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Die in ultra-relativistischen Schwerionenkollisionen erreichten Dichten und Temperaturen führen möglicherweise zu einem Übergang der hochangeregten Kernmaterie in eine partonische Phase ohne Einschluß der Quarks und Gluonen. Dieser Zustand wird Quark-Gluon- Plasma genannt. Die Existenz dieses Plasmas vor einem Phasenübergang in ein Hadrongas versucht man in einer Reihe von Experimenten unter anderem an den Kernforschungszentren CERN in Genf/Schweiz und Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) auf Long Island/USA nachzuweisen. Aufgrund theoretischer Modelle wird erwartet, daß Signaturen eines solchen Zustandes das Verhältnis der Pion- zu Baryonen-Produktion und die Produktion von Teilchen, die Strange-Quarks enthalten, sein könnten. Nach diesen Signalen sucht man im hadronischen Endzustand des Systems. Das Fixed-Target-Experiment NA49 untersucht Blei-Blei Kollisionen bei einer Strahlenergie von 158 GeV/c pro Nukleon. Das Experiment zeichnet sich durch seine große Detektorakzeptanz für geladene Teilchen verbunden mit einer präzisen Impulsmessung aus. Ähnliche Merkmale weist auch das momentan im Aufbau befindliche Collider-Experiment STAR am BNL auf. Hier sollen ab 1999 Kollisionen von Gold Kernen bei Energien von 100 GeV/c pro Nukleon analysiert werden. Die hohe Akzeptanz und die gute Impulsbestimmung der produzierten Teilchen zeichnen die Experimente als hervorragende Meßinstrumente für den hadronischen Endzustand aus. Andere Observablen, von denen man sich Aufschluß über die Reaktionsdynamik einer ultra-relativistischen Schwerionenkollisionen erhofft, sind Vektormesonen, die kurz nach oder sogar noch im Reaktionsvolumen der Kollision in ein Lepton-Paar zerfallen. Der Vorteil hierbei ist, daß die Zerfallsteilchen (Elektronen oder Myonen) mit anderen Teilchen nur elektromagnetisch wechselwirken. Deswegen können sie ohne Wechselwirkung mit den umgebenden Hadronen die Reaktionszone verlassen. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit für den Zerfall in Leptonen ist allerdings 10 exp (-4) mal niedriger als für den in Hadronen. Im NA49-Experiment, das auf die Erfassung des hadronischen Endzustandes optimiert ist, ist es aufgrund des hohen Untergrundes an Hadronen nicht trivial, die Lepton-Paare aus dem Zerfall von Vektormesonen zu selektieren. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand darin, zu untersuchen, wie gut eine Identifikation von Elektronen bzw. Positronen im NA-49-Experiment möglich ist. Es konnte die Effizienz der Selektion von Elektron-Positron-Paaren aus dem Zerfall von Phi-Mesonen abgeschätzt und die Kontamination der Lepton-Kandidaten durch Hadronen ermittelt werden. Danach wurde ein Signal zu Untergrund-Verhältnis für das Signal des Phi-Mesons im Invariante-Masse-Spektrum abgeschätzt. Aus den mit dem NA- Experiment gewonnenen Erkenntnissen konnten Vorschläge zur Optimierung der Messung von Lepton-Paaren aus Vektormesonen im zukünftigen STAR-Experiment gemacht werden.
Elliptic flow from nuclear collisions is a hadronic observable sensitive to the early stages of system evolution. We report first results on elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=130 GeV using the STAR TPC at RHIC. The elliptic flow signal, v_2, averaged over transverse momentum, reaches values of about 6% for relatively peripheral collisions and decreases for the more central collisions. This can be interpreted as the observation of a higher degree of thermalization than at lower collision energies. Pseudorapidity and transverse momentum dependence of elliptic flow are also presented.
Two-pion correlation functions in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV have been measured by the STAR (solenoidal tracker at RHIC) detector. The source size extracted by fitting the correlations grows with event multiplicity and decreases with transverse momentum. Anomalously large sizes or emission durations, which have been suggested as signals of quark-gluon plasma formation and rehadronization, are not observed. The Hanbury Brown-Twiss parameters display a weak energy dependence over a broad range in sqrt[sNN].
The first measurements of light antinucleus production in Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider are reported. The observed production rates for d-bar and 3He-bar are much larger than in lower energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. A coalescence model analysis of the yields indicates that there is little or no increase in the antinucleon freeze-out volume compared to collisions at CERN SPS energy. These analyses also indicate that the 3He-bar freeze-out volume is smaller than the d-bar freeze-out volume.
Elliptic flow from nuclear collisions is a hadronic observable sensitive to the early stages of system evolution. We report first results on elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV using the STAR Time Projection Chamber at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The elliptic flow signal, v2, averaged over transverse momentum, reaches values of about 6% for relatively peripheral collisions and decreases for the more central collisions. This can be interpreted as the observation of a higher degree of thermalization than at lower collision energies. Pseudorapidity and transverse momentum dependence of elliptic flow are also presented.
The minimum-bias multiplicity distribution and the transverse momentum and pseudorapidity distributions for central collisions have been measured for negative hadrons ( h-) in Au+Au interactions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV. The multiplicity density at midrapidity for the 5% most central interactions is dNh-/d eta | eta = 0 = 280±1(stat)±20(syst), an increase per participant of 38% relative to pp-bar collisions at the same energy. The mean transverse momentum is 0.508±0.012 GeV/c and is larger than in central Pb+Pb collisions at lower energies. The scaling of the h- yield per participant is a strong function of pperp. The pseudorapidity distribution is almost constant within | eta |<1.
We report the first measurement of inclusive antiproton production at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV by the STAR experiment at RHIC. The antiproton transverse mass distributions in the measured transverse momentum range of 0.25<pperp<0.95 GeV/c are found to fall less steeply for more central collisions. The extrapolated antiproton rapidity density is found to scale approximately with the negative hadron multiplicity density.
We report results on the ratio of midrapidity antiproton-to-proton yields in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV per nucleon pair as measured by the STAR experiment at RHIC. Within the rapidity and transverse momentum range of | y|<0.5 and 0.4<pt<1.0 GeV/c, the ratio is essentially independent of either transverse momentum or rapidity, with an average of 0.65±0.01(stat)±0.07(syst) for minimum bias collisions. Within errors, no strong centrality dependence is observed. The results indicate that at this RHIC energy, although the p-p-bar pair production becomes important at midrapidity, a significant excess of baryons over antibaryons is still present.
Elliptic flow holds much promise for studying the early-time thermalization attained in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions. Flow measurements also provide a means of distinguishing between hydrodynamic models and calculations which approach the low density (dilute gas) limit. Among the effects that can complicate the interpretation of elliptic flow measurements are azimuthal correlations that are unrelated to the reaction plane (nonflow correlations). Using data for Au + Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV from the STAR time projection chamber, it is found that four-particle correlation analyses can reliably separate flow and nonflow correlation signals. The latter account for on average about 15% of the observed second-harmonic azimuthal correlation, with the largest relative contribution for the most peripheral and the most central collisions. The results are also corrected for the effect of flow variations within centrality bins. This effect is negligible for all but the most central bin, where the correction to the elliptic flow is about a factor of 2. A simple new method for two-particle flow analysis based on scalar products is described. An analysis based on the distribution of the magnitude of the flow vector is also described.