Refine
Author
- Groneberg, Jan David Alexander (15)
- Bauer, Jan (14)
- Klingelhöfer, Doris (7)
- Brüggmann, Dörthe (6)
- Maier, Werner Albert (5)
- Ohlendorf, Daniela Maren (4)
- Quarcoo, David (3)
- Schwettmann, Lars (3)
- Andreassen, Ole A. (2)
- Bauer, Jochen (2)
- Baune, Bernhard T. (2)
- Dannlowski, Udo (2)
- Grotegerd, Dominik (2)
- Hahn, Tim (2)
- Kircher, Tilo (2)
- Landén, Mikael (2)
- Mache, Stefanie (2)
- Müller, Ruth (2)
- Nöthen, Markus Maria (2)
- Reif, Andreas (2)
- Stein, Dan J. (2)
- Völzke, Henry (2)
- Wanke, Eileen M. (2)
- Weiss, Daniel J. (2)
- Abecasis, Gonçalo R. (1)
- Absher, Devin (1)
- Abé, Christoph (1)
- Achtyes, Eric D. (1)
- Agaoglu, Esen (1)
- Agartz, Ingrid (1)
- Aikawa, Elena (1)
- Akudjedu, Theophilus N. (1)
- Albrecht, Eva (1)
- Alcaraz, Maria Jose (1)
- Alexander, Nina (1)
- Alfitian, Jonas (1)
- Allen, Nicholas B. (1)
- Altınbaş, Kürşat (1)
- Ames, David (1)
- Amin, Najaf (1)
- Anderson, Denise (1)
- Anderson, Johnathon D. (1)
- Andlauer, Till (1)
- Andre, Aleman (1)
- Andriantsitohaina, Ramaroson (1)
- Angelopoulos, Elias (1)
- Antoniou, Anna (1)
- Arab, Tanina (1)
- Archer, Fabienne (1)
- Ardau, Raffaella (1)
- Arias Vásquez, Alejandro (1)
- Armstrong, Nicola J. (1)
- Arrua Vares, Edgar (1)
- Arveiler, Dominique (1)
- Assimes, Themistocles L. (1)
- Atalay, Mustafa (1)
- Atkin-Smith, Georgia K. (1)
- Attwood, Antony Paul (1)
- Aydin, Memduha (1)
- Ayhan, Yavuz (1)
- Ayre, D. Craig (1)
- Bach, Jean-Marie (1)
- Bachurski, Daniel (1)
- Baethge, Christopher Jan (1)
- Baharvand, Hossein (1)
- Bakker, Stephan J. L. (1)
- Balaban, Ceylan (1)
- Balaj, Leonora (1)
- Baldacchino, Shawn (1)
- Balkom, Bastiaan Wilhelmus Maria van (1)
- Barkhau, Carlotta (1)
- Barlassina, Cristina (1)
- Barroso, Inês (1)
- Basart, Hanneke (1)
- Bastin, Mark E. (1)
- Batalla, Albert (1)
- Bauer, Claudia M. (1)
- Bauer, Joscha (1)
- Bauer, Michael (1)
- Bauer, Natalie N. (1)
- Bauer, Rita (1)
- Bauer, Sabrina (1)
- Bauer, Tobias (1)
- Bauer, Torsten Thomas (1)
- Baur, Ramona (1)
- Baxter, Amy A. (1)
- Bebawy, Mary (1)
- Becerra-Palars, Claudia (1)
- Becker, Albert J. (1)
- Beckham, Carla (1)
- Beckmann, Jacques S. (1)
- Behere, Aniruddh P. (1)
- Behere, Prakash B. (1)
- Beilby, John P. (1)
- Belete, Habte (1)
- Belete, Tilahun (1)
- Belizario, Gabriel Okawa (1)
- Bellivier, Frank (1)
- Belmaker, Robert H. (1)
- Bendels, Michael Hans Karl (1)
- Benedetti, Francesco (1)
- Benmoussa, Abderrahim (1)
- Berardi, Anna C. (1)
- Bergese, Paolo (1)
- Bergo, Felipe (1)
- Berk, Michael (1)
- Bersudsky, Yuly (1)
- Bicakci, Şule (1)
- Biederman, Joseph (1)
- Bielska, Ewa (1)
- Birabwa-Oketcho, Harriet (1)
- Bjella, Thomas D. (1)
- Blaine, Sara K. (1)
- Blanke, Julian (1)
- Blenkiron, Cherie (1)
- Bobis-Wozowicz, Sylwia (1)
- Boedhoe, Premika (1)
- Boehnke, Michael (1)
- Boilard, Eric (1)
- Boireau, Wilfrid (1)
- Bolton, Jennifer L. (1)
- Bongiovanni, Antonella (1)
- Bonnefond, Amélie (1)
- Bonnycastle, Lori L. (1)
- Boomsma, Dorret I. (1)
- Borecki, Ingrid B. (1)
- Bornstein, Stefan R. (1)
- Borràs, Francesc E. (1)
- Bosch, Steffi (1)
- Bose, Anushree (1)
- Boucher, Gabrielle (1)
- Boulanger, Chantal M. (1)
- Brady, Conan (1)
- Bralten, Janita (1)
- Brandeis, Daniel (1)
- Braun, Markus (1)
- Breakefield, Xandra (1)
- Breglio, Andrew M. (1)
- Brem, Silvia (1)
- Brennan, Meadhbh Aín (1)
- Brigstock, David R. (1)
- Brinker, Titus Josef (1)
- Brisson, Alain (1)
- Brodaty, Henry (1)
- Broekman, Marike L. D. (1)
- Bromberg, Jacqueline F. (1)
- Brooks, Samantha J. (1)
- Brosch, Katharina (1)
- Bryl-Gorecka, Paulina (1)
- Bröhl, Henrieke (1)
- Buch, Shilpa (1)
- Buck, Amy H. (1)
- Buechler, Christa (1)
- Buitelaar, Jan K. (1)
- Bundschuh, Matthias (1)
- Burger, Dylan (1)
- Busatto Filho, Geraldo (1)
- Busatto, Sara (1)
- Buschmann, Dominik (1)
- Bussolati, Benedetta (1)
- Buzás, Edit I. (1)
- Byrd, James Bryan (1)
- Böhm, Bernhard O. (1)
- Bøen, Erlend (1)
- Bülow, Robin (1)
- Bürger, Christian (1)
- Cabrera, Jorge (1)
- Calhoun, Vince D. (1)
- Calvo, Anna (1)
- Campbell, Harry (1)
- Camussi, Giovanni (1)
- Canales-Rodrı́guez, Erick Jorge (1)
- Canive, Jose M. (1)
- Cannon, Dara M. (1)
- Caparelli, Elisabeth C. (1)
- Cappucciati, Marco (1)
- Carter, David R. F. (1)
- Caruso, Sarah (1)
- Castellanos, Francisco X. (1)
- Castro, Angela Marianne Paredes (1)
- Caulfield, Mark J. (1)
- Cavalleri, Gianpiero L. (1)
- Cendes, Fernando (1)
- Cervenka, Simon (1)
- Cesana, Giancarlo (1)
- Chaim-Avancini, Tiffany Moukbel (1)
- Chamley, Lawrence W. (1)
- Chang, Yu-Ting (1)
- Chanock, Stephen J. (1)
- Chantiluke, Kaylita (1)
- Chasman, Daniel I. (1)
- Chaudhuri, Amrita Datta (1)
- Chen, Chihchen (1)
- Chen, Qun-lin (1)
- Chen, Shuai (1)
- Chen, Wei-Ling (1)
- Chen, Xiayu (1)
- Chen, Yii-Der Ida (1)
- Cheng, Lesley (1)
- Cheng, Yuqi (1)
- Cheung, Eric Y. Wo (1)
- Chiesa, Silvia (1)
- Chin, Andrew R. (1)
- Chines, Peter S. (1)
- Christakou, Anastasia (1)
- Clark, Vincent P. (1)
- Clayton, Aled (1)
- Clegg, Deborah J. (1)
- Clerici, Stefano P. (1)
- Cocks, Alex (1)
- Cocucci, Emanuele (1)
- Coffey, Robert J. (1)
- Coghill, David (1)
- Collins, Francis S. (1)
- Collste, Karin (1)
- Connolly, Colm G. (1)
- Conzelmann, Annette (1)
