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Due to an increasing awareness of the potential hazardousness of air pollutants, new laws, rules and guidelines have recently been implemented globally. In this respect, numerous studies have addressed traffic-related exposure to particulate matter using stationary technology so far. By contrast, only few studies used the advanced technology of mobile exposure analysis. The Mobile Air Quality Study (MAQS) addresses the issue of air pollutant exposure by combining advanced high-granularity spatial-temporal analysis with vehicle-mounted, person-mounted and roadside sensors. The MAQS-platform will be used by international collaborators in order 1) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to road structure, 2) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to traffic density, 3) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to weather conditions, 4) to compare exposure within vehicles between front and back seat (children) positions, and 5) to evaluate "traffic zone"- exposure in relation to non-"traffic zone"-exposure. Primarily, the MAQS-platform will focus on particulate matter. With the establishment of advanced mobile analysis tools, it is planed to extend the analysis to other pollutants including including NO2, SO2, nanoparticles, and ozone.
Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells) are emerging as critical regulators of pro- and anti-tumor immunity, both at baseline and in therapeutic settings. While type I NKT cells can promote anti-tumor immunity, their activity in the tumor microenvironment may be limited by negative regulators such as inhibitory immune checkpoints. We observed dominant expression of B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) on type I NKT cells in polyoma middle T oncogene-driven (PyMT) murine autochthonous mammary tumors. Other immune checkpoint receptors, such as programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) were equally distributed among T cell populations. Interference with BTLA using neutralizing antibodies limited tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis in the PyMT model in a therapeutic setting, correlating with an increase in type I NKT cells and expression of cytotoxic marker genes. While therapeutic application of an anti-PD-1 antibody increased the number of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and elevated IL-12 expression, tumor control was not established. Expression of ZBTB16, the lineage-determining transcription factor of type I NKT cells, was correlated with a favorable patient prognosis in the METABRIC dataset, and BTLA levels were instrumental to further distinguish prognosis in patents with high ZBTB16 expression. Taken together, these data support a role of BTLA on type I NKT cells in limiting anti-tumor immunity.
The sphingolipid sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) fulfills distinct functions in immune cell biology via binding to five G protein‐coupled receptors. The immune cell‐specific sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor 4 (S1pr4) was connected to the generation of IL‐17‐producing T cells through regulation of cytokine production in innate immune cells. Therefore, we explored whether S1pr4 affected imiquimod‐induced murine psoriasis via regulation of IL‐17 production. We did not observe altered IL‐17 production, although psoriasis severity was reduced in S1pr4‐deficient mice. Instead, ablation of S1pr4 attenuated the production of CCL2, IL‐6, and CXCL1 and subsequently reduced the number of infiltrating monocytes and granulocytes. A connection between S1pr4, CCL2, and Mϕ infiltration was also observed in Zymosan‐A induced peritonitis. Boyden chamber migration assays functionally linked reduced CCL2 production in murine skin and attenuated monocyte migration when S1pr4 was lacking. Mechanistically, S1pr4 signaling synergized with TLR signaling in resident Mϕs to produce CCL2, likely via the NF‐κB pathway. We propose that S1pr4 activation enhances TLR response of resident Mϕs to increase CCL2 production, which attracts further Mϕs. Thus, S1pr4 may be a target to reduce perpetuating inflammatory responses.
