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Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) is the phenomenon of lowered blood pressure after a single bout of exercise. Only a fraction of people develops PEH but its occurrence correlates well with long-term effects of sports on blood pressure. Therefore, PEH has been suggested as a suitable predictor for the effectivity of exercise as therapy in hypertension. Local vascular bioactive lipids might play a potential role in this context. We performed a cross-over clinical pilot study with 18 healthy volunteers to investigate the occurrence of PEH after a single short-term endurance exercise. Furthermore, we investigated the plasma lipid profile with focus on arachidonic acid (AA)-derived metabolites as potential biomarkers of PEH. A single bout of ergometer cycling induced a significant PEH in healthy volunteers with the expected high inter-individual variability. Targeted lipid spectrum analysis revealed significant upregulation of several lipids in the direct post-exercise phase. Among these changes, only 15- hydroxyeicosatetranoic acid (HETE) correlated significantly with the extent of PEH but in an AA-independent manner, suggesting that 15-HETE might act as specific PEH-marker. Our data indicate that specific lipid modulation might facilitate the identification of patients who will benefit from exercise activity in hypertension therapy. However, larger trials including hypertonic patients are necessary to verify the clinical value of this hypothesis.
R-flurbiprofen is the non-COX-inhibiting enantiomer of flurbiprofen and is not converted to S-flurbiprofen in human cells. Nevertheless, it reduces extracellular prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in cancer or immune cell cultures and human extracellular fluid. Here, we show that R-flurbiprofen acts through a dual mechanism: (i) it inhibits the translocation of cPLA2α to the plasma membrane and thereby curtails the availability of arachidonic acid and (ii) R-flurbiprofen traps PGE2 inside of the cells by inhibiting multidrug resistance–associated protein 4 (MRP4, ABCC4), which acts as an outward transporter for prostaglandins. Consequently, the effects of R-flurbiprofen were mimicked by RNAi-mediated knockdown of MRP4. Our data show a novel mechanism by which R-flurbiprofen reduces extracellular PGs at physiological concentrations, particularly in cancers with high levels of MRP4, but the mechanism may also contribute to its anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties and suggests that it reduces PGs in a site- and context-dependent manner.
BACKGROUND: Human SAMHD1 is a triphosphohydrolase that restricts the replication of retroviruses, retroelements and DNA viruses in noncycling cells. While modes of action have been extensively described for human SAMHD1, only little is known about the regulation of SAMHD1 in the mouse. Here, we characterize the antiviral activity of murine SAMHD1 with the help of knockout mice to shed light on the regulation and the mechanism of the SAMHD1 restriction and to validate the SAMHD1 knockout mouse model for the use in future infectivity studies.
RESULTS: We found that endogenous mouse SAMHD1 restricts not only HIV-1 but also MLV reporter virus infection at the level of reverse transcription in primary myeloid cells. Similar to the human protein, the antiviral activity of murine SAMHD1 is regulated through phosphorylation at threonine 603 and is limited to nondividing cells. Comparing the susceptibility to infection with intracellular dNTP levels and SAMHD1 phosphorylation in different cell types shows that both functions are important determinants of the antiviral activity of murine SAMHD1. In contrast, we found the proposed RNase activity of SAMHD1 to be less important and could not detect any effect of mouse or human SAMHD1 on the level of incoming viral RNA.
CONCLUSION: Our findings show that SAMHD1 in the mouse blocks retroviral infection at the level of reverse transcription and is regulated through cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation. We show that the antiviral restriction mediated by murine SAMHD1 is mechanistically similar to what is known for the human protein, making the SAMHD1 knockout mouse model a valuable tool to characterize the influence of SAMHD1 on the replication of different viruses in vivo.
Cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCLs) represent a heterogeneous group of T cell lymphomas that primarily affect the skin. The most frequent forms of CTCL are mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. Both are characterized by frequent recurrence, developing chronic conditions and high mortality with a lack of a curative treatment. In this study, we evaluated the effect of short-chain, cell-permeable C6 Ceramide (C6Cer) on CTCL cell lines and keratinocytes. C6Cer significantly reduced cell viability of CTCL cell lines and induced cell death via apoptosis and necrosis. In contrast, primary human keratinocytes and HaCaT keratinocytes were less affected by C6Cer. Both keratinocyte cell lines showed higher expressions of ceramide catabolizing enzymes and HaCaT keratinocytes were able to metabolize C6Cer faster and more efficiently than CTCL cell lines, which might explain the observed protective effects. Along with other existing skin-directed therapies, C6Cer could be a novel well-tolerated drug for the topical treatment of CTCL.