- Cordeiro-da-Silva, Anabela (1)
- Couch, Yvonne (1)
- Coumans, Frank A. W. (1)
- Cousijn, Janna (1)
- Coyle, Beth (1)
- Crescitelli, Rossella (1)
- Criado, Miria Ferreira (1)
- Crivello, Fabrice (1)
- Croteau-Chonka, Damien C. (1)
- Crow, Tim (1)
- Crowe, Marie (1)
- Cubillo, Ana (1)
- Cuomo, Alessandro (1)
- Cupples, L. Adrienne (1)
- Cόrdova-Palomera, Aldo (1)
- Dallaspezia, Sara (1)
- Das, Saumya (1)
- David, Bastian (1)
- Day, Felix R. (1)
- De Santana, Eliezer F. (1)
- De Wever, Olivier (1)
- De Zubicaray, Greig (1)
- Deary, Ian J. (1)
- Dedoussis, George (1)
- Del Zompo, Maria (1)
- Delanty, Norman (1)
- Deloukas, Panos (1)
- Demaret, Tanguy (1)
- Demeter, Damion V. (1)
- Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T. (1)
- Desai, Pratikkumar (1)
- Deville, Sarah (1)
- Devitt, Andrew (1)
- Dhimal, Meghnath (1)
- Dhondt, Bert (1)
- Di Martino, Adriana (1)
- Di Vizio, Dolores (1)
- Dickie, Erin W (1)
- Dieterich, Lothar C. (1)
- Dietsche, Bruno (1)
- Dimas, Antigone S. (1)
- Dimitriou, Maria (1)
- Doan, N. Trung (1)
- Dodd, Seetal (1)
- Doherty, Colin P. (1)
- Dohm, Katharina (1)
- Dolo, Vincenza (1)
- Dominguez Rubio, Ana Paula (1)
- Dominici, Massimo (1)
- Donix, Markus (1)
- Dourado, Mauricio R. (1)
- Doyle, Alysa (1)
- Driedonks, Tom A. P. (1)
- Duarte, Filipe V. (1)
- Duijn, Cornelia M. van (1)
- Duncan, Heather M. (1)
- Durston, Sarah (1)
- D’Souza-Schorey, Crislyn (1)
- Earl, Eric (1)
- Edkins, Sarah (1)
- Efe, Turgay (1)
- Ehrlich, Stefan (1)
- Eichenberger, Ramon Marc (1)
- Eijk, Liza van (1)
- Eisinger, Kristina (1)
- Eklund, Niina (1)
- Ekman, Carl Johan (1)
- Ekström, Karin (1)
- El Andaloussi, Samir (1)
- Elger, Christian Erich (1)
- Elie-Caille, Celine (1)
- Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn (1)
- Engberg, Goran (1)
- Enk, Alexander (1)
- Epstein, Jeffery N. (1)
- Erbel, Raimund (1)
- Erdbrügger, Uta (1)
- Erdmann, Jeanette (1)
- Erhardt, Sophie (1)
- Eriksson, Johan G. (1)
- Ernst, Leon (1)
- Ernsting, Jan (1)
- Esko, Tõnu (1)
- Estrada, Karol (1)
- Etain, Bruno (1)
- Fagiolini, Andrea (1)
- Fair, Damien A. (1)
- Faire, Ulf de (1)
- Falcón-Pérez, Juan M. (1)
- Fall, Tove (1)
- Faraone, Stephen V. (1)
- Farde, Lars (1)
- Farrall, Martin (1)
- Fatima, Farah (1)
- Fatouros-Bergman, Helena (1)
- Feitosa, Mary F. (1)
- Fellendorf, Frederike Tabea (1)
- Ferensztajn-Rochowiak, Ewa (1)
- Fernndez, Guillen (1)
- Ferreira, Teresa (1)
- Fiedorowicz, Jess G. (1)
- Fisch, Lukas (1)
- Fischer, Krista (1)
- Fish, Jason E. (1)
- Fisher, Simon E. (1)
- Flinkenflügel, Kira (1)
- Flores-Bellver, Miguel (1)
- Flyckt, Lena (1)
- Forster, Katharina (1)
- Forstner, Andreas Josef (1)
- Fountoulakis, Kostas N. (1)
- Fowkes, Gerry (1)
- Fox, Caroline S. (1)
- Foxe, John J. (1)
- Francks, Clyde (1)
- Franke, Barbara (1)
- Franks, Paul W. (1)
- Fraser, Ross M. (1)
- Frayling, Timothy (1)
- Frelet-Barrand, Annie (1)
- Fricke, Fabia (1)
- Froguel, Philippe (1)
- Frye, Mark A. (1)
- Fuentes-Claramonte, Paola (1)
- Fuhrmann, Gregor (1)
- Fullerton, Janice M. (1)
- Försönits, András (1)
- Gabrielsson, Susanne (1)
- Ganna, Andrea (1)
- Garavan, Hugh (1)
- Garcia, Danielle do Santos (1)
- Gardiner, Chris (1)
- Gatzka, Martina (1)
- Gaudin, Raphael (1)
- Gejman, Pablo V. (1)
- Geoffroy, Pierre A. (1)
- Gerber, Alexander (1)
- Gho, Yong Song (1)
- Giebel, Bernd (1)
- Gieger, Christian (1)
- Gigante, Bruna (1)
- Gilbert, Caroline (1)
- Gimona, Mario (1)
- Giusti, Ilaria (1)
- Glahn, David C. (1)
- Glenn, Tasha (1)
- Goberdhan, Deborah C. I. (1)
- Goel, Anuj (1)
- Goltermann, Janik (1)
- Gonzalez-Pinto, Ana (1)
- Gorski, Sharon M. (1)
- Gotlib, Ian H. (1)
- Gottlieb, John F. (1)
- Gotzen, Leo (1)
- Goudriaan, Anna E. (1)
- Grabe, Hans Jörgen (1)
- Grallert, Harald (1)
- Greening, David W. (1)
- Grein, Susanne G. van der (1)
- Groenewold, Nynke A. (1)
- Grof, Paul (1)
- Groop, Leif C. (1)
- Groß, Joachim (1)
- Groß, Julia Christina (1)
- Gruber, Marius (1)
- Gruber, Oliver (1)
- Grönberg, Henrik (1)
- Guadalupe, Tulio (1)
- Gualerzi, Alice (1)
- Gupta, Gopal N. (1)
- Gurholt, Tiril (1)
- Gustafson, Dakota (1)
- Gustafsson, Stefan (1)
- Gyllensten, Ulf (1)
- Gámez-Valero, Ana (1)
- Gärtner, Kathrin (1)
- Görgens, André (1)
- Haarman, Bartholomeus C. M. (1)
- Haavik, Jan (1)
- Hall, Alistair S. (1)
- Hall, Per (1)
- Hallmans, Göran (1)
- Hamsten, Anders (1)
- Handberg, Aase (1)
- Hansell, Narelle K. (1)
- Haraszti, Réka Ágnes (1)
- Harima, Hirohiko (1)
- Haritunians, Talin (1)
- Harris, Mathew A. (1)
- Harris, Tamara B. (1)
- Harrison, Paul (1)
- Harst, Pim van der (1)
- Hartikainen, Anna-Liisa (1)
- Hartman, Catharina (1)
- Hasse-Sousa, Mathias (1)
- Hasyim, Hamzah (1)
- Hattingen, Elke (1)
- Hayward, Caroline (1)
- Heard-Costa, Nancy L. (1)
- Hedberg, Mikael (1)
- Hegyesi, Hargita (1)
- Heid, Iris M. (1)
- Heijer, Martin den (1)
- Heindel, Walter (1)
- Helmstaedter, Christoph (1)
- Hendrix, An (1)
- Hengstenberg, Christian (1)
- Henry, Chantal (1)
- Herdrich, Silke (1)
- Hernandez, Maria del Carmen Valdes (1)
- Herth, Felix (1)
- Herwijnen, Martijn J. C. van (1)
- Heslenfeld, Dirk (1)
- Hester, Robert (1)
- Hibar, Derrek Paul (1)
- Hicks, Andrew A. (1)
- Hill, Andrew F. (1)
- Hingorani, Aroon (1)
