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Zur Geschichte, Cultur und Classification der Georginen oder Dahlien : nebst zwei colorirten Tafeln
(1836)
Recent studies have revealed an important role for Ltbp-4 in elastogenesis. Its mutational inactivation in humans causes autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 1C (ARCL1C), which is a severe disorder caused by defects of the elastic fiber network. Although the human gene involved in ARCL1C has been discovered based on similar elastic fiber abnormalities exhibited by mice lacking the short Ltbp-4 isoform (Ltbp4S−/−), the murine phenotype does not replicate ARCL1C. We therefore inactivated both Ltbp-4 isoforms in the mouse germline to model ARCL1C. Comparative analysis of Ltbp4S−/− and Ltbp4-null (Ltbp4−/−) mice identified Ltbp-4L as an important factor for elastogenesis and postnatal survival, and showed that it has distinct tissue expression patterns and specific molecular functions. We identified fibulin-4 as a previously unknown interaction partner of both Ltbp-4 isoforms and demonstrated that at least Ltbp-4L expression is essential for incorporation of fibulin-4 into the extracellular matrix (ECM). Overall, our results contribute to the current understanding of elastogenesis and provide an animal model of ARCL1C.
Background: Pulmonary nocardiosis (PN) is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening infection. Most of our knowledge is derived from case reports or smaller case series. Recently, increasing PN incidence rates have been reported. We aim to describe the clinical course of and risk factors for PN in four Western European countries and to estimate population-based annual hospitalization rates.
Methods: Retrospective evaluation (1995 to 2011) of the clinical course of and risk factors for PN in patients from 11 hospitals in four European countries (Germany, Austria, Switzerland and The Netherlands). Calculation of population-based estimates of hospitalization rates of PN in Germany (2005 to 2011) using official German nationwide diagnosis-related groups (DRG) hospital statistics.
Results: Forty-three patients fulfilled stringent criteria for proven (n = 8) and probable (n = 35) PN; seven with extrapulmonary dissemination. Within the 43 patients, major PN risk factors were immunocompromising (83.7%) and/or pulmonary (58.1%; in 27.9% as only comorbidity) comorbidities. Median duration of PN targeted therapy was 12 weeks. Distinguished patterns of resistance were observed (imipenem susceptibility: N. farcinica 33.3%; N. asteroides 66.7%). Overall mortality rate was 18.9%; in disseminated PN 50%. Over time, annual PN hospitalization rates remained unchanged at around 0.04/100′000 with the highest rate among men aged 75–84 years (0.24/100′000).
Conclusion: PN is rare, but potentially life-threatening, and mainly affects immunocompromised elder males. Overall annual hospitalization rates remained stable between 2005 and 2011.
Methods are described for an enzymatic preparation of 14C-labeled terpenoids. With a cell-free system of a white mutant of Phycomyces blakesleeanus (Mucoraceae) [14C]squalene and [14C- cis]phytoene can be synthesized from [2-14C]mevalonate. The application of norflurazon, a phenyl- pyridazinone herbicide, helps to increase the yield of squalene. Furthermore, the liquid endosperm of Echinocystis lobata (Cucurbitaceae) was used for the formation of either [14C(-)]kaurene from [14C]mevalonic acid or [14C-/ra/w]geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate in the presence of Amo 1618.
The hydrocarbons formed were purified by alumina-column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate was separated by DE-column chromatography followed by TLC.
A quantitative determination method of gallic and protocatechuic acid in cultures and liquid nutrient of Phycomyces blakesleeanus was described. Both phenolic acids were separated by TLC and the colour reaction with Folin reagent was used for a colorimetric test. This procedure was employed for investigating the formation of gallic and protocatechuic acid in cultures with optimal (10-4 m) and reduced (1.3 × 10-6 ᴍ) zinc supply showing that their production is stimulated by zinc ions.
In addition, the inhibiting effect of light on the accumulation of gallic acid was manifested, however, its excretion into the medium was uneffected by light and protocatechuic acid was not excreted at all. During the development of Phycomyces gallic and protocatechuic acid could be detected in two days old mycelium . With the sporangiophore production both acids are accumulated more rapidly in the sporangiophores. After the end of sporangiophore formation the gallic acid content increases only slightly. In contrast the total content of protocatechuic acid decreases sharply. As no excretion occurs a degradation of at least protocatechuic acid must be taken into consideration.
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) from Phycomyces blakesleeanus was partially purified by protamine sulfate precipitation, ammoniumsulfate precipitation, and diethylamino ethyl cellulose (DEAE) treatment. This preparation was employed for the characterization of the enzyme. The Km values for phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and ADP were determined as 1.6 and 0.42 mᴍ. The nucleotid specifity was demonstrated for ADP exclusively. The use of sulfuryl reagents showed the presence of thiol groups sensitive against p-hydroxymercuribenzoate but not effected by N-ethylmaleimide.
1- (2̸.3′.4′-O-Triacetyl-1.β-D-glucopyranosyl) 3-carboxamido-pyridiniumchlorid wird aus α-1-Chlor-2.3.4-O-triacetyl-glucopyranose und Nikotinamid hergestellt. Die freie Hydroxylgruppe in 6-Stellung der Glucose wird mit Phosphoroxychlorid verestert. Durch Acylwanderung entsteht außerdem ein isomeres Produkt. Die Acetylgruppen lassen sich sauer verseifen. Durch Kondensation mit Adenosinmonophosphat erhält man ein Gemisch beider Nikotinamidglucosid-Adenin-Dinucleotid-Isomerer. Die Verbindungen sind trotz hoher Affinität zu nucleophilen Agentien auf Grund der sterischen Konfiguration enzymatisch inaktiv.