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Mit der Bereitstellung des 208Pb-Strahls durch das CERN-SPS können seit Herbst 1994 Kollisionen schwerster Kerne bei den höchsten zur Zeit in Schwerionenbeschleunigern erreichten Einschußenergien untersucht werden.
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der raumzeitlichen Entwicklung von zentralen Pb-Pb-Kollisionen bei 158 GeV/Nukleon. Diese Untersuchung wurde im Rahmen des Experimentes NA49 durchgefüuhrt und stützt sich auf die Analyse von Bose-Einstein-Korrelationen identischer Pionen. Die Auswertung von rund 40000 zentralen Ereignissen, die in zwei verschiedenen Magnetfeldkonfigurationen mit der zweiten Vertex-Spurendriftkammer des NA49-Experimentes aufgezeichnet wurden, erlaubt hierbei eine annähernd vollständige Untersuchung des pionischen Phasenraumes zwischen zentraler Rapidität und der Projektilhemisphäre.
Auf der experimentellen Seite stellt der Nachweis von mehreren hundert geladenen Teilchen pro Ereignis eine große Herausforderung dar. Daher werden in dieser Arbeit die Optimierung von Spurendriftkammern sowie die verwendeten Analyseverfahren und die erreichte experimentelle Auflösung ausführlich diskutiert. Dabei zeigt sich, daß der systematische Einfluß der erreichten Impuls- und Zweispurauflösung auf die Bestimmung der Bose-Einstein-Observablen vernachlässigbar ist.
Die Messung von Korrelationen ungleich geladener Teilchen bestätigt die Beobachtungen früherer Untersuchungen, wonach die Gamowfunktion als Coulombkorrektur der Bose-Einstein-Korrelationsfunktionen in Schwerionenexperimenten nicht geeignet ist. Ein Vergleich mit einem Modell zeigt, daß diese Messungen konsistent sind mit der Annahme einer endlichen Ausdehnung der Pionenquelle von rund 6 fm. In dieser Arbeitwird zur Korrektur daher eine Parametrisierung der gemessenen Korrelationsstärke ungleich geladener Teilchen benutzt, wodurch die systematischen Unsicherheiten bei der Auswertung der Bose-Einstein-Korrelationsfunktionen erheblich reduziert werden konnten.
Die Auswertung der Bose-Einstein-Korrelationen im Rahmen des Yano-Koonin-Podgoretskii-Formalismus erlaubt eine differentielle Bestimmung der longitudinalen Expansionsgeschwindigkeit. Dabei ergibt sich das Bild eines vornehmlich in longitudinaler Richtung expandierenden Systems, wie es bereits in Schwefel-Kern-Reaktionen bei vergleichbaren Einschußenergien beobachtet wurde. Die Transversalimpulsabhängigkeit der transversalen Radiusparameter ist moderat und verträglich mit einer mäßigen radialen Expansion, deren quantitative Bestätigung allerdings im Rahmen von Modellrechnungen erfolgen muß.
Im Rahmen eines einfachen hydrodynamischen Modells kann die Lebensdauer des Systems zu 7-9 fm/c bei schwacher Abhängigkeit von der Rapidität bestimmt werden. Die Zeitdauer der Pionenemission beträgt etwa 3-4 fm/c und wird damit erstmals in ultrarelativistischen Schwerionenreaktionen als signifikant von Null verschieden beobachtet.
Die Auswertung der Korrelationsfunktion unter Verwendung der Bertsch-Pratt-Parametrisierung liefert Ergebnisse, die mit denen der Yano-Koonin-Podgoretskii-Parametrisierung konsistent sind. Dasselbe gilt für den Vergleich der Analyse positiv und negativ geladener Teilchenpaare sowie unter Verwendung verschiedener Bezugssysteme.
Ein Vergleich mit den Ergebnissen von Schwefel-Kern-Reaktionen deutet an, daß die in Pb-Pb ermittelten Ausfriervolumina nicht mit dem einfachen Bild eines Ausfrierens bei konstanter Teilchendichte vereinbar sind. Vielmehr scheint das Pb-Pb-System bei niedrigerer Dichte auszufrieren. Dies läßt darauf schließen, daß die Ausfrierdichte über die mittlere freie Weglänge mit der Größe des Systems zum Zeitpunkt der letzten Wechselwirkung verknüpft ist.
The interaction of Λ and Σ hyperons (Y) with nucleons (N) is strongly influenced by the coupled-channel dynamics. Due to the small mass difference of the NΛ and NΣ systems, the sizable coupling strength of the NΣ ↔ NΛ processes constitutes a crucial element in the determination of the NΛ interaction. In this letter we present the most precise measurements on the interaction of p pairs, from zero relative momentum up to the opening of the NΣ channel. The correlation function in the relative momentum space for p ⊕ p pairs measured in high-multiplicity triggered pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV at the LHC is reported. The opening of the inelastic NΣ channels is visible in the extracted correlation function as a cusp-like structure occurring at relative momentum k∗ = 289 MeV/c. This represents the first direct experimental observation of the NΣ ↔ NΛ coupled channel in the p system. The correlation function is compared with recent chiral effective field theory calculations, based on different strengths of the NΣ ↔ NΛ transition potential. A weaker coupling, as possibly supported by the present measurement, would require a more repulsive three-body NNΛ interaction for a proper description of the in-medium properties, which has implications on the nuclear equation of state and for the presence of hyperons inside neutron stars.
The two-proton correlation function at midrapidity from Pb+Pb central collisions at 158 AGeV has been measured by the NA49 experiment. The results are compared to model predictions from static thermal Gaussian proton source distributions and transport models RQMD and VENUS. An effective proton source size is determined by minimizing CHI-square/ndf between the correlation functions of the data and those calculated for the Gaussian sources, yielding 3.85 +-0.15(stat.) +0.60-0.25(syst.) fm. Both the RQMD and the VENUS model are consistent with the data within the error in the correlation peak region.