Alcoholism is one of the leading and increasingly prevalent reasons of liver associated morbidity and mortality worldwide. Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) constitutes a severe disease with currently no satisfying treatment options. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4), a 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15)-dependent lipid mediator involved in resolution of inflammation, showed promising pre-clinical results in the therapy of several inflammatory diseases. Since inflammation is a main driver of disease progression in alcoholic hepatitis, we investigated the impact of endogenous ALOX15-dependent lipid mediators and exogenously applied LXA4 on AH development. A mouse model for alcoholic steatohepatitis (NIAAA model) was tested in Alox12/15+/+ and Alox12/15−/− mice, with or without supplementation of LXA4. Absence of Alox12/15 aggravated parameters of liver disease, increased hepatic immune cell infiltration in AH, and elevated systemic neutrophils as a marker for systemic inflammation. Interestingly, i.p. injections of LXA4 significantly lowered transaminase levels only in Alox12/15−/− mice and reduced hepatic immune cell infiltration as well as systemic inflammatory cytokine expression in both genotypes, even though steatosis progressed. Thus, while LXA4 injection attenuated selected parameters of disease progression in Alox12/15−/− mice, its beneficial impact on immunity was also apparent in Alox12/15+/+ mice. In conclusion, pro-resolving lipid mediators may be beneficial to reduce inflammation in alcoholic hepatitis.
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the most common cancer of connective tissues in pediatrics, is often resistant to conventional therapies. One underlying mechanism of this resistance is the overexpression of Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) proteins, leading to a dysfunctional cell death program within tumor cells. Smac mimetics (SM) are small molecules that can reactivate the cell death program by antagonizing IAP proteins and thereby compensating their overexpression. Here, we report that SM sensitize two RMS cell lines (RD and RH30) toward natural killer (NK) cell-mediated killing on the one hand, and increase the cytotoxic potential of NK cells on the other. The SM-induced sensitization of RH30 cells toward NK cell-mediated killing is significantly reduced through blocking tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) on NK cells prior to coculture. In addition, the presence of zVAD.fmk, a pancaspase inhibitor, rescues tumor cells from the increase in killing, indicating an apoptosis-dependent cell death. On the NK cell side, the presence of SM in addition to IL-2 during the ex vivo expansion leads to an increase in their cytotoxic activity against RH30 cells. This effect is mainly TNFα-dependent and partially mediated by NK cell activation, which is associated with transcriptional upregulation of NF-κB target genes such as IκBα and RelB. Taken together, our findings implicate that SM represent a novel double-hit strategy, sensitizing tumor and activating NK cells with one single drug.
Although immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-PD-1 antibodies have shown remarkable clinical success in many different tumor types, the proportion of patients benefiting from this treatment option remains low. Therefore, there is a need to sensitize tumors for immune checkpoint blockade. In this study two approaches were tested, a chemoimmunotherapy approach combining PD-1 checkpoint blockade with doxorubicin (DOX) chemotherapy, and ablation of the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor (S1PR4) based on the following rationale. Chemotherapy was shown to induce immune paralysis which contributes to tumor relapse, while PD-1 signaling was shown to facilitate the acquisition of chemoresistance. Thus, combinatorial chemoimmunotherapy is expected to be beneficial by maintaining or even activating anti-tumor immunity during chemotherapy. S1PR4 is an immune cell specific receptor, whose ablation slowed tumor progression by activating anti-tumor immunity in a mouse model that was previously insensitive to anti-PD-1 monotherapy. This suggested that S1PR4 ablation might pre-activate immunity to sensitize for anti-PD-1 therapy.