- Hirschhorn, Joel N. (1)
- Ho, Beng-Choon (1)
- Ho, Tiffany C. (1)
- Hochberg, Fred H. (1)
- Hoekstra, Pieter J. (1)
- Hoffmann, Karl F. (1)
- Hofman, Albert (1)
- Hofmann, Stefan G. (1)
- Holder, Beth (1)
- Holthofer, Harry (1)
- Hoogman, Martine (1)
- Hooten, Nicole Noren (1)
- Hosseinkhani, Baharak (1)
- Hottenga, Jouke-Jan (1)
- Houenou, Josselin (1)
- Hovik, Marie F. (1)
- Hovingh, Kees G. (1)
- Howells, Fleur M. (1)
- Hu, Guoku (1)
- Huang, Yiyao (1)
- Huber, Veronica (1)
- Hugdahl, Kenneth (1)
- Hui, Jennie (1)
- Huikuri, Heikki (1)
- Humphries, Steve E. (1)
- Hung, Joseph (1)
- Hunt, Stuart (1)
- Hunter, David (1)
- Huyser, Chaim (1)
- Hveem, Kristian (1)
- Hyppönen, Elina (1)
- Høffding, Lone (1)
- I. Berndt, Sonja (1)
- Ibrahim, Ahmed Gamal-Eldin (1)
- Ikezu, Tsuneya (1)
- Illig, Thomas (1)
- Imbesi, Massimiliano (1)
- Inal, Jameel M. (1)
- Ingelsson, Erik (1)
- Ingvar, Martind (1)
- Iribarren, Carlos (1)
- Irwin, Lourdes (1)
- Ishikawa, Akari (1)
- Isin, Mustafa (1)
- Isometsä, Erkki T. (1)
- Ivanova, Alena (1)
- Ivkovic, Maja (1)
- Jackson, Anne U. (1)
- Jackson, Hannah K. (1)
- Jacobs, Kevin B. (1)
- Jacobsen, Soren (1)
- Jahanshad, Neda (1)
- Jamalabadi, Hamidreza (1)
- James, Anthony (1)
- Janno, Sven (1)
- Jansen, Andreas (1)
- Jaque, Jenny (1)
- Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta (1)
- Jay, Steven M. (1)
- Jayachandran, Muthuvel (1)
- Jean-Paul, Fouche (1)
- Jenster, Guido (1)
- Jernigan, Terry L. (1)
- Jiang, Lanzhou (1)
- Johansson, Åsa (1)
- Johnsen, Simon (1)
- Johnson, Suzanne M. (1)
- Johnson, Toby (1)
- Jolley, Jennifer (1)
- Jones, Jennifer C. (1)
- Jong, Ambrose (1)
- Jovanovic-Talisman, Tijana (1)
- Jula, Antti (1)
- Jung, Stephanie (1)
- Jönsson, Erik G. (1)
- Kahler, Claas (1)
- Kaleda, Vasily (1)
- Kalle, Christof von (1)
- Kalluri, Raghu (1)
- Kano, Shin-ichi (1)
- Kanoni, Stavroula (1)
- Kapczinski, Flávio (1)
- Kaplan, Robert (1)
- Kaprio, Jaakko (1)
- Karakatsoulis, Gregory N. (1)
- Kardell, Mathias (1)
- Karpe, Fredrik (1)
- Kathiresan, Sekar (1)
- Kaur, Sukhbir (1)
- Kawamura, Yumi (1)
- Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka M. (1)
- Keller, Evan T. (1)
- Kelly, Clare (1)
- Kerich, Michael (1)
- Keshavan, Matcheri S (1)
- Kessing, Lars Vedel (1)
- Khadka, Sabin (1)
- Khamari, Delaram (1)
- Khaw, Kay-Tee (1)
- Khomyakova, Elena (1)
- Khvorova, Anastasia (1)
- Kiemeney, Lambertus Adrianus (1)
- Kierulf, Peter (1)
- Kilpeläinen, Tuomas O. (1)
- Kim, Kwang Pyo (1)
- Kim, Seong Jae (1)
- Kislinger, Thomas (1)
- Kivimaki, Mika (1)
- Klapp, Burghard F. (1)
- Klauw, Melanie M. van der (1)
- Kleber, Marcus E. (1)
- Klingeborn, Mikael (1)
- Klinke, David J. (1)
- Koenig, Wolfgang (1)
- Kohls, Gregor (1)
- Kolovou, Genovefa (1)
- Kong, Xiang-Zhen (1)
- Konrad, Kerstin (1)
- Kornek, Miroslaw (1)
- Korucuoglu, Ozlem (1)
- Kosanović, Maja M. (1)
- Kot, Timur L. (1)
- Kovacs, Peter (1)
- Koval, Michael (1)
- Kovács, Árpád Ferenc (1)
- Kraja, Aldi T. (1)
- Krasemann, Susanne (1)
- Krause, Mirja (1)
- Kreuter, Michael (1)
- Kristiansson, Kati (1)
- Krjutškov, Kaarel (1)
- Krohn, Jon P. (1)
- Krug, Axel (1)
- Krämer, Bernd (1)
- Krämer-Albers, Eva-Maria (1)
- Kuch, Ulrich (1)
- Kuh, Diana (1)
- Kumari, Meena (1)
- Kunz, Mauricio (1)
- Kurochkin, Igor V. (1)
- Kusuma, Gina D. (1)
- Kutalik, Zoltán (1)
- Kuulasmaa, Kari (1)
- Kuusisto, Johanna (1)
- Kuypers, Sören (1)
- Kwon, Jun Soo (1)
- König, Barbara (1)
- Köster, Corinna (1)
- Laakso, Markku (1)
- Lafer, Beny (1)
- Laitinen, Saara (1)
- Lakka, Timo A. (1)
- Lambregts-Rommelse, Nanda (1)
- Lamina, Claudia (1)
- Langenberg, Claudia (1)
- Langevin, Scott M. (1)
- Languino, Lucia R. (1)
- Lannigan, Joanne (1)
- Larsen, Erik R. (1)
- Laurent, Louise C. (1)
- Lavieu, Gregory (1)
- Le Lay, Soazig (1)
- Lebedeva, Irina (1)
- Lee, Myung-Shin (1)
- Lee, Yi Xin Fiona (1)
- Leehr, Elisabeth Johanna (1)
- Leenings, Ramona (1)
- Lehtimäki, Terho (1)
- Lemos, Debora S. (1)
- Lenassi, Metka (1)
- Lenger, Melanie (1)
- Lenroot, Rhoshel (1)
- Lesch, Klaus-Peter J. (1)
- Leszczynska, Aleksandra (1)
- Lewitzka, Ute (1)
- Li, Guo (1)
- Li, Isaac T. S. (1)
- Li, Qinqin (1)
- Li, Shengxu (1)
- Liang, Liming (1)
- Liao, Ke (1)
- Libregts, Sten F. (1)
- Licht, Rasmus W. (1)
- Ligeti, Erzsebet (1)
- Lim, Kelvin O. (1)
- Lim, Rebecca (1)
- Lim, Sai Kiang (1)
- Lind, Lars (1)
- Lindgren, Cecilia M. (1)
- Lindström, Jaana (1)
- Linnemannstöns, Karen (1)
- Linē, Aija (1)
- Liu, Jia (1)
- Llorente, Alicia (1)
- Lochner, Christine (1)
- Locke, Adam E. (1)
- Lokki, Marja-Liisa (1)
- Loley, Christina (1)
- Lombard, Catherine Ann (1)
- London, Edythe D. (1)
- Lonning, Vera (1)
- Loos, Ruth J. F. (1)
- Lopez-Jaramillo, Carlos (1)
- Lorenowicz, Magdalena J. (1)
- Lorentzon, Mattias (1)
- Lorenzetti, Valentina (1)
- Louwen, Frank (1)
- Lovett, Jason (1)
- Lowry, Michelle C. (1)
- Loyer, Xavier (1)
- Lu, Quan (1)
- Luan, Jian'an (1)
- Luciano, Michelle (1)
- Luijten, Maartje (1)
- Lukomska, Barbara (1)
- Lunavat, Taral Rameshchand (1)
- Lundervold, Astri J. (1)
- Lázaro, Luisa (1)
- Lázaro-Ibáñez, Elisa (1)
- Lässer, Cecilia (1)
- Lörincz, Ákos M. (1)
- Lötvall, Jan (1)
- Maas, Sybren L. N. (1)
- MacKenzie, Alan (1)
