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In der Stratosphäre finden eine Reihe von dynamischen und chemischen Prozessen statt, die u.a. den Abbau von Ozon beeinflussen. Um die langfristigen Veränderungen in der Stratosphäre untersuchen zu können müssen die Abhängigkeit dieser Prozesse von Raum und Zeit bekannt sein. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Untersuchung zur Variabilität der Stratosphäre auf der Grundlage der Varianz von Tracern, die in Form der „Equivalent Displacement Height“, kurz: EDH, dargestellt wird, vorgestellt. Die EDH ist tue mit Hilfe des lokalen vertikalen Gradienten normierte lokale Standardabweichung des Mischungsverhältnisses eines Tracers und besitzt die Dimension einer Länge. Durch die Normierung kann die Varianz verschiedener Tracer miteinander verglichen werden. Mit dem Konzept ist allerdings nur die Diagnose der Variabilität möglich und keine Quantifizierung der dafür verantwortlichen Prozesse. Für die Fragestellung werden drei Datensätze ausgewertet. Ein Datensatz ist mit Hilfe eines kryogenen Luftprobensammlers entstanden. Die Berechnungen iii dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass die zeitliche und räumliche Abdeckung dieses Datensatzes zu niedrig ist, um mit ihm eine repräsentative Aussage über die Varianz von Spurengasen in der Stratosphäre treffen zu können. Eine bessere zeitliche und räumliche Abdeckung besitzt der Datensatz des Satellitenexperimentes HA-LOE. Dieser wird dazu verwendet die monatlichen Verteilungen der mittleren EDH von CH4 und O3 in einem Höhenbereich zwischen 19 und 50 km für einen Zeitraum von 1993 bis 2000 zu berechnen. Die mittlere EDH von OH4 besitzt über den Hemisphären jeweils einen unterschiedlichen Jahresgang. Die Diskussion zeigt, dass dieser hemisphärische Unterschied auf die verschiedenen dynamischen Bedingung in der Stratosphäre über den Hemisphären zurückgeführt werden kann, vor allem auf die Existenz eines stabileren und langlebigeren Polarwirbels in der Südhemisphäre. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigt die mittlere EDH von O3 über beiden Hemisphären einen vergleichbaren Jahresgang, mit minimalen Werten der Varianz während der Sommermonate, wenn die Ausbreitung planetarer Wellen in die Stratosphäre durch die vorherrschende Ostwindzirkulation behindert wird. Dieser Jahresgang steht in Verbindung mit den chemischen und dynamischen Prozessen bzw. der Kombination, welche die Verteilung und Varianz von O3 in der Stratosphäre kontrollieren. Eine eindeutige Trennung der einzelnen Effekte ist dabei allerdings nicht möglich. Der Datensatz des Simulationsmodell KASIMA enthält die Verteilung von CH4 und O3 mit der höchsten zeitlichen und räumliche Abdeckung aller drei Datensätze. Ein Vergleich zwischen den daraus berechneten Verteilungen der mittleren EDH beider Spurengase mit den HALOE-Daten soll helfen, die Varianz welche durch das Modell simuliert wird, mit der gemessenen zu vergleichen. Für das O3 wird eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen der modellierten und gemessenen Varianz gefunden. Diese guten Übereinstimmungen ergeben sich für CH4 nicht. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen chemischen Eigenschaften der beiden Tracer wird aus den Ergebnissen geschlossen, dass das Modell die chemischen Prozesse besser simuliert als den atmosphärischen Transport. Mit Hilfe von drei Fallstudien werden weitere Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt. die mit dem Konzept und den Datensätze von HALOE und KASIMA noch bestehen. In der ersten Fallstudie werden anhand der Verteilungen der EDH von CH4 aus dem März 1996 und 1997 die Auswirkungen vorm zwei unterschiedlichen meteorologischen Situation diskutiert, wobei ein eindeutiger Zusammenhang festgestellt wird. In einer zweiten Fallstudie wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob die Normierung auf den vertikalen Gradienten bei der Berechnung der EDH sinnvoll ist, da horizontale Transportprozesse in der Stratosphäre dominieren. Es wird daher zum Vergleich die „Equivalent Displacement Length (EDL)“ von CH4 berechnet, bei der eine Normierung der Varianz auf den horizontalen Gradienten erfolgt. In der dritten Fallstudie wird die Verteilung der mittleren EDH von N20, welche ebenfalls mit dem Datensatz von KASIMA berechnet worden ist, mit der von CH4 verglichen.