To test these combinatorial approaches, two tumor mouse models were employed, namely the MC38 murine adenocarcinoma model as well as the transgenic polyoma middle T oncogene (PyMT) breast cancer model. In the MC38 model, a mild synergistic effect of PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade and S1PR4 ablation was observed, indicated by improved tumor progression and survival as compared to the WT control, and an increased number of tumor-free mice compared to anti-PD-1 therapy alone in WT mice. These observations correlated with an enhanced natural killer (NK) cell infiltrate and increased CXCL9 and CXCL10 production in anti-PD-1 treated S1PR4 KO tumors. As noted before, the PyMT model was largely resistant to anti-PD-1 monotherapy in a therapeutic setting. S1PR4 ablation alone showed significant tumor reduction that was not further enhanced by anti-PD-1 treatment. The same was observed when chemotherapy with DOX was added, where WT tumors relapsed, while S1PR4 KO tumor did not. Addition of anti-PD-1 did only mildly increase tumor control in S1PR4 KO mice, indicating that S1PR4 KO per se very efficiently re-activated anti-tumor immunity. Since S1PR4 KO induces type I 12 interferon (IFN-1) over-production in S1PR4 KO PyMT tumors, a link between high IFN-1 levels and tumor immunity was tested by using mice deficient in the IFN-1 receptor (IFNAR1). Unexpectedly, DOX chemotherapy was most efficient in mice with IFNAR ablation only as compared to WT, S1PR4 KO or S1PR4 and IFNAR1 double KO mice, although deficiency in IFNAR signaling is predominantly regarded as tumor promoting. The underlying mechanisms need to be tested in future studies. Interestingly, chemoimmunotherapy in WT mice prevented tumor relapse to a similar extent than S1PR4 KO and was superior to chemotherapy or immune checkpoint blockade alone. To investigate mechanisms of chemoimmunotherapy success compared to monotherapy, whole transcriptome analysis was used, which identified a set of genes that were upregulated specifically upon chemoimmunotherapy. This gene signature and, more specifically, a condensed four-gene signature predicted favorable survival of human mammary carcinoma patients in the METABRIC cohort.
Moreover, PyMT tumors treated with chemoimmunotherapy contained higher levels of cytotoxic lymphocytes, particularly NK cells. Gene set enrichment analysis and ELISA measurements revealed increased IL-27 production and signaling in PyMT tumors upon chemoimmunotherapy. Moreover, IL-27 improved NK cell cytotoxicity against PyMT cells in vitro. These data supported recent clinical observations indicating a benefit of chemoimmunotherapy compared to monotherapy in breast cancer and suggested potential underlying mechanisms.
Taken together the present work revealed new strategies to reactivate tumor immunity leading to improved chemotherapy response, namely a combination with immune checkpoint blockade and ablation of S1PR4, which activated different lymphocyte compartments within tumors.
Katheterinterventioneller Verschluss des persistierenden Foramen ovale mit neuem Okklusionssystem
(2009)
Der perkutane Katheterverschluss des persistierenden Foramen ovale ist mittlerweile zum Standardeingriff bei Patienten mit erlittener paradoxer Embolie geworden. Die derzeit zur Verfügung stehenden Verfahren zum PFO- Verschluss beruhen auf der Implantation eines Schirmchens in der Vorhofscheidewand und hinterlassen Fremdmaterial im rechten und linken Vorhof, woraus Komplikationen im Verlauf resultieren können. Das PFXVerschlusssystem dagegen ist ein neues nicht- implantierbares System. Das Okklusionssystem schweißt mithilfe monopolarer Hochfrequenzenergie das Septum primum und Septum secundum des PFOs zusammen und bewirkt somit den Verschluss des persistierenden Foramen ovale. