microdeletions in 7.3% of GGE patients compared to 4.0% in controls (P = 1.8 x 10-7; OR = 1.9). Recurrent microdeletions at seven known genomic hotspots accounted for 36.9% of all microdeletions identified in the GGE cohort and showed a 7.5-fold increased burden (P = 2.6 x 10-17) relative to controls. Microdeletions affecting either a gene previously implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (P = 8.0 x 10-18, OR = 4.6) or an evolutionarily conserved brain-expressed gene related to autism spectrum disorder (P = 1.3 x 10-12, OR = 4.1) were significantly enriched in the GGE patients. Microdeletions found only in GGE patients harboured a high proportion of genes previously associated with epilepsy and neuropsychiatric disorders (NRXN1, RBFOX1, PCDH7, KCNA2, EPM2A, RORB, PLCB1). Our results demonstrate that the significantly increased burden of large and rare microdeletions in GGE patients is largely confined to recurrent hotspot microdeletions and microdeletions affecting neurodevelopmental genes, suggesting a strong impact of fundamental neurodevelopmental processes in the pathogenesis of common GGE syndromes.
Background: The human ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B, member 11 (ABCB11) gene encodes the bile salt export pump, which is exclusively expressed at the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. A frequent variant in the coding region, c.1331 T > C, leading to the amino acid exchange p.V444A, has been associated with altered serum bile salt levels in healthy individuals and predisposes homozygous carriers of the [C] allele for obstetric cholestasis. Recently, elevated bile salt levels were shown to be significantly associated with rates and risk of cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection treated with pegylated interferon-alpha2 and ribavirin, suggesting a potential role for bile salt levels in HCV treatment outcomes and in the fibrogenic evolution of HCV-related liver disease. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible association of ABCB11 c.1331 T > C with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and fibrosis stages as assessed by non-invasive transient elastography in a German cohort of patients.
Methods: ABCB11 c.1331 T > C genotype was determined by allelic discrimination assay in 649 HCV infected cases and 413 controls. Overall, 444 cases were staged for fibrotic progression by measurement of liver stiffness.
Results: Homo- or heterozygous presence of the frequent [C] allele was associated with HCV positivity (OR = 1.41, CI = 1.02 - 1.95, p = 0.037). No association was detectable between the ABCB11 c.1331 T > C genotype and increased liver stiffness.
Conclusions: Our data confirm that homozygous presence of the major [C] allele of ABCB11 c.1331 T > C is a genetic susceptibility factor for HCV infection, but not for liver fibrosis.