- MacMaster, Frank P. (1)
- Mackey, Scott (1)
- Madsen, Helle Østergaard (1)
- Madsen, Simone Alberte Kongstad A. (1)
- Magnusson, Patrik K. E. (1)
- Mahadevan, Jayant (1)
- Mahardika, Agustine (1)
- Maingault, Sophie (1)
- Malhi, Harmeet (1)
- Malmqvist, Anna (1)
- Malpas, Charles B. (1)
- Malt, Ulrik F. (1)
- Manchia, Mirko (1)
- Manek, Roxanne (1)
- Mangino, Massimo (1)
- Maniega, Susana Munoz (1)
- Marcilla, Antonio (1)
- Mariani, Jacopo (1)
- Mariscal, Javier (1)
- Marsh, Wendy (1)
- Martens-Uzunova, Elena S. (1)
- Martin, Nicholas Gordon (1)
- Martin-Jaular, Lorena (1)
- Martin-Santos, Rocio (1)
- Martinez, M. Carmen (1)
- Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, Monica (1)
- Martins, Vilma Regina (1)
- Martiny, Klaus (1)
- Maschio, Andrea (1)
- Mashima, Yuki (1)
- Mataix-Cols, David (1)
- Mateo Leach, Irene (1)
- Mathias, Samuel R. (1)
- Mathieson, Iain (1)
- Mathieu, Mathilde (1)
- Mathivanan, Suresh (1)
- Maugeri, Marco (1)
- Mayer, Andrew R. (1)
- Mazoyer, Bernard (1)
- McArdle, Wendy L. (1)
- McCarthy, Hazel (1)
- McCarthy, Mark I. (1)
- McDonald, Colm (1)
- McGinnis, Lynda K. (1)
- McLellan, Quinn (1)
- McLoughlin, Declan M. (1)
- McMahon, Katie L. (1)
- McPhilemy, Genevieve (1)
- McVey, Mark J. (1)
- Meckes, David G. (1)
- Medina-Gomez, Carolina (1)
- Medland, Sarah E. (1)
- Meehan, Katie (1)
- Meer, Dennis van der (1)
- Meesters, Ybe (1)
- Meinert, Susanne (1)
- Melle, Ingrid (1)
- Mertens, Inge (1)
- Metspalu, Andres (1)
- Meza-Urzúa, Fátima (1)
- Mihailov, Evelin (1)
- Min, Josine L. (1)
- Minciacchi, Valentina R. (1)
- Ming, Mok Yee (1)
- Mitchell, Philip B. (1)
- Moebus, Susanne (1)
- Mohlke, Karen L. (1)
- Momenan, Reza (1)
- Monda, Keri L. (1)
- Montag, Doreen (1)
- Monteith, Scott (1)
- Montgomery, Grant W. (1)
- Moormann, Dieter (1)
- Moorthy, Muthukumaran (1)
- Morales, Angelica M. (1)
- Morales-Kastresana, Aizea (1)
- Moreira, José Carlos Vasques (1)
- Morhayim, Jess (1)
- Morken, Gunnar (1)
- Morris, Andrew David (1)
- Mosca, Enrica (1)
- Mozzhegorov, Anton A. (1)
- Mueller, Bryon A. (1)
- Mullier, François (1)
- Munoz, Rodrigo (1)
- Munroe, Patricia B. (1)
- Muraca, Maurizio (1)
- Musante, Luca (1)
- Mussack, Veronika (1)
- Muth, Dillon C. (1)
- Myburgh, Kathryn H. (1)
- Mythri, Starlin V. (1)
- Mägi, Reedik (1)
- März, Winfried (1)
- Möller, Andreas (1)
- Møller Jørgensen, Malene (1)
- Müller, Peter (1)
- Müller-Nurasyid, Martina (1)
- Nacef, Fethi (1)
- Nadella, Ravi K. (1)
- Najrana, Tanbir (1)
- Nakanotani, Takako (1)
- Narayanaswamy, Janardhanan C. (1)
- Narisu, Narisu (1)
- Navis, Gerjan (1)
- Nawaz, Muhammad (1)
- Nazarenko, Irina (1)
- Nejsum, Peter (1)
- Nenadić, Igor (1)
- Neri, Christian (1)
- Neri, Tommaso (1)
- Nerland, Stener (1)
- Nestor, Liam (1)
- Nicholson, George (1)
- Niel, Guillaume van (1)
- Nielsen, René Ernst (1)
- Nienhaus, Albert (1)
- Nieuwland, Rienk (1)
- Nigg, Joel T. (1)
- Nimrichter, Leonardo (1)
- Nitsch, Robert (1)
- Njølstad, Inger (1)
- Nolan, John P. (1)
- Nolte, Ilja M. (1)
- Nolte-’t Hoen, Esther N. M. (1)
- Nordvik, Jan-Egil (1)
- North, Kari E. (1)
- Novotny, Stephanie (1)
- O'Connell, Jeffrey R. (1)
- O'Donovan, Claire (1)
- Oberwelland, Eileen (1)
- Ochiya, Takahiro (1)
- Ohlsson, Claes (1)
- Olivier, Martin (1)
- Omrani, Adel (1)
- Ong, Ken K. (1)
- Oosterlaan, Jaap (1)
- Oostra, Ben A. (1)
- Opel, Nils (1)
- Oranje, Bob (1)
- Orhan, Funda (1)
- Orr, Catherine (1)
- Ortiz, Alberto (1)
- Ortiz, Luis A. (1)
- Osher, Yamima (1)
- Osteikoetxea, Xabier (1)
- Ostrowski, Matias (1)
- Ouali, Uta (1)
- Overs, Bronwyn (1)
- O’Driscoll, Lorraine (1)
- O’Gorman, Ruth L. (1)
- O’Grady, Tina (1)
- O’Loghlen, Ana (1)
- Palmer, Colin N. A. (1)
- Palmer, Lyle J. (1)
- Pantovic-Stefanovic, Maja (1)
- Pariwatcharakul, Pornjira (1)
- Park, Jaesung (1)
- Pauli, Paul (1)
- Paulus, Martin (1)
- Pechlivanis, Sonali (1)
- Pedersen, Nancy L. (1)
- Pegtel, Dirk Michiel (1)
- Peinado, Hector (1)
- Penninx, Brenda W. J. H. (1)
- Perola, Markus (1)
- Person, Thomas (1)
- Perut, Francesca (1)
- Peters, Annette (1)
- Petite, Joanne (1)
- Pfaffl, Michael (1)
- Pfarr, Julia-Katharina (1)
- Pfennig, Andrea (1)
- Phinney, Donald G. (1)
- Pica Ruiz, Yolanda (1)
- Piehl, Fredrik (1)
- Pieters, Bartijn C. H. (1)
- Pilhatsch, Maximilian (1)
- Pink, Ryan Charles (1)
- Pinna, Marco (1)
- Pisetsky, David S. (1)
- Plessen, Kerstin (1)
- Pogge von Strandmann, Elke (1)
- Polakovicova, Iva (1)
- Polier, Georg von (1)
- Pomarol-Clotet, Edith (1)
- Pompili, Maurizio (1)
- Poon, Ivan K. H. (1)
- Porter, Richard (1)
- Powell, Bonita H. (1)
- Power, Chris (1)
- Prada, Ilaria (1)
- Pramstaller, Peter P. (1)
- Price, Jackie F. (1)
- Prokopenko, Inga (1)
- Province, Michael A. (1)
- Pulliam, Lynn (1)
- Qi, Lu (1)
- Qiu, Jiang (1)
- Quesenberry, Peter (1)
- Quiroz, Danilo (1)
- Rabelo-da-Ponte, Francisco Diego (1)
- Radeghieri, Annalisa (1)
- Radua, Joaquim (1)
- Raffai, Robert L. (1)
- Raimondo, Stefania (1)
- Raitakari, Olli (1)
- Rak, Janusz (1)
- Ramesar, Raj (1)
- Ramirez, Marcel I. (1)
- Ramos-Quiroga, J. Antoni (1)
- Randall, Joshua C. (1)
- Raposo, Graça (1)
- Rasgon, Natalie (1)
- Ratta-apha, Woraphat (1)
- Ratzenhofer, Michaela (1)
- Rauramaa, Rainer (1)
