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Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 antagonists (CysLT1RA) are frequently used as add-on medication for the treatment of asthma. Recently, these compounds have shown protective effects in cardiovascular diseases. This prompted us to investigate their influence on soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) activities, two targets known to play an important role in CVD and the metabolic syndrome. Montelukast, pranlukast and zafirlukast inhibited human sEH with IC50 values of 1.9, 14.1, and 0.8 μM, respectively. In contrast, only montelukast and zafirlukast activated PPARγ in the reporter gene assay with EC50 values of 1.17 μM (21.9% max. activation) and 2.49 μM (148% max. activation), respectively. PPARα and δ were not affected by any of the compounds. The activation of PPARγ was further investigated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Analysis of lipid accumulation, mRNA and protein expression of target genes as well as PPARγ phosphorylation revealed that montelukast was not able to induce adipocyte differentiation. In contrast, zafirlukast triggered moderate lipid accumulation compared to rosiglitazone and upregulated PPARγ target genes. In addition, we found that montelukast and zafirlukast display antagonistic activities concerning recruitment of the PPARγ cofactor CBP upon ligand binding suggesting that both compounds act as PPARγ modulators. In addition, zafirlukast impaired the TNFα triggered phosphorylation of PPARγ2 on serine 273. Thus, zafirlukast is a novel dual sEH/PPARγ modulator representing an excellent starting point for the further development of this compound class.
Die Riskostratifikation von Patienten nach überstandenem Myokardinfarkt stellt nach wie vor eine Herausforderung an Klinik und Forschung dar. Aufgrund des hohen Anteils von fast der Hälfte aller Todesfälle innerhalb des ersten Jahres, muß das vorrangige Ziel die frühzeitige und sichere Identifikation von Patienten mit erhöhtem Risiko des plötzlichen arrhythmogenen Herztodes sein. Zu diesem Zweck wurde in der vorliegenden Studie bei 191 konsekutiven Patienten der T-Wellen Alternans, die Herzfrequenzvariabilität und die linksventrikuläre Ejektionsfraktion bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse wurden sowohl uni-, als auch multivariat und mittels Kaplan-Meier-Überlebenskurven mit dem prospektiven Auftreten des primären Endpunktes Gesamtmortalität und der Inzidenz arrhythmischer Ereignisse bzw. des plötzlichen Herztodes als sekundäre Endpunkte verglichen. Die Nachbeobachtungsdauer betrug 515 + 314 Tage. Dabei zeichnet sich die vorliegende Untersuchung im Gegensatz zu anderen Postinfarktstudien dadurch aus, daß mit einem hohen Anteil von fast 90% antiadrenerg behandelter Patienten ein nach aktuellen klinischen Richtlinien therapiertes Patientenkollektiv vorliegt. Die Resultate der Untersuchung zeigten hochsignifikante Prädiktionswerte für die Parameter SDNN und LVEF hinsichtlich Gesamtmortalität und plötzlicher Herztod. Diese Beobachtungen bestätigen die Ergebnisse bereits veröffentlichter Studien, belegen allerdings erstmals die Bedeutung der HRV als Marker des autonomen Nervensystems bezüglich der Vorhersage auch arrhythmogener Ereignisse. Der T-Wellen Alternans erreichte in der vorliegenden Arbeit nicht das Signifikanzniveau. Eine abschließende Bewertung dieser noch neuen Methode hinsichtlich des Nutzens als Risikomarker bei Postinfarktpatienten ist aufgrund der bislang kaum vorhandenen Untersuchungen bei diesem Kollektiv allerdings noch nicht möglich. Eine hochsignifikante Vorhersage von Ereignissen, bei gleichzeitig zufriedenstellender Testeffizienz, konnte durch eine Testkombination der univariaten Prädiktoren SDNN und LVEF erzielt werden. So war eine Vorhersage primärer Endpunkte mit einer Sensitivität von 71% und einem positiven Vorhersagewert von 42% möglich (p<0,0000003), die Spezifität lag bei 91% und der negative Vorhersagewert bei 97%. Bei der Prädiktion eines sekundären Endpunktes betrug die Sensitivität 70% und der positive Vorhersagewert 29%, die Spezifität 89% und der negative Vorhersagewert 98% (p<0,00004). Die Wahrscheinlichkeit den Nachbeobachtungszeitraum zu überleben, ohne einen primären oder sekundären Endpunkt zu erreichen, war ebenfalls signifikant höher bei den Patienten, bei denen die Ergebnisse beider Tests negativ waren ( jeweils p<0,0001). Als Schlußfolgerung der aus der vorliegenden Untersuchung gewonnenen Resultate empfiehlt sich die zukünftige Risikostratifikation bei Postinfarktpatienten mittels der Größen SDNN und LVEF. Die Untersuchungen sollten dabei zum Entlassungszeitpunkt nach der Einleitung einer optimalen medikamentösen Therapie erfolgen. Den prophylaktischen Nutzen einer ICD-Implantation im Sinne einer Primärprävention des plötzlichen Herztodes bei den auf diese Weise identifizierten Patienten gilt es zukünftig in prospektiven, großangelegten Studien zu überprüfen.