Vögel
(1995)
Die untere Havelniederung ist ein bedeutendes Brut-, Rast- und Überwinterungsgebiet für eine arten- und individuenreiche Vogelwelt. Die im Jahre 1978 erfolgte Ausweisung des Deichvorlandes der Havel als Feuchtgebiet von internationaler Bedeutung (FIB) und, einschließlich des Schollener Sees, als Europäisches Vogelschutzgebiet (IBA, seit 1993 als EU SPA bestätigt) unterstreicht die Bedeutung für den Vogelschutz. Gegenwärtig werden 135 bis 140 Brutvogel- und 80 Gastvogelarten zur Avifauna der unteren Havelniederung Sachsen-Anhalts gezählt.
Global change effects on biodiversity and human wellbeing call for improved long-term environmental data as a basis for science, policy and decision making, including increased interoperability, multifunctionality, and harmonization. Based on the example of two global initiatives, the International Long-Term Ecological Research (ILTER) network and the Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON), we propose merging the frameworks behind these initiatives, namely ecosystem integrity and essential biodiversity variables, to serve as an improved guideline for future site-based long-term research and monitoring in terrestrial, freshwater and coastal ecosystems. We derive a list of specific recommendations of what and how to measure at a monitoring site and call for an integration of sites into co-located site networks across individual monitoring initiatives, and centered on ecosystems. This facilitates the generation of linked comprehensive ecosystem monitoring data, supports synergies in the use of costly infrastructures, fosters cross-initiative research and provides a template for collaboration beyond the ILTER and GEO BON communities.
It is commonly assumed that the colonization of restored river reaches by fish depends on the regional species pools; however, quantifications of the relationship between the composition of the regional species pool and restoration outcome are lacking. We analyzed data from 18 German river restoration projects and adjacent river reaches constituting the regional species pools of the restored reaches. We found that the ability of statistical models to describe the fish assemblages established in the restored reaches was greater when these models were based on ‘biotic’ variables relating to the regional species pool and the ecological traits of species rather than on ‘abiotic’ variables relating to the hydromorphological habitat structure of the restored habitats and descriptors of the restoration projects. For species presence in restored reaches, ‘biotic’ variables explained 34% of variability, with the occurrence rate of a species in the regional species pool being the most important variable, while ’abiotic’ variables explained only the negligible amount of 2% of variability. For fish density in restored reaches, about twice the amount of variability was explained by ‘biotic’ (38%) compared to ‘abiotic’ (21%) variables, with species density in the regional species pool being most important. These results indicate that the colonization of restored river reaches by fish is largely determined by the assemblages in the surrounding species pool. Knowledge of species presence and abundance in the regional species pool can be used to estimate the likelihood of fish species becoming established in restored reaches.
Introduction: The German PID-NET registry was founded in 2009, serving as the first national registry of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) in Germany. It is part of the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) registry. The primary purpose of the registry is to gather data on the epidemiology, diagnostic delay, diagnosis, and treatment of PIDs.
Methods: Clinical and laboratory data was collected from 2,453 patients from 36 German PID centres in an online registry. Data was analysed with the software Stata® and Excel.