- Rayyan, Morsi S. (1)
- Redahan, Maria (1)
- Reddy, M. S. (1)
- Reddy, Y.C. Janardhan (1)
- Redlich, Ronny (1)
- Regev-Rudzki, Neta (1)
- Rehnberg, Emil (1)
- Reininghaus, Eva Z. (1)
- Repple, Jonathan (1)
- Richards, Jenny Gringer (1)
- Ricklefs, Franz Lennard (1)
- Ridker, Paul M. (1)
- Rietschel, Marcella (1)
- Ripatti, Samuli (1)
- Ritter, Philipp (1)
- Rivadeneira, Fernando (1)
- Rivolta, Carlo (1)
- Robbins, Paul D. (1)
- Roberts, David D. (1)
- Roberts, Gloria (1)
- Rodrigues, Silvia C. (1)
- Rohde, Eva (1)
- Rolle, Stefan (1)
- Rome, Sophie (1)
- Rosa, Pedro (1)
- Rose, Lynda M. (1)
- Rouschop, Kasper M. (1)
- Royen, Martin E. van (1)
- Rubia, Katya (1)
- Rudan, Igor (1)
- Rughetti, Aurelia (1)
- Russell, Ashley E. (1)
- Rybakowski, Janusz K. (1)
- Rüber, Theodor (1)
- Saaristo, Timo E. (1)
- Sacchet, Matthew D. (1)
- Sachdev, Perminder S. (1)
- Sager, Hendrik (1)
- Sahoo, Susmita (1)
- Salas-Huenuleo, Edison (1)
- Salomaa, Veikko (1)
- Salvador, Raymond (1)
- Samani, Nilesh J. (1)
- Sambrook, Jennifer G. (1)
- Saramies, Jouko (1)
- Sarink, Kelvin (1)
- Sathyaputri, Leela (1)
- Saud, Alhusaini (1)
- Saugstad, Julie A. (1)
- Saul, Meike J. (1)
- Saá, Paula (1)
- Scherag, André (1)
- Schiffelers, Raymond M. (1)
- Schlessinger, David (1)
- Schmaal, Lianne (1)
- Schmitt, Jan (1)
- Schneider, Raphael (1)
- Schofer, Markus Dietmar (1)
- Schunkert, Heribert (1)
- Schwarz, Peter E. H. (1)
- Schweren, Lisanne (1)
- Schwieler, Lilly (1)
- Schöffel, Norman (1)
- Schøyen, Tine Hiorth (1)
- Scippa, Ângela M. (1)
- Scott, Aaron (1)
- Scutaru, Cristian (1)
- Seeger, Werner (1)
- Seidler, Andreas (1)
- Seidman, Larry J. (1)
- Seitz, Jochen (1)
- Serpa, Mauricio Henriques (1)
- Severus, Emanuel (1)
- Shahaj, Eriomina (1)
- Sharma, Shivani (1)
- Shatnyeva, Olga (1)
- Shaw, Philip (1)
- Shekari, Faezeh (1)
- Shelke, Ganesh Vilas (1)
- Shetty, Ashok K. (1)
- Shi, Jianxin (1)
- Shiba, Kiyotaka (1)
- Shuldiner, Alan R. (1)
- Shumskaya, Elena (1)
- Shungin, Dmitry (1)
- Siljander, Pia R.-M. (1)
- Silk, Timothy J. (1)
- Silva, Andreia M. (1)
- Simhandl, Christian (1)
- Simmons, Alan N. (1)
- Simulionyte, Egle (1)
- Sinha, Rajita (1)
- Sinisalo, Juha (1)
- Sjoerds, Zsuzsika (1)
- Skowronek, Agata (1)
- Smelror, Runar Elle (1)
- Smith, Albert Vernon (1)
- Smith, Daniel (1)
- Smith, José (1)
- Snieder, Harold (1)
- Snyder, Orman L. (1)
- Soares, Rodrigo Pedro (1)
- Soekmadji, Carolina (1)
- Soliva, Joan Carlos (1)
- Solowij, Nadia (1)
- Sotillo, Javier (1)
- Spallek, Michael (1)
- Spector, Tim D. (1)
- Speliotes, Elizabeth K. (1)
- Sponheim, Scott R. (1)
- Stackhouse Jr., Paul W. (1)
- Stahl, Philip D. (1)
- Stefansson, Kari (1)
- Stein, Elliot A. (1)
- Stein, Frederike (1)
- Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur (1)
- Stevens, Michael (1)
- Stilwell, Kellen (1)
- Stirrups, Kathleen (1)
- Stoorvogel, Willem (1)
- Stott, Shannon L. (1)
- Strachan, David P. (1)
- Strametz, Reinhard (1)
- Strasser, Erwin F. (1)
- Straube, Benjamin (1)
- Strawbridge, Rona J. (1)
- Strejilevich, Sergio (1)
- Strike, Lachlan T. (1)
- Su, Kuan-Pin (1)
- Subramaniam, Mythily (1)
- Sudre, Gustavo (1)
- Suhre, Janina Leonie (1)
- Sui, Jing (1)
- Sulaiman, Ahmad Hatim (1)
- Suominen, Kirsi (1)
- Surakka, Ida (1)
- Surges, Rainer (1)
- Swift, Amy J. (1)
- Swift, Simon (1)
- Sánchez, Catherine (1)
- Sódar, Barbara W. (1)
- Tahara, Hidetoshi (1)
- Tamm, Leanne (1)
- Tanra, Andi J. (1)
- Tatebayashi, Yoshitaka (1)
- Teder-Laving, Maris (1)
- Teh, Wen Lin (1)
- Temmingh, Hendrik S. (1)
- Teumer, Alexander (1)
- Teutenberg, Lea (1)
- Tewari, Muneesh (1)
- Thiel, Katharina (1)
- Thoma, Robert J. (1)
- Thomas-Odenthal, Florian (1)
- Thompson, Paul M. (1)
- Thorand, Barbara (1)
- Thorleifsson, Gudmar (1)
- Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur (1)
- Théry, Clotilde (1)
- Timmesfeld, Nina (1)
- Timms, Kate (1)
- Tiwari, Swasti (1)
- Tixeira, Rochelle (1)
- Tkach, Mercedes (1)
- Toh, Wei Seong (1)
- Tomasini, Richard (1)
- Tomyshev, Alexander S. (1)
- Tondo, Leonardo (1)
- Torrecilhas, Ana Claudia (1)
- Torrent, Carla (1)
- Tosar, Juan Pablo (1)
- Toxavidis, Vasilis (1)
- Tremoli, Elena (1)
- Tronchin, Giulia (1)
- Trost, Matthias (1)
- Tuinstra, Daniel (1)
- Tuomilehto, Jaakko (1)
- Turner, Jessica A. (1)
- Tyrer, Jonathan (1)
- Tzourio-Mazoyer, Nathalie (1)
- Tönjes, Anke (1)
- Uchida, Takahito (1)
- Uhlmann, Anne (1)
- Uitterlinden, André G. (1)
- Urbanelli, Lorena (1)
- Usemann, Paula (1)
- Uusitupa, Matti (1)
- Vaaler, Arne E. (1)
- Vader, Pieter (1)
- Van Deun, Jan (1)
- Van Keuren-Jensen, Kendall R. (1)
- Vance, Alasdair (1)
- Vasconcelos, M. Helena (1)
- Vechetti, Ivan J. (1)
- Vedantam, Sailaja (1)
- Veeh, Julia (1)
- Veer, Ilya M. (1)
- Veit, Tiago D. (1)
- Vella, Laura J. (1)
- Velot, Émilie (1)
- Veltman, Dick J. (1)
- Venkatasubramanian, Ganesan (1)
- Verweij, Frederik (1)
- Vestad, Beate (1)
- Victorsson, Pauliina (1)
- Vieta, Eduard (1)
- Vilarroya, Oscar (1)
- Virtamo, Jarmo (1)
- Visnovitz, Tamás (1)
- Viswanath, Biju (1)
- Vitzthum, Karin (1)
- Vives-Gilabert, Yolanda (1)
- Viñas, Jose Luis (1)
- Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Jana V. van (1)
- Voineskos, Aristotle N. (1)