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Beurteilung der Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit dieses neuen Systems, angewandt bei Patienten mit kryptogenem Schlaganfall oder transienter ischämischer Attacke. Von April bis Oktober 2005 wurde bei 30 Patienten (w: 15, m: 15) mit einem diagnostizierten PFO und kryptogenem Schlaganfall oder peripherer arterieller Embolie ein kathetertechnischer Verschluss des Defektes mittels des neuen PFX- 15 Okklusionssystems vorgenommen. Das PFX- System besteht aus einem Katheter mit einer Metallelektrode an seinem distalen Ende und einem elastischen Gummisauger, der die Elektrode umfasst. Der Sauger führt die beiden Septa des PFO zusammen und hält sie während des Schweißvorgangs in Position. Zum Verschweißen des PFO wird monopolare Hochfrequenzenergie verwendet. Die Nullelektrode wird in Form eines Klebepflasters auf dem Rücken des Patienten angebracht. Bei 27 der 30 Patienten gelang eine korrekte Positionierung des PFX-15 Katheters (90%). Bei den restlichen 3 Patienten konnte in gleicher Sitzung erfolgreich ein implantierbares Okklusionssystem eingesetzt werden. Die durchschnittliche Eingriffszeit von Punktion der Leistenvene bis zum Entfernen des Systems betrug 52± 26,4 min (27 bis 90 min). Die PFX- Katheter Zeit, definiert als die Zeit vom Einführen des Katheters in die Vena femoralis bis zur Entfernung des Systems aus der Vene, betrug im Mittel 26± 12,9 min (11 bis 55 min). Die mittlere Durchleuchtungszeit betrug 12± 7,2 min. Die primäre Verschlussrate direkt nach dem Eingriff, ermittelt durch ein Kontrastmittel-TEE, lag bei 60% (18 von 30 Patienten). Von den 27 Patienten, bei denen eine Energieapplikation stattfand, konnten 16 PFOs (59,3%) erfolgreich verschlossen werden. Von den Patienten, die einen implantierbaren Schirm erhielten, wies ein Patient direkt nach dem Eingriff noch einen Restshunt auf. Die durchschnittliche Dauer des stationären Aufenthalts zum PFO- Verschluss betrug in der Gesamtgruppe 25,7± 11,4 Stunden. Die Patienten wurden im Mittel 5,8 Monate nachbeobachtet. 9 der 14 Patienten, deren PFO durch den ersten Eingriff nicht verschlossen werden konnte, gaben ihr Einverständnis für einen erneuten Eingriff mit dem PFX- 15 Katheter. 2 der Patienten erhielten während des zweiten Eingriffs ein implantierbares Okklusionssystem, nachdem die erneute Energieapplikation nicht zu einem Verschluss des PFO führte. 6 der restlichen 7 Patienten wiesen zum Zeitpunkt der 30 Tage- Nachuntersuchung keinen Restshunt mehr auf. Nimmt man die Erst- und Zweiteingriffe zusammen, fand in 36 Eingriffen eine Energieapplikation statt. Die sekundäre Verschlussrate, das heißt der erfolgreiche PFOVerschluss durch den Erst- oder Zweiteingriff, lag bei 63% (19 von 30). Alle 30 Patienten (100%) waren während der Nachuntersuchungszeit frei von schwerwiegenden unerwünschten Ereignissen. Es traten keine mit dem PFXVerschlusssystem oder dem PFO in Zusammenhang stehende Komplikationen auf. Eine an der Punktionsstelle entstandene arterio- venöse Fistel führte zu einer Verlängerung des Krankenhausaufenthalts. Andere Komplikationen waren ein Leistenhämatom, eine Infektion der Einstichstelle, eine transiente ST- Hebung, 2 transiente supraventrikuläre Bigemini und eine gastrointestinale Blutung, die auf die Einnahme von ASS zurückzuführen war, welches daraufhin abgesetzt wurde. Außerdem erlitt ein Patient, dessen PFO nach dem Eingriff noch einen großen Restshunt aufwies eine TIA. Keines der Ereignisse führte zu Folgeschäden für die Patienten. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass der PFO- Verschluss ohne Implantation eines permanenten Systems technisch möglich ist. Die primären und sekundären Verschlussraten lagen zwar unter denen von implantierbaren Verschlusssystemen, potentielle Vorteile liegen aber in der Tatsache, das kein Fremdmaterail im Körper verbleibt und somit Komplikationen wie Device assoziierte Thrombusformationen oder Device- Brüche nicht vorkommen und möglicherweise auch Vorhofflimmern weniger häufig auftritt. Die bedeutendsten periinterventionellen Komplikationen waren nicht mit dem PFXKatheter selbst oder der Energieapplikation assoziiert, sondern mit der Notwendigkeit der Verwendung einer 16 French Schleuse. Im Großen und Ganzen waren die Komplikationen vergleichbar mit denen anderer großer Studien über implantierbare Verschlusssysteme. Sobald die primären Verschlussraten durch technische Modifikationen verbessert wurden, werden randomisierte Studien folgen, die das Okklusionssystem mit implantierbaren Systemen vergleichen werden.
