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- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (2)
- Cezanne (1)
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- OTU domain-containing protein 7B (OTUD7B) (1)
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- Buchmann Institut für Molekulare Lebenswissenschaften (BMLS) (1)
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Habisov, Sabrina ; Huber, Jessica ; Ichimura, Yoshinobu ; Akutsu, Masato ; Rogova, Natalia ; Löhr, Frank ; McEwan, David G. ; Johansen, Terje ; Đikić, Ivan ; Dötsch, Volker ; Komatsu, Masaaki ; Rogov, Vladimir V. ; Kirkin, Vladimir
The covalent conjugation of ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (UFM1) to proteins generates a signal that regulates transcription, response to cell stress, and differentiation. Ufmylation is initiated by ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 (UBA5), which activates and transfers UFM1 to ubiquitin-fold modifier-conjugating enzyme 1 (UFC1). The details of the interaction between UFM1 and UBA5 required for UFM1 activation and its downstream transfer are however unclear. In this study, we described and characterized a combined linear LC3-interacting region/UFM1-interacting motif (LIR/UFIM) within the C terminus of UBA5. This single motif ensures that UBA5 binds both UFM1 and light chain 3/γ-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated proteins (LC3/GABARAP), two ubiquitin (Ub)-like proteins. We demonstrated that LIR/UFIM is required for the full biological activity of UBA5 and for the effective transfer of UFM1 onto UFC1 and a downstream protein substrate both in vitro and in cells. Taken together, our study provides important structural and functional insights into the interaction between UBA5 and Ub-like modifiers, improving the understanding of the biology of the ufmylation pathway.
Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are vital for the regulation of ubiquitin signals, and both catalytic activity of and target recruitment by DUBs need to be tightly controlled. Here, we identify asparagine hydroxylation as a novel posttranslational modification involved in the regulation of Cezanne (also known as OTU domain–containing protein 7B (OTUD7B)), a DUB that controls key cellular functions and signaling pathways. We demonstrate that Cezanne is a substrate for factor inhibiting HIF1 (FIH1)- and oxygen-dependent asparagine hydroxylation. We found that FIH1 modifies Asn35 within the uncharacterized N-terminal ubiquitin-associated (UBA)-like domain of Cezanne (UBACez), which lacks conserved UBA domain properties. We show that UBACez binds Lys11-, Lys48-, Lys63-, and Met1-linked ubiquitin chains in vitro, establishing UBACez as a functional ubiquitin-binding domain. Our findings also reveal that the interaction of UBACez with ubiquitin is mediated via a noncanonical surface and that hydroxylation of Asn35 inhibits ubiquitin binding. Recently, it has been suggested that Cezanne recruitment to specific target proteins depends on UBACez. Our results indicate that UBACez can indeed fulfill this role as regulatory domain by binding various ubiquitin chain types. They also uncover that this interaction with ubiquitin, and thus with modified substrates, can be modulated by oxygen-dependent asparagine hydroxylation, suggesting that Cezanne is regulated by oxygen levels.