- Vukman, Krisztina V. (1)
- Vuletic, Daniella (1)
- Wagner, Jan (1)
- Wahlgren, Jessica (1)
- Waite, Lindsay L. (1)
- Walitza, Susanne (1)
- Walter, Henrik (1)
- Walton, Esther (1)
- Wang, Zhaoming (1)
- Wardlaw, Joanna M. (1)
- Wareham, Nicholas J. (1)
- Watson, Dionysios C. (1)
- Wauben, Marca H. M. (1)
- Weaver, Alissa (1)
- Webber, Jason P. (1)
- Weber, Bernd (1)
- Weber, Viktoria (1)
- Wehman, Ann M. (1)
- Welsh, Joshua A. (1)
- Welte, Tobias (1)
- Wen, Wei (1)
- Wendt, Sebastian (1)
- Westlye, Lars T. (1)
- Wheelock, Åsa M. (1)
- Whelan, Christopher D. (1)
- White, Tonya (1)
- Whybrow, Peter C. (1)
- Wichmann, Heinz Erich (1)
- Wiener, Zoltán (1)
- Wiers, Reinout W. (1)
- Wijnen, Andre J. van (1)
- Wilsgaard, Tom (1)
- Wilson, James F. (1)
- Winkelmann, Bernhard R. (1)
- Winkler, Thomas W. (1)
- Winter, Alexandra (1)
- Winter, Nils R. (1)
- Witt, Juri-Alexander (1)
- Witte, Leonie (1)
- Wittfeld, Katharina (1)
- Witwer, Kenneth W. (1)
- Wolfram, Joy (1)
- Wong, Andrew (1)
- Wood, Andrew R. (1)
- Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie (1)
- Wright, Margaret J. (1)
- Wroblewski, Adrian (1)
- Xagorari, Angeliki (1)
- Xander, Patricia (1)
- Xu, Jing (1)
- Yalcinkaya, Oguz Kaan (1)
- Yan, Xiaomei (1)
- Yang, Jian (1)
- Yang, Tony T. (1)
- Yarnell, John W. G. (1)
- Yasuda, Clarissa L. (1)
- Yin, Hang (1)
- Yoldi-Negrete, Maria (1)
- Yoncheva, Yuliya (1)
- Young, Allan H. (1)
- Yuana, Yuana (1)
- Yucel, Murat (1)
- Yun, Je-Yeon (1)
- Yáñez-Mó, María (1)
- Zanetti, Marcus Vinicius (1)
- Zappulli, Valentina (1)
- Zarubova, Jana (1)
- Zavec, Apolonija Bedina (1)
- Zayat, Bilal Farouk el (1)
- Zeeuw, Patrick de (1)
- Zgueb, Yosra (1)
- Zhang, Jian-ye (1)
- Zhao, Jing Hua (1)
- Zhao, Zezhou (1)
- Zhen, Zonglei (1)
- Zheng, Lei (1)
- Zheutlin, Alexander R. (1)
- Zhu, Xing-xing (1)
- Zickler, Antje Maria (1)
- Ziegler, Georg Christoph (1)
- Zierhut, Kathrin (1)
- Zillikens, M. Carola (1)
- Zimmermann, Pascale (1)
- Zivkovic, Angela M. (1)
- Zocco, Davide (1)
- Zuba-Surma, Ewa K. (1)
- Zwiers, Marcel P. (1)
- de Bruttopilo, Sara Ambrosino (1)
- de-Candia, Paola (1)
- del Portillo, Hernando A. (1)
- van Erp, Theo G.M. (1)
- van Holst, Ruth J. (1)
- van den Heuvel, Odile (1)
- Østergaard, Ole (1)
- Žėkas, Vytautas (1)
Year of publication
Language
- English (23)
Has Fulltext
- yes (23)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (23)
Keywords
- Access (2)
- Accessibility (1)
- Area deprivation (1)
- Australia (1)
- BG-index (1)
- Bipolar disorder (1)
- COVID-19 (1)
- Canada (1)
- Circadian (1)
- Citation (1)
- Citation analysis (1)
- Computer science (1)
- Distribution (1)
- Economic analysis (1)
- Economic benchmarks (1)
- Europe (1)
- Evidence based medicine (1)
- Gender (1)
- Health policy (1)
- Health services (1)
- High-income countries (1)
- Intensive care (1)
- Livestock (1)
- Malaria (1)
- Medicine and health sciences (1)
- Neonatal outcome (1)
- Obstetric care (1)
- Primary care (1)
- Psychiatry (1)
- Public health (1)
- Publication (1)
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus (1)
- Rural area (1)
- Scientometry (1)
- Seasonal variation (1)
- Socioeconomic status (1)
- Solar insolation (1)
- Suicide (1)
- Sunlight (1)
- Systematic reviews (1)
- United States (1)
- Urban (1)
- Zoopotentation (1)
- Zooprophylaxis (1)
- academic medicine (1)
- career promotion (1)
- ectosomes (1)
- exosomes (1)
- extracellular vesicles (1)
- gender difference (1)
- guidelines (1)
- medical students (1)
- microparticles (1)
- microvesicles (1)
- minimal information requirements (1)
- nursery school students (1)
- nursery schools (1)
- nursery students (1)
- nurses (1)
- prevent smoking (1)
- promotion index (1)
- reproducibility (1)
- rigor (1)
- school-based prevention (1)
- smoking cessation (1)
- standardization (1)
- tobacco prevention (1)
Institute
- Medizin (22)
- Biochemie und Chemie (1)
- Georg-Speyer-Haus (1)
- Psychologie (1)
- Sportwissenschaften (1)
Mache, Stefanie ; Scutaru, Cristian ; Vitzthum, Karin ; Gerber, Alexander ; Quarcoo, David ; Welte, Tobias ; Bauer, Torsten Thomas ; Spallek, Michael ; Seidler, Andreas ; Nienhaus, Albert ; Klapp, Burghard F. ; Groneberg, Jan David Alexander
Background: There are several ways to conduct a job task analysis in medical work environments including pencil-paper observations, interviews and questionnaires. However these methods implicate bias problems such as high inter-individual deviations and risks of misjudgement. Computer-based observation helps to reduce these problems. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the development process of a computer-based job task analysis instrument for real-time observations to quantify the job tasks performed by physicians working in different medical settings. In addition reliability and validity data of this instrument will be demonstrated.
Methods: This instrument was developed in consequential steps. First, lists comprising tasks performed by physicians in different care settings were classified. Afterwards content validity of task lists was proved. After establishing the final task categories, computer software was programmed and implemented in a mobile personal computer. At least inter-observer reliability was evaluated. Two trained observers recorded simultaneously tasks of the same physician.
