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The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (“MISEV”) guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these “MISEV2014” guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.
A tenday collecting trip to Napo province was conducted between January 13 and 23, 2020, visiting localities where W. C. Macintyre originally collected Argia schneideri Garrison & von Ellenrieder, 2017 between 1935 and 1942, with the intention of documenting its life habits and obtaining photographs in life. A total of 65 odonate species in 36 genera were collected, including four new records for Napo province, but the target species was not found. A list of species recorded and color scans of species that have so far not been photographed are included. Color photographs and notes on the habitat of Argia schneideri are made available through the courtesy of colleagues who found it elsewhere, and its current known distribution is discussed.