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling influences numerous cell biological mechanisms such as differentiation, proliferation, survival, migration, and angiogenesis. Intriguingly, our current knowledge is based solely on the role of S1P with an 18-carbon long-chain base length, S1P d18:1. Depending on the composition of the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the sphingolipid de novo metabolism, the serine palmitoyltransferase, other chain lengths have been described in vivo. While cells are also able to produce S1P d20:1, its abundance and function remains elusive so far. Our experiments are highlighting the role of S1P d20:1 in the mouse central nervous system (CNS) and human glioblastoma. We show here that S1P d20:1 and its precursors are detectable in both healthy mouse CNS-tissue and human glioblastoma. On the functional level, we focused our work on one particular, well-characterized pathway, the induction of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression via the S1P receptor 2 (S1P2). Intriguingly, S1P d20:1 only fairly induces COX-2 expression and can block the S1P d18:1-induced COX-2 expression mediated via S1P2 activation in the human glioblastoma cell line LN229. This data indicates that S1P d20:1 might act as an endogenous modulator of S1P signaling via a partial agonism at the S1P2 receptor. While our findings might stimulate further research on the relevance of long-chain base lengths in sphingolipid signaling, the metabolism of S1P d20:1 has to be considered as an integral part of S1P signaling pathways in vivo.
Aims: Parkinson's disease (PD) is frequently associated with a prodromal sensory neuropathy manifesting with sensory loss and chronic pain. We have recently shown that PD-associated sensory neuropathy in patients is associated with high levels of glucosylceramides. Here, we assessed the underlying pathology and mechanisms in Pink1−/−SNCAA53T double mutant mice. Methods: We studied nociceptive and olfactory behaviour and the neuropathology of dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), including ultrastructure, mitochondrial respiration, transcriptomes, outgrowth and calcium currents of primary neurons, and tissue ceramides and sphingolipids before the onset of a PD-like disease that spontaneously develops in Pink1−/−SNCAA53T double mutant mice beyond 15 months of age. Results: Similar to PD patients, Pink1−/−SNCAA53T mice developed a progressive prodromal sensory neuropathy with a loss of thermal sensitivity starting as early as 4 months of age. In analogy to human plasma, lipid analyses revealed an accumulation of glucosylceramides (GlcCer) in the DRGs and sciatic nerves, which was associated with pathological mitochondria, impairment of mitochondrial respiration, and deregulation of transient receptor potential channels (TRPV and TRPA) at mRNA, protein and functional levels in DRGs. Direct exposure of DRG neurons to GlcCer caused transient hyperexcitability, followed by a premature decline of the viability of sensory neurons cultures upon repeated GlcCer application. Conclusions: The results suggest that pathological GlcCer contribute to prodromal sensory disease in PD mice via mitochondrial damage and calcium channel hyperexcitability. GlcCer-associated sensory neuron pathology might be amenable to GlcCer lowering therapeutic strategies.
The myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) regulates transcription in cardiac myocytes and adverse remodeling of adult hearts. Activators of G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been reported to activate MEF2, but a comprehensive analysis of GPCR activators that regulate MEF2 has to our knowledge not been performed. Here, we tested several GPCR agonists regarding their ability to activate a MEF2 reporter in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. The inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) strongly activated MEF2. Using pharmacological and protein‐based inhibitors, we demonstrated that PGE2 regulates MEF2 via the EP3 receptor, the βγ subunit of Gi/o protein and two concomitantly activated downstream pathways. The first consists of Tiam1, Rac1, and its effector p21‐activated kinase 2, the second of protein kinase D. Both pathways converge on and inactivate histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) and thereby de‐repress MEF2. In vivo, endotoxemia in MEF2‐reporter mice induced upregulation of PGE2 and MEF2 activation. Our findings provide an unexpected new link between inflammation and cardiac remodeling by de‐repression of MEF2 through HDAC5 inactivation, which has potential implications for new strategies to treat inflammatory cardiomyopathies.