We present first data on event-by-event fluctuations in the average transverse momentum of charged particles produced in Pb+Pb collisions at the CERN SPS. This measurement provides previously unavailable information allowing sensitive tests of microscopic and thermodynamic collision models and to search for fluctuations expected to occur in the vicinity of the predicted QCD phase transition. We find that the observed variance of the event-by-event average transverse momentum is consistent with independent particle production modified by the known two-particle correlations due to quantum statistics and final state interactions and folded with the resolution of the NA49 apparatus. For two specific models of non-statistical fluctuations in transverse momentum limits are derived in terms of fluctuation amplitude. We show that a significant part of the parameter space for a model of isospin fluctuations predicted as a consequence of chiral symmetry restoration in a non-equilibrium scenario is excluded by our measurement.
Net proton and negative hadron spectra for central \PbPb collisions at 158 GeV per nucleon at the CERN SPS were measured and compared to spectra from lighter systems. Net baryon distributions were derived from those of net protons, utilizing model calculations of isospin contributions as well as data and model calculations of strange baryon distributions. Stopping (rapidity shift with respect to the beam) and mean transverse momentum \meanpt of net baryons increase with system size. The rapidity density of negative hadrons scales with the number of participant nucleons for nuclear collisions, whereas their \meanpt is independent of system size. The \meanpt dependence upon particle mass and system size is consistent with larger transverse flow velocity at midrapidity for \PbPb compared to \SS central collisions.
Multiplicity dependence of light (anti-)nuclei production in p–Pb collisions at √sNN =5.02 TeV
(2020)
The measurement of the deuteron and anti-deuteron production in the rapidity range −1 < y < 0 as a function of transverse momentum and event multiplicity in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV is presented. (Anti-)deuterons are identified via their specific energy loss dE/dx and via their time-offlight. Their production in p–Pb collisions is compared to pp and Pb–Pb collisions and is discussed within the context of thermal and coalescence models. The ratio of integrated yields of deuterons to protons (d/p) shows a significant increase as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity of the event starting from values similar to those observed in pp collisions at low multiplicities and approaching those observed in Pb–Pb collisions at high multiplicities. The mean transverse particle momenta are extracted from the deuteron spectra and the values are similar to those obtained for p and particles. Thus, deuteron spectra do not follow mass ordering. This behaviour is in contrast to the trend observed for non-composite particles in p–Pb collisions. In addition, the production of the rare 3He and 3He nuclei has been studied. The spectrum corresponding to all non-single diffractive p-Pb collisions is obtained in the rapidity window −1 < y < 0 and the pT-integrated yield dN/dy is extracted. It is found that the yields of protons, deuterons, and 3He, normalised by the spin degeneracy factor, follow an exponential decrease with mass number.
The Time Projection Chamber (TPC) of the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC was upgraded for Run 3 and Run 4. Readout chambers based on Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology and a new readout scheme allow continuous data taking at the highest interaction rates expected in Pb-Pb collisions. Due to the absence of a gating grid system, a significant amount of ions created in the multiplication region is expected to enter the TPC drift volume and distort the uniform electric field that guides the electrons to the readout pads. Analytical calculations were considered to correct for space-charge distortion fluctuations but they proved to be too slow for the calibration and reconstruction workflow in Run 3. In this paper, we discuss a novel strategy developed by the ALICE Collaboration to perform distortion-fluctuation corrections with machine learning and convolutional neural network techniques. The results of preliminary studies are shown and the prospects for further development and optimization are also discussed.
In this letter, the production of deuterons and anti-deuterons in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV is studied as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity density at mid-rapidity with the ALICE detector at the LHC. Production yields are measured at mid-rapidity in five multiplicity classes and as a function of the deuteron transverse momentum (pT). The measurements are discussed in the context of hadron–coalescence models. The coalescence parameter B2, extracted from the measured spectra of (anti-)deuterons and primary (anti-)protons, exhibits no significant pT-dependence for pT < 3 GeV/c, in agreement with the expectations of a simple coalescence picture. At fixed transverse momentum per nucleon, the B2 parameter is found to decrease smoothly from low multiplicity pp to Pb–Pb collisions, in qualitative agreement with more elaborate coalescence models. The measured mean transverse momentum of (anti-)deuterons in pp is not reproduced by the Blast-Wave model calculations that simultaneously describe pion, kaon and proton spectra, in contrast to central Pb–Pb collisions. The ratio between the pT-integrated yield of deuterons to protons, d/p, is found to increase with the chargedparticle multiplicity, as observed in inelastic pp collisions at different centre-of-mass energies. The d/p ratios are reported in a wide range, from the lowest to the highest multiplicity values measured in pp collisions at the LHC.
We present the first measurement of event-by-event fluctuations in the kaon sector in Pb – Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The robust fluctuation correlator νdyn is used to evaluate the magnitude of fluctuations of the relative yields of neutral and charged kaons, as well as the relative yields of charged kaons, as a function of collision centrality and selected kinematic ranges. While the correlator νdyn[K+,K−] exhibits a scaling approximately in inverse proportion of the charged particle multiplicity, νdyn[K0 S ,K±] features a significant deviation from such scaling. Within uncertainties, the value of νdyn[K0 S ,K±] is independent of the selected transverse momentum interval, while it exhibits a pseudorapidity dependence. The results are compared with HIJING, AMPT and EPOS–LHC predictions, and are further discussed in the context of the possible production of disoriented chiral condensates in central Pb – Pb collisions.