Results: The minimum prevalence of PID in Germany is 2.72 per 100,000 inhabitants. Among patients aged 1–25, there was a clear predominance of males. The median age of living patients ranged between 7 and 40 years, depending on the respective PID. Predominantly antibody disorders were the most prevalent group with 57% of all 2,453 PID patients (including 728 CVID patients). A gene defect was identified in 36% of patients. Familial cases were observed in 21% of patients. The age of onset for presenting symptoms ranged from birth to late adulthood (range 0–88 years). Presenting symptoms comprised infections (74%) and immune dysregulation (22%). Ninety-three patients were diagnosed without prior clinical symptoms. Regarding the general and clinical diagnostic delay, no PID had undergone a slight decrease within the last decade. However, both, SCID and hyper IgE- syndrome showed a substantial improvement in shortening the time between onset of symptoms and genetic diagnosis. Regarding treatment, 49% of all patients received immunoglobulin G (IgG) substitution (70%—subcutaneous; 29%—intravenous; 1%—unknown). Three-hundred patients underwent at least one hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Five patients had gene therapy.
Conclusion: The German PID-NET registry is a precious tool for physicians, researchers, the pharmaceutical industry, politicians, and ultimately the patients, for whom the outcomes will eventually lead to a more timely diagnosis and better treatment.
Freshwater biodiversity has declined dramatically in Europe in recent decades. Because of massive habitat pollution and morphological degradation of water bodies, many once widespread species persist in small fractions of their original range. These range contractions are generally believed to be accompanied by loss of intraspecific genetic diversity, due to the reduction of effective population sizes and the extinction of regional genetic lineages. We aimed to assess the loss of genetic diversity and its significance for future potential reintroduction of the long-tailed mayfly Palingenia longicauda (Olivier), which experienced approximately 98% range loss during the past century. Analysis of 936 bp of mitochondrial DNA of 245 extant specimens across the current range revealed a surprisingly large number of haplotypes (87), and a high level of haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.875). In contrast, historic specimens (6) from the lost range (Rhine catchment) were not differentiated from the extant Rába population (F ST = 0.02, p = 0.61), despite considerable geographic distance separating the two rivers. These observations can be explained by an overlap of the current with the historic (Pleistocene) refugia of the species. Most likely, the massive recent range loss mainly affected the range which was occupied by rapid post-glacial dispersal. We conclude that massive range losses do not necessarily coincide with genetic impoverishment and that a species' history must be considered when estimating loss of genetic diversity. The assessment of spatial genetic structures and prior phylogeographic information seems essential to conserve once widespread species.
The aim of this study was to assess the invasion risk of freshwater habitats and determine the environmental variables that are most favorable for the establishment of alien amphipods, isopods, gastropods, and bivalves. A total of 981 sites located in streams and rivers in Germany. Therefore we analyzed presence-absence data of alien and indigenous amphipods, isopods, gastropods, and bivalves from 981 sites located in small to large rivers in Germany with regard to eight environmental variables: chloride, ammonium, nitrate, oxygen, orthophosphate, distance to the next navigable waterway, and maximum and minimum temperature. Degraded sites close to navigable waters were exposed to an increased invasion risk by all major groups of alien species. Moreover, invaded sites by all four groups of alien species were similar, whereas the sites where indigenous members of the four groups occurred were more variable. Increased temperature and chloride concentration as well as decreased oxygen concentration were identified as major factors for the invasibility of a site. Species-specific analyses showed that chloride was among the three most predictive environmental variables determining species assemblage in all four taxonomic groups. Also distance to the next navigable waterways was similarly important. Additionally, the minimum temperature was among the most important variables for amphipods, isopods, and bivalves. The bias in the occurrence patterns of alien species toward similarly degraded habitats suggests that the members of all four major groups of freshwater alien species are a non-random, more tolerant set of species. Their common tolerance to salinity, high temperature, and oxygen depletion may reflect that most alien species were spread in ballast water tanks, where strong selective pressures, particularly temperature fluctuations, oxygen depletion, and increased salinity may create a bottleneck for successful invasion. Knowledge on the major factors that influence the invasion risk of a habitat is needed to develop strategies to limit the spread of invasive species.