The long-chain fatty acid receptor FFAR1 is highly expressed in pancreatic β-cells. Synthetic FFAR1 agonists can be used as antidiabetic drugs to promote glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). However, the physiological role of FFAR1 in β-cells remains poorly understood. Here we show that 20-HETE activates FFAR1 and promotes GSIS via FFAR1 with higher potency and efficacy than dietary fatty acids such as palmitic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acid. Murine and human β-cells produce 20-HETE, and the ω-hydroxylase-mediated formation and release of 20-HETE is strongly stimulated by glucose. Pharmacological inhibition of 20-HETE formation and blockade of FFAR1 in islets inhibits GSIS. In islets from type-2 diabetic humans and mice, glucose-stimulated 20-HETE formation and 20-HETE-dependent stimulation of GSIS are strongly reduced. We show that 20-HETE is an FFAR1 agonist, which functions as an autocrine positive feed-forward regulator of GSIS, and that a reduced glucose-induced 20-HETE formation contributes to inefficient GSIS in type-2 diabetes.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Anaylsenmethoden zur Quantifizierung von Ceramiden und Prostanoiden in verschiedenen biologischen Matrices unter Verwendung von Nano-LC gekoppelt mit Tandemmassenspektrometrie entwickelt und bei diversen biologischen Fragestellungen angewendet.
Die analytische Methode zu Quantifizierung der Ceramide ermöglichte deren Bestimmung in einem Probenvolumen von 2 μL CSF. Diese neu entwickelte Methode ist die erste publizierte Nano-LC-MS/MS-Methode zur Quantifizierung der Ceramide in biologischen Proben, gleichzeitig ist es auch diejenige analytische Methode mit der höchsten Empfindlichkeit [171]. Die beschriebene Methode umfasste die Substanzen C8:0, C16:0, C18:1, C18:0, C20:0, C24:1 und C24:0 Ceramid, als interner Standard wurde C17:0 Ce-ramid verwendet. Die Probenaufarbeitung bestand in einer einfachen Proteinfällung und Verdünnung mit Methanol, die chromatografische Trennung der Analyten erfolgte mit einer RP-C8 Säule unter Verwendung eines Gradientenprogramms. Die Methode wurde anhand von FDA-Richtlinien bezüglich Linearität, Bestimmungsgrenze, Präzision, Richtigkeit und Autosampler-Stabilität validiert. Die erreichten Bestimmungsgrenzen betrugen 0,225 pg auf der Säule (2,25 pg/μL CSF) für alle Ceramide außer C24:0 Ceramid, für das der Wert von 0,75 pg auf der Säule (7,5 pg/μL CSF) ermittelt wurde. Mit der durchgeführten Validierung wurde die Zuverlässigkeit der Methode für die Quantifizierung der Ceramide in CSF gezeigt. Mit einem Standardadditionsexperiment konnte belegt werden, dass PBS als Ersatzmatrix für CSF geeignet ist und somit die Ergebnisse der Validierung mit dotierten PBS-Proben auf CSF-Proben übertragbar sind. Das entwickelte Verfahren wurde für die Quantifizierung der Analyten in murinen CSF-Proben im Rahmen eines Projekts zur Erforschung der Rolle der Ceramide bei Multipler Sklerose angewendet. Anhand der Ergebnisse wurde die Hypothese bestätigt, dass die Konzentration von C16:0 Ceramid in CSF von EAE-Mäusen erhöht ist.