Results: Content validity of the task lists was confirmed by observations and experienced specialists of each medical area. Development process of the job task analysis instrument was completed successfully. Simultaneous records showed adequate interrater reliability.
Conclusion: Initial results of this analysis supported the validity and reliability of this developed method for assessing physicians' working routines as well as organizational context factors. Based on results using this method, possible improvements for health professionals' work organisation can be identified.
Randall, Joshua C. ; Winkler, Thomas W. ; Kutalik, Zoltán ; I. Berndt, Sonja ; Jackson, Anne U. ; Monda, Keri L. ; Kilpeläinen, Tuomas O. ; Esko, Tõnu ; Mägi, Reedik ; Li, Shengxu ; Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie ; Feitosa, Mary F. ; Croteau-Chonka, Damien C. ; Day, Felix R. ; Fall, Tove ; Ferreira, Teresa ; Gustafsson, Stefan ; Locke, Adam E. ; Mathieson, Iain ; Scherag, André ; Vedantam, Sailaja ; Wood, Andrew R. ; Liang, Liming ; Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur ; Thorleifsson, Gudmar ; Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T. ; Dimas, Antigone S. ; Karpe, Fredrik ; Min, Josine L. ; Nicholson, George ; Clegg, Deborah J. ; Person, Thomas ; Krohn, Jon P. ; Bauer, Sabrina ; Buechler, Christa ; Eisinger, Kristina ; Bonnefond, Amélie ; Froguel, Philippe ; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan ; Prokopenko, Inga ; Waite, Lindsay L. ; Harris, Tamara B. ; Smith, Albert Vernon ; Shuldiner, Alan R. ; McArdle, Wendy L. ; Caulfield, Mark J. ; Munroe, Patricia B. ; Grönberg, Henrik ; Chen, Yii-Der Ida ; Li, Guo ; Beckmann, Jacques S. ; Johnson, Toby ; Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur ; Teder-Laving, Maris ; Khaw, Kay-Tee ; Wareham, Nicholas J. ; Zhao, Jing Hua ; Amin, Najaf ; Oostra, Ben A. ; Kraja, Aldi T. ; Province, Michael A. ; Cupples, L. Adrienne ; Heard-Costa, Nancy L. ; Kaprio, Jaakko ; Ripatti, Samuli ; Surakka, Ida ; Collins, Francis S. ; Saramies, Jouko ; Tuomilehto, Jaakko ; Jula, Antti ; Salomaa, Veikko ; Erdmann, Jeanette ; Hengstenberg, Christian ; Loley, Christina ; Schunkert, Heribert ; Lamina, Claudia ; Wichmann, Heinz Erich ; Albrecht, Eva ; Gieger, Christian ; Hicks, Andrew A. ; Johansson, Åsa ; Pramstaller, Peter P. ; Kathiresan, Sekar ; Speliotes, Elizabeth K. ; Penninx, Brenda W. J. H. ; Hartikainen, Anna-Liisa ; Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta ; Gyllensten, Ulf ; Boomsma, Dorret I. ; Campbell, Harry ; Wilson, James F. ; Chanock, Stephen J. ; Farrall, Martin ; Goel, Anuj ; Medina-Gomez, Carolina ; Rivadeneira, Fernando ; Estrada, Karol ; Uitterlinden, André G. ; Hofman, Albert ; Zillikens, M. Carola ; Heijer, Martin den ; Kiemeney, Lambertus Adrianus ; Maschio, Andrea ; Hall, Per ; Tyrer, Jonathan ; Teumer, Alexander ; Völzke, Henry ; Kovacs, Peter ; Tönjes, Anke ; Mangino, Massimo ; Spector, Tim D. ; Hayward, Caroline ; Rudan, Igor ; Hall, Alistair S. ; Samani, Nilesh J. ; Attwood, Antony Paul ; Sambrook, Jennifer G. ; Hung, Joseph ; Palmer, Lyle J. ; Lokki, Marja-Liisa ; Sinisalo, Juha ; Boucher, Gabrielle ; Huikuri, Heikki ; Lorentzon, Mattias ; Ohlsson, Claes ; Eklund, Niina ; Eriksson, Johan G. ; Barlassina, Cristina ; Rivolta, Carlo ; Nolte, Ilja M. ; Snieder, Harold ; Klauw, Melanie M. van der ; Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Jana V. van ; Gejman, Pablo V. ; Shi, Jianxin ; Jacobs, Kevin B. ; Wang, Zhaoming ; Bakker, Stephan J. L. ; Mateo Leach, Irene ; Navis, Gerjan ; Harst, Pim van der ; Martin, Nicholas Gordon ; Medland, Sarah E. ; Montgomery, Grant W. ; Yang, Jian ; Chasman, Daniel I. ; Ridker, Paul M. ; Rose, Lynda M. ; Lehtimäki, Terho ; Raitakari, Olli ; Absher, Devin ; Iribarren, Carlos ; Basart, Hanneke ; Hovingh, Kees G. ; Hyppönen, Elina ; Power, Chris ; Power, Chris ; Anderson, Denise ; Beilby, John P. ; Hui, Jennie ; Jolley, Jennifer ; Sager, Hendrik ; Bornstein, Stefan R. ; Schwarz, Peter E. H. ; Kristiansson, Kati ; Perola, Markus ; Lindström, Jaana ; Swift, Amy J. ; Uusitupa, Matti ; Atalay, Mustafa ; Lakka, Timo A. ; Rauramaa, Rainer ; Bolton, Jennifer L. ; Fowkes, Gerry ; Fraser, Ross M. ; Price, Jackie F. ; Fischer, Krista ; KrjutÅ¡kov, Kaarel ; Metspalu, Andres ; Mihailov, Evelin ; Langenberg, Claudia ; Luan, Jian'an ; Ong, Ken K. ; Chines, Peter S. ; Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka M. ; Saaristo, Timo E. ; Edkins, Sarah ; Franks, Paul W. ; Hallmans, Göran ; Shungin, Dmitry ; Morris, Andrew David ; Palmer, Colin N. A. ; Erbel, Raimund ; Moebus, Susanne ; Nöthen, Markus Maria ; Pechlivanis, Sonali ; Hveem, Kristian ; Narisu, Narisu ; Hamsten, Anders ; Humphries, Steve E. ; Strawbridge, Rona J. ; Tremoli, Elena ; Grallert, Harald ; Thorand, Barbara ; Illig, Thomas ; Koenig, Wolfgang ; Müller-Nurasyid, Martina ; Peters, Annette ; Böhm, Bernhard O. ; Kleber, Marcus E. ; März, Winfried ; Winkelmann, Bernhard R. ; Kuusisto, Johanna ; Laakso, Markku ; Arveiler, Dominique ; Cesana, Giancarlo ; Kuulasmaa, Kari ; Virtamo, Jarmo ; Yarnell, John W. G. ; Kuh, Diana ; Wong, Andrew ; Lind, Lars ; Faire, Ulf de ; Gigante, Bruna ; Magnusson, Patrik K. E. ; Pedersen, Nancy L. ; Dedoussis, George ; Dimitriou, Maria ; Kolovou, Genovefa ; Kanoni, Stavroula ; Stirrups, Kathleen ; Bonnycastle, Lori L. ; Njølstad, Inger ; Wilsgaard, Tom ; Ganna, Andrea ; Rehnberg, Emil ; Hingorani, Aroon ; Kivimaki, Mika ; Kumari, Meena ; Assimes, Themistocles L. ; Barroso, Inês ; Boehnke, Michael ; Borecki, Ingrid B. ; Deloukas, Panos ; Fox, Caroline S. ; Frayling, Timothy ; Groop, Leif C. ; Haritunians, Talin ; Hunter, David ; Ingelsson, Erik ; Kaplan, Robert ; Mohlke, Karen L. ; North, Kari E. ; Lindgren, Cecilia M. ; Qi, Lu ; Loos, Ruth J. F. ; Heid, Iris M. ; Hirschhorn, Joel N. ; McCarthy, Mark I. ; Abecasis, Gonçalo R. ; Stefansson, Kari ; Strachan, David P. ; Schlessinger, David ; O'Connell, Jeffrey R. ; Duijn, Cornelia M. van
Men and women differ substantially regarding height, weight, and body fat. Interestingly, previous work detecting genetic effects for waist-to-hip ratio, to assess body fat distribution, has found that many of these showed sex-differences. However, systematic searches for sex-differences in genetic effects have not yet been conducted. Therefore, we undertook a genome-wide search for sexually dimorphic genetic effects for anthropometric traits including 133,723 individuals in a large meta-analysis and followed promising variants in further 137,052 individuals, including a total of 94 studies. We identified seven loci with significant sex-difference including four previously established (near GRB14/COBLL1, LYPLAL1/SLC30A10, VEGFA, ADAMTS9) and three novel anthropometric trait loci (near MAP3K1, HSD17B4, PPARG), all of which were significant in women, but not in men. Of interest is that sex-difference was only observed for waist phenotypes, but not for height or body-mass-index. We found no evidence for sex-differences with opposite effect direction for men and women. The PPARG locus is of specific interest due to its link to diabetes genetics and therapy. Our findings demonstrate the importance of investigating sex differences, which may lead to a better understanding of disease mechanisms with a potential relevance to treatment options.
Winter, Nils R. ; Blanke, Julian ; Leenings, Ramona ; Ernsting, Jan ; Fisch, Lukas ; Sarink, Kelvin ; Barkhau, Carlotta ; Thiel, Katharina ; Flinkenflügel, Kira ; Winter, Alexandra ; Goltermann, Janik ; Meinert, Susanne ; Dohm, Katharina ; Repple, Jonathan ; Gruber, Marius ; Leehr, Elisabeth Johanna ; Opel, Nils ; Grotegerd, Dominik ; Redlich, Ronny ; Nitsch, Robert ; Bauer, Jochen ; Heindel, Walter ; Groß, Joachim ; Andlauer, Till ; Forstner, Andreas Josef ; Nöthen, Markus Maria ; Rietschel, Marcella ; Hofmann, Stefan G. ; Pfarr, Julia-Katharina ; Teutenberg, Lea ; Usemann, Paula ; Thomas-Odenthal, Florian ; Wroblewski, Adrian ; Brosch, Katharina ; Stein, Frederike ; Jansen, Andreas ; Jamalabadi, Hamidreza ; Alexander, Nina ; Straube, Benjamin ; Nenadić, Igor ; Kircher, Tilo ; Dannlowski, Udo ; Hahn, Tim
Background: Biological psychiatry aims to understand mental disorders in terms of altered neurobiological pathways. However, for one of the most prevalent and disabling mental disorders, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), patients only marginally differ from healthy individuals on the group-level. Whether Precision Psychiatry can solve this discrepancy and provide specific, reliable biomarkers remains unclear as current Machine Learning (ML) studies suffer from shortcomings pertaining to methods and data, which lead to substantial over-as well as underestimation of true model accuracy.
Methods: Addressing these issues, we quantify classification accuracy on a single-subject level in N=1,801 patients with MDD and healthy controls employing an extensive multivariate approach across a comprehensive range of neuroimaging modalities in a well-curated cohort, including structural and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Diffusion Tensor Imaging as well as a polygenic risk score for depression.
Findings Training and testing a total of 2.4 million ML models, we find accuracies for diagnostic classification between 48.1% and 62.0%. Multimodal data integration of all neuroimaging modalities does not improve model performance. Similarly, training ML models on individuals stratified based on age, sex, or remission status does not lead to better classification. Even under simulated conditions of perfect reliability, performance does not substantially improve. Importantly, model error analysis identifies symptom severity as one potential target for MDD subgroup identification.
Interpretation: Although multivariate neuroimaging markers increase predictive power compared to univariate analyses, single-subject classification – even under conditions of extensive, best-practice Machine Learning optimization in a large, harmonized sample of patients diagnosed using state-of-the-art clinical assessments – does not reach clinically relevant performance. Based on this evidence, we sketch a course of action for Precision Psychiatry and future MDD biomarker research.