During systematic surveys of groundwater snails in Slovakia, Hungary and Bosnia and Hercegovina two new species of the genus Hauffenia, H. lozekiana sp. nov. from a single locality in Slovakia, and H. steffeki sp. nov. with a small range in Bosnia and Hercegovina were discovered and are here described based on shell morphology, anatomy and DNA sequence data (COI, 16S rRNA, ITS2). The discovery of H. steffeki sp. nov. extends the range of the genus considerably towards the south. Hauffenia lozekiana sp. nov. appears to be a relict surviving within the range of the today widely distributed H. kissdalmae. Based on a time tree, we developed a scenario for the origin and diversification of the genus. The ancestor probably evolved in the Miocene on the Balkans and with the gradual desiccation of the Paratethys and its remnant water bodies diversified towards the north. Karstic and in particular alluvial connectivities together with changing courses of paleo-rivers probably played an important role for dispersal. Ecological observations suggest that the phreatic rhizosphere, the delicate net of tree rootlets and their exudates, are important for the existence of these groundwater snails.
On the observation of mesospheric air inside the arctic stratospheric polar vortex in early 2003
(2005)
During several balloon flights inside the Arctic polar vortex in early 2003, unusual trace gas distributions were observed, which indicate a strong influence of mesospheric air in the stratosphere. The tuneable diode laser (TDL) instrument SPIRALE (Spectroscopie InFrarouge par Absorption de Lasers Embarqués) measured unusually high CO values (up to 600 ppb) on 27 January at about 30 km altitude. The cryosampler BONBON sampled air masses with very high molecular Hydrogen, extremely low SF6 and enhanced CO values on 6 March at about 25 km altitude. Finally, the MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrometer showed NOy values which are significantly higher than NOy* (the NOy derived from a correlation between N2O and NOy under undisturbed conditions), on 21 and 22 March in a layer centred at 22 km altitude. Thus, the mesospheric air seems to have been present in a layer descending from about 30 km in late January to 25 km altitude in early March and about 22 km altitude on 20 March. We present corroborating evidence from a model study using the KASIMA (KArlsruhe Simulation model of the Middle Atmosphere) model that also shows a layer of mesospheric air, which descended into the stratosphere in November and early December 2002, before the minor warming which occurred in late December 2002 lead to a descent of upper stratospheric air, cutting of a layer in which mesospheric air is present. This layer then descended inside the vortex over the course of the winter. The same feature is found in trajectory calculations, based on a large number of trajectories started in the vicinity of the observations on 6 March. Based on the difference between the mean age derived from SF6 (which has an irreversible mesospheric loss) and from CO2 (whose mesospheric loss is much smaller and reversible) we estimate that the fraction of mesospheric air in the layer observed on 6 March, must have been somewhere between 35% and 100%.
During several balloon flights inside the Arctic polar vortex in early 2003, unusual trace gas distributions were observed, which indicate a strong influence of mesospheric air in the stratosphere. The tuneable diode laser (TDL) instrument SPIRALE (Spectroscopie InFrarouge par Absorption de Lasers Embarqués) measured unusually high CO values (up to 600 ppb) on 27 January at about 30 km altitude. The cryosampler BONBON sampled air masses with very high molecular Hydrogen, extremely low SF6 and enhanced CO values on 6 March at about 25 km altitude. Finally, the MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrometer showed NOy values which are significantly higher than NOy* (the NOy derived from a correlation between N2O and NOy under undisturbed conditions), on 21 and 22 March in a layer centred at 22 km altitude. Thus, the mesospheric air seems to have been present in a layer descending from about 30 km in late January to 25 km altitude in early March and about 22 km altitude on 20 March. We present corroborating evidence from a model study using the KASIMA (KArlsruhe Simulation model of the Middle Atmosphere) model that also shows a layer of mesospheric air, which descended into the stratosphere in November and early December 2002, before the minor warming which occurred in late December 2002 lead to a descent of upper stratospheric air, cutting of a layer in which mesospheric air is present. This layer then descended inside the vortex over the course of the winter. The same feature is found in trajectory calculations, based on a large number of trajectories started in the vicinity of the observations on 6 March. Based on the difference between the mean age derived from SF6 (which has an irreversible mesospheric loss) and from CO2 (whose mesospheric loss is much smaller and reversible) we estimate that the fraction of mesospheric air in the layer observed on 6 March, must have been somewhere between 35% and 100%.