Die zweite entwickelte Nano-LC-MS/MS-Methode ermöglichte die Quantifizierung der Prostanoide PGE2, PGD2, 6-keto PGF1α, PGF2α und TXB2 in einer geringen Anzahl Immunzellen. Für eine erfolgreiche Bestimmung der Analyt-Konzentrationen waren nur 5.000 T-Zellen oder 40.000 Mastzellen erforderlich. Damit ist die beschriebene Methode geeignet für die Quantifizierung in Zellen, die durch Isolation aus tierischen Geweben oder Organen erhalten werden, ohne dass das Vereinigen mehrerer Proben erforderlich ist. Durch die Messung dieser bestimmten Zellpopulationen kann, im Unterschied zur Vermessung des gesamten Organs, eine differenziertere Analyse der Lokalisation der gemessenen Analyten erfolgen. Mittels der entwickelten Methode konnten die Prostanoide PGE2, PGD2, 6-keto PGF1α, PGF2α und TXB2 quantifiziert werden. Als interner Standard stand für jedes dieser Prostanoide ein vierfach deuteriertes Strukturanalogon zur Verfügung. Die Aufarbeitung der Immunzell-Proben erfolgte durch Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion mit Ethylacetat, die Chromatografie wurde mit einer RP-C8-Säule und einem Gradientenprogramm durchgeführt. Eine Validierung erfolgte für die Quantifizierung in T-Lymphozyten und Mastzellen für die Parameter Linearität, Bestimmungsgrenze, Präzision, Richtigkeit, Wiederfindung, Selektivität und Stabilität. Auch ein Standardadditionsexperiment mit beiden Matrices wurde durchgeführt. Die Bestimmungsgrenzen betrugen 75 fg auf der Säule für PGE2 und PGD2 sowie 112,5 fg für 6-keto PGF1α, PGF2α und TXB2, damit zeichnet sich die Methode durch höchste Empfindlichkeit aus. Die Me-thode wurde zur Messung der Prostanoid-Konzentration in T-Zellen, die im Rahmen eines Kontaktallergie-Modells aus dem Blut von unterschiedlich behandelten Mäusen isoliert worden waren, angewendet. Es konnte kein Unterschied in den Prostanoid-Konzentrationen in den T-Zellen sensibilisierter und nicht-sensibilisierter bzw. provozierter und nicht-provozierter Mäuse festgestellt werden. Bei einer zweiten Anwendung wurden die Prostanoide in murinen Mastzellen, die nach Zymosan-Injektion in die Hinterpfote zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten nach dem Auslösen der Entzündung aus dem entstandenen Ödem isoliert worden waren, gemessen. Zusätzlich für diese Anwendung wurden einige Leukotriene in die Methode integriert. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Konzentrationen von PGE2, PGD2 und PGF2α in Mastzellen nach der Injektion von Zymosan-Injektion ansteigen, wobei die gemessenen Konzentrationen für PGE2 48 Stunden nach der Injektion verglichen mit denen nach 24 Stunden, bezogen auf die anderen beiden Prostaglandine, am stärksten ansteigen. Außerdem wurde mittels der für die Immunzellen entwickelten Methode die Prostanoide in murinem Urin, humanem Plasma und humaner Tränenflüssigkeit quantifiziert.
Zusammenfassend ermöglichen die entwickelten Methoden die Analyse geringer Ana-lytkonzentrationen in sehr kleinen Probenmengen und damit eine Reduktion von Versuchstierzahlen und Kosten.
Sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) lyase (Sgpl1) catalyses the irreversible cleavage of S1P and thereby the last step of sphingolipid degradation. Loss of Sgpl1 in humans and mice leads to accumulation of sphingolipids and multiple organ injuries. Here, we addressed the role of hepatocyte Sgpl1 for regulation of sphingolipid homoeostasis by generating mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of Sgpl1 (Sgpl1HepKO mice). Sgpl1HepKO mice had normal body weight, liver weight, liver structure and liver enzymes both at the age of 8 weeks and 8 months. S1P, sphingosine and ceramides, but not glucosylceramides or sphingomyelin, were elevated by ~1.5–2-fold in liver, and this phenotype did not progress with age. Several ceramides were elevated in plasma, while plasma S1P was normal. Interestingly, S1P and glucosylceramides, but not ceramides, were elevated in bile of Sgpl1HepKO mice. Furthermore, liver cholesterol was elevated, while LDL cholesterol decreased in 8-month-old mice. In agreement, the LDL receptor was upregulated, suggesting enhanced uptake of LDL cholesterol. Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, liver X receptor and fatty acid synthase was unaltered. These data show that mouse hepatocytes largely compensate the loss of Sgpl1 by secretion of accumulating sphingolipids in a specific manner into blood and bile, so that they can be excreted or degraded elsewhere.