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is the key enzyme in the formation of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes (LT) which play an important role in a number of inflammatory diseases. Accordingly, 5-LO inhibitors are frequently used to study the role of 5-LO and LT in models of inflammation and cancer. Interestingly, the therapeutic efficacy of these inhibitors is highly variable. Here we show that the frequently used 5-LO inhibitors AA-861, BWA4C, C06, CJ-13,610 and the FDA approved compound zileuton as well as the pan-LO inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid interfere with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release into the supernatants of cytokine-stimulated (TNFα/IL-1β) HeLa cervix carcinoma, A549 lung cancer as well as HCA-7 colon carcinoma cells with similar potencies compared to their LT inhibitory activities (IC50 values ranging from 0.1–9.1 µM). In addition, AA-861, BWA4C, CJ-13,610 and zileuton concentration-dependently inhibited bacterial lipopolysaccharide triggered prostaglandin (PG) release into human whole blood. Western Blot analysis revealed that inhibition of expression of enzymes involved in PG synthesis was not part of the underlying mechanism. Also, liberation of arachidonic acid which is the substrate for PG synthesis as well as PGH2 and PGE2 formation were not impaired by the compounds. However, accumulation of intracellular PGE2 was found in the inhibitor treated HeLa cells suggesting inhibition of PG export as major mechanism. Further, experiments showed that the PG exporter ATP-binding cassette transporter multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP-4) is targeted by the inhibitors and may be involved in the 5-LO inhibitor-mediated PGE2 inhibition. In conclusion, the pharmacological effects of a number of 5-LO inhibitors are compound-specific and involve the potent inhibition of PGE2 export. Results from experimental models on the role of 5-LO in inflammation and pain using 5-LO inhibitors may be misleading and their use as pharmacological tools in experimental models has to be revisited. In addition, 5-LO inhibitors may serve as new scaffolds for the development of potent prostaglandin export inhibitors.
The evolution of the traditional nuclear magic numbers away from the valley of stability is an active field of research. Experimental efforts focus on providing key spectroscopic information that will shed light into the structure of exotic nuclei and understanding the driving mechanism behind the shell evolution. In this work, we investigate the spin-orbit shell gap towards the neutron dripline. To do so, we employed (p,2p) quasi-free scattering reactions to measure the proton component of the state of 16,18,20C. The experimental findings support the notion of a moderate reduction of the proton spin-orbit splitting, at variance to recent claims for a prevalent magic number towards the neutron dripline.
The nucleosynthesis of elements beyond iron is dominated by neutron captures in the s and r processes. However, 32 stable, proton-rich isotopes cannot be formed during those processes, because they are shielded from the s-process flow and r-process β-decay chains. These nuclei are attributed to the p and rp process.
For all those processes, current research in nuclear astrophysics addresses the need for more precise reaction data involving radioactive isotopes. Depending on the particular reaction, direct or inverse kinematics, forward or time-reversed direction are investigated to determine or at least to constrain the desired reaction cross sections.
The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) will offer unique, unprecedented opportunities to investigate many of the important reactions. The high yield of radioactive isotopes, even far away from the valley of stability, allows the investigation of isotopes involved in processes as exotic as the r or rp processes.
The neutron-unbound isotope 13Be has been studied in several experiments using different reactions, different projectile energies, and different experimental setups. There is, however, no real consensus in the interpretation of the data, in particular concerning the structure of the low-lying excited states. Gathering new experimental information, which may reveal the 13Be structure, is a challenge, particularly in light of its bridging role between 12Be, where the N = 8 neutron shell breaks down, and the Borromean halo nucleus 14Be. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the role of bound excited states in the reaction product 12Be after proton knockout from 14B, by measuring coincidences between 12Be, neutrons, and γ rays originating from de-excitation of states fed by neutron decay of 13Be. The 13Be isotopes were produced in proton knockout from a 400 MeV/nucleon 14B beam impinging on a CH2 target. The 12 Be-n relative-energy spectrum d σ /d Ef n was obtained from coincidences between 12Be(g.s.) and a neutron, and also as threefold coincidences by adding γ rays, from the de-excitation of excited states in 12Be. Neutron decay from the first 5/2+ state in 13Be to the 2+ state in 12Be at 2.11 MeV is confirmed. An energy independence of the proton-knockout mechanism is found from a comparison with data taken with a 35 MeV/nucleon 14B beam. A low-lying p-wave resonance in 13Be(1/2−) is confirmed by comparing proton- and neutron-knockout data from 14B and 14Be.
Quasifree one-proton knockout reactions have been employed in inverse kinematics for a systematic study of the structure of stable and exotic oxygen isotopes at the R3B/LAND setup with incident beam energies in the range of 300–450 MeV/u. The oxygen isotopic chain offers a large variation of separation energies that allows for a quantitative understanding of single-particle strength with changing isospin asymmetry. Quasifree knockout reactions provide a complementary approach to intermediate-energy one-nucleon removal reactions. Inclusive cross sections for quasifree knockout reactions of the type AO(p,2p)A−1N have been determined and compared to calculations based on the eikonal reaction theory. The reduction factors for the single-particle strength with respect to the independent-particle model were obtained and compared to state-of-the-art ab initio predictions. The results do not show any significant dependence on proton-neutron asymmetry.
We measured the Coulomb dissociation of 16O into 4He and 12C at the R3B setup in a first campaign within FAIR Phase 0 at GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt. The goal was to improve the accuracy of the experimental data for the 12C(α,γ)16O fusion reaction and to reach lower center-ofmass energies than measured so far.
The experiment required beam intensities of 109 16O ions per second at an energy of 500 MeV/nucleon. The rare case of Coulomb breakup into 12C and 4He posed another challenge: The magnetic rigidities of the particles are so close because of the same mass-to-charge-number ratio A/Z = 2 for 16O, 12C and 4He. Hence, radical changes of the R3B setup were necessary. All detectors had slits to allow the passage of the unreacted 16O ions, while 4He and 12C would hit the detectors' active areas depending on the scattering angle and their relative energies. We developed and built detectors based on organic scintillators to track and identify the reaction products with sufficient precision.