Despite the success of immune checkpoint blockade in cancer, the number of patients that benefit from this revolutionary treatment option remains low. Therefore, efforts are being undertaken to sensitize tumors for immune checkpoint blockade, which includes combining immune checkpoint blocking agents such as anti-PD-1 antibodies with standard of care treatments. Here we report that a combination of chemotherapy (doxorubicin) and immune checkpoint blockade (anti-PD-1 antibodies) induces superior tumor control compared to chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade alone in the murine autochthonous polyoma middle T oncogene-driven (PyMT) mammary tumor model. Using whole transcriptome analysis, we identified a set of genes that were upregulated specifically upon chemoimmunotherapy. This gene signature and, more specifically, a condensed four-gene signature predicted favorable survival of human mammary carcinoma patients in the METABRIC cohort. Moreover, PyMT tumors treated with chemoimmunotherapy contained higher levels of cytotoxic lymphocytes, particularly natural killer cells (NK cells). Gene set enrichment analysis and bead-based ELISA measurements revealed increased IL-27 production and signaling in PyMT tumors upon chemoimmunotherapy. Moreover, IL-27 signaling improved NK cell cytotoxicity against PyMT cells in vitro. Taken together, our data support recent clinical observations indicating a benefit of chemoimmunotherapy compared to monotherapy in breast cancer and suggest potential underlying mechanisms.
IL-27 regulates inflammatory diseases by exerting a pleiotropic impact on immune cells. In cancer, IL-27 restricts tumor growth by acting on tumor cells directly, while its role in the tumor microenvironment is still controversially discussed. To explore IL-27 signaling in the tumor stroma, we used a mammary carcinoma syngraft approach in IL27Rα-deficient mice. Tumor growth in animals lacking IL27Rα was markedly reduced. We noticed a decrease in immune cell infiltrates, enhanced tumor cell death, and fibroblast accumulation. However, most striking changes pertain the tumor vasculature. Tumors in IL27Rα-deficient mice were unable to form functional vessels. Blocking IL-27-STAT1 signaling in endothelial cells in vitro provoked an overshooting migration/sprouting of endothelial cells. Apparently, the lack of the IL-27 receptor caused endothelial cell hyper-activation via STAT1 that limited vessel maturation. Our data reveal a so far unappreciated role of IL-27 in endothelial cells with importance in pathological vessel formation.
Background: Glucose metabolism in the tumor-microenvironment is a fundamental hallmark for tumor growth and intervention therein remains an attractive option for anti-tumor therapy. Whether tumor-derived factors such as microRNAs (miRs) regulate glucose metabolism in stromal cells, especially in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), to hijack them for trophic support, remains elusive.
Methods: Ago-RIP-Seq identified macrophage lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) as a target of tumor-derived miR-375 in both 2D/3D cocultures and in murine TAMs from a xenograft mouse model. The prognostic value was analyzed by ISH and multiplex IHC of breast cancer patient tissues. Functional consequences of the miR-375-LDHB axis in TAMs were investigated upon mimic/antagomir treatment by live metabolic flux assays, GC/MS, qPCR, Western blot, lentiviral knockdown and FACS. The therapeutic potential of a combinatorial miR-375-decoy/simvastatin treatment was validated by live cell imaging.
Results: Macrophage LDHB decreased in murine and human breast carcinoma. LDHB downregulation increase aerobic glycolysis and lactagenesis in TAMs in response to tumor-derived miR-375. Lactagenesis reduced fatty acid synthesis but activated SREBP2, which enhanced cholesterol biosynthesis in macrophages. LDHB downregulation skewed TAMs to function as a lactate and sterol/oxysterol source for the proliferation of tumor cells. Restoring of LDHB expression potentiated inhibitory effects of simvastatin on tumor cell proliferation.
Conclusion: Our findings identified a crucial role of LDHB in macrophages and established tumor-derived miR-375 as a novel regulator of macrophage metabolism in breast cancer, which might pave the way for strategies of combinatorial cancer cell/stroma cell interventions.