Non-standard errors
(2021)
Menkveld, Albert J. ; Dreber, Anna ; Holzmeister, Felix ; Huber, Jürgen ; Johannesson, Magnus ; Kirchler, Michael ; Razen, Michael ; Weitzel, Utz ; Abad Díaz, David ; Abudy, Menachem ; Adrian, Tobias ; Ait-Sahalia, Yacine ; Akmansoy, Olivier ; Alcock, Jamie ; Alexeev, Vitali ; Aloosh, Arash ; Amato, Livia ; Amaya, Diego ; Angel, James ; Bach, Amadeus ; Baidoo, Edwin ; Bakalli, Gaetan ; Barbon, Andrea ; Bashchenko, Oksana ; Bindra, Parampreet Christopher ; Bjonnes, Geir Hoidal ; Black, Jeff ; Black, Bernard S. ; Bohorquez, Santiago ; Bondarenko, Oleg ; Bos, Charles S. ; Bosch-Rosa, Ciril ; Bouri, Elie ; Brownlees, Christian ; Calamia, Anna ; Cao, Viet Nga ; Capelle-Blancard, Gunther ; Capera, Laura ; Caporin, Massimiliano ; Carrion, Allen ; Caskurlu, Tolga ; Chakrabarty, Bidisha ; Chernov, Mikhail ; Cheung, William M. ; Chincarini, Ludwig Boris ; Chordia, Tarun ; Chow, Sheung Chi ; Clapham, Benjamin ; Colliard, Jean-Edouard ; Comerton-Forde, Carole ; Curran, Edward ; Dao, Thong ; Dare, Wale ; Davies, Ryan J. ; De Blasis, Riccardo ; De Nard, Gianluca ; Declerck, Fany ; Deev, Oleg ; Degryse, Hans ; Deku, Solomon ; Desagre, Christophe ; Dijk, Mathijs van ; Dim, Chukwuma ; Dimpfl, Thomas ; Dong, Yun Jiang ; Drummond, Philip ; Dudda, Tom ; Dumitrescu, Ariadna ; Dyakov, Teodor ; Haubo Dyhrberg, Anne ; Dzieliński, Michał ; Eksi, Asli ; El Kalak, Izidin ; Ellen, Saskia ter ; Eugster, Nicolas ; Evans, Martin D. D. ; Farrell, Michael ; Félez-Viñas, Ester ; Ferrara, Gerardo ; Ferrouhi, El Mehdi ; Flori, Andrea ; Fluharty-Jaidee, Jonathan ; Foley, Sean ; Fong, Kingsley Y. L. ; Foucault, Thierry ; Franus, Tatiana ; Franzoni, Francesco ; Frijns, Bart ; Frömmel, Michael ; Fu, Servanna ; Füllbrunn, Sascha ; Gan, Baoqing ; Gehrig, Thomas ; Gerritsen, Dirk ; Gil-Bazo, Javier ; Glosten, Lawrence R. ; Gomez, Thomas ; Gorbenko, Arseny ; Güçbilmez, Ufuk ; Grammig, Joachim ; Gregoire, Vincent ; Hagströmer, Björn ; Hambuckers, Julien ; Hapnes, Erik ; Harris, Jeffrey H. ; Harris, Lawrence ; Hartmann, Simon ; Hasse, Jean-Baptiste ; Hautsch, Nikolaus ; He, Xuezhong ; Heath, Davidson ; Hediger, Simon ; Hendershott, Terrence ; Hibbert, Ann Marie ; Hjalmarsson, Erik ; Hoelscher, Seth A. ; Hoffmann, Peter ; Holden, Craig W. ; Horenstein, Alex R. ; Huang, Wenqian ; Huang, Da ; Hurlin, Christophe ; Ivashchenko, Alexey ; Iyer, Subramanian Rama ; Jahanshahloo, Hossein ; Jalkh, Naji ; Jones, Charles M. ; Jurkatis, Simon ; Jylha, Petri ; Kaeck, Andreas ; Kaiser, Gabriel ; Karam, Arzé ; Karmaziene, Egle ; Kassner, Bernhard ; Kaustia, Markku ; Kazak, Ekaterina ; Kearney, Fearghal ; Kervel, Vincent van ; Khan, Saad ; Khomyn, Marta ; Klein, Tony ; Klein, Olga ; Klos, Alexander ; Koetter, Michael ; Krahnen, Jan Pieter ; Kolokolov, Aleksey ; Korajczyk, Robert A. ; Kozhan, Roman ; Kwan, Amy ; Lajaunie, Quentin ; Lam, FY Eric C ; Lambert, Marie ; Langlois, Hugues ; Lausen, Jens ; Lauter, Tobias ; Leippold, Markus ; Levin, Vladimir ; Li, Yijie ; Li, Hui ; Liew, Chee Yoong ; Lindner, Thomas ; Linton, Oliver B. ; Liu, Jiacheng ; Liu, Anqi ; Llorente, Guillermo ; Lof, Matthijs ; Lohr, Ariel ; Longstaff, Francis A. ; Lopez-Lira, Alejandro ; Mankad, Shawn ; Mano, Nicola ; Marchal, Alexis ; Martineau, Charles ; Mazzola, Francesco ; Meloso, Debrah ; Mihet, Roxana ; Mohan, Vijay ; Moinas, Sophie ; Moore, David ; Mu, Liangyi ; Muravyev, Dmitriy ; Murphy, Dermot ; Neszveda, Gabor ; Neumeier, Christian ; Nielsson, Ulf ; Nimalendran, Mahendrarajah ; Nolte, Sven ; Norden, Lars L. ; O'Neill, Peter ; Obaid, Khaled ; Ødegaard, Bernt Arne ; Östberg, Per ; Painter, Marcus ; Palan, Stefan ; Palit, Imon ; Park, Andreas ; Pascual, Roberto ; Pasquariello, Paolo ; Pastor, Lubos ; Patel, Vinay ; Patton, Andrew J. ; Pearson, Neil D. ; Pelizzon, Loriana ; Rzeźnik, Aleksandra ; Sanford, Anthony ; Sankaran, Harikumar ; Sarkar, Asani ; Sarno, Lucio ; Scaillet, O. ; Scharnowski, Stefan ; Schenk-Hoppé, Klaus Reiner ; Schertler, Andrea ; Schneider, Michael ; Schroeder, Florian ; Schürhoff, Norman ; Schuster, Philipp ; Schwarz, Marco A. ; Seasholes, Mark S. ; Seeger, Norman ; Shachar, Or ; Shkilko, Andriy ; Shui, Jessica ; Sikic, Mario ; Simion, Giorgia ; Smales, Lee A. ; Söderlind, Paul ; Sojli, Elvira ; Sokolov, Konstantin ; Spokeviciute, Laima ; Stefanova, Denitsa ; Subrahmanyam, Marti G. ; Neusüss, Sebastian ; Szaszi, Barnabas ; Talavera, Oleksandr ; Tang, Yuehua ; Taylor, Nicholas ; Tham, Wing Wah ; Theissen, Erik ; Thimme, Julian ; Tonks, Ian ; Tran, Hai ; Trapin, Luca ; Trolle, Anders B. ; Valente, Giorgio ; Van Ness, Robert A. ; Vasquez, Aurelio ; Verousis, Thanos ; Verwijmeren, Patrick ; Vilhelmsson, Anders ; Vilkov, Grigory ; Vladimirov, Vladimir ; Vogel, Sebastian ; Voigt, Stefan ; Wagner, Wolf ; Walther, Thomas ; Weiss, Patrick ; Wel, Michel van der ; Werner, Ingrid M. ; Westerholm, Joakim ; Westheide, Christian ; Wipplinger, Evert ; Wolf, Michael ; Wolff, Christiaan Cornelis Petrus ; Wolk, Leonard ; Wong, Wing Keung ; Wrampelmeyer, Jan ; Xia, Shuo ; Xiu, Dacheng ; Xu, Ke ; Xu, Caihong ; Yadav, Pradeep ; Yagüe, José ; Yan, Cheng ; Yang, Antti ; Yoo, Woongsun ; Yu, Wenjia ; Yu, Shihao ; Yueshen, Bart Zhou ; Yuferova, Darya ; Zamojski, Marcin ; Zareei, Abalfazl ; Zeisberger, Stefan ; Zhang, Sarah ; Zhang, Xiaoyu ; Zhong, Zhuo ; Zhou, Z. Ivy ; Zhou, Chen ; Zhu, Xingyu Sonya ; Zoican, Marius ; Zwinkels, Remco C. J. ; Chen, Jian ; Duevski, Teodor ; Gao, Ge ; Gemayel, Roland ; Gilder, Dudley ; Kuhle, Paul ; Pagnotta, Emiliano ; Pelli, Michele ; Sönksen, Jantje ; Zhang, Lu ; Ilczuk, Konrad ; Bogoev, Dimitar ; Qian, Ya ; Wika, Hans C. ; Yu, Yihe ; Zhao, Lu ; Mi, Michael ; Bao, Li ; Vaduva, Andreea ; Prokopczuk, Marcel ; Avetikian, Alejandro ; Wu, Zhen-Xing
In statistics, samples are drawn from a population in a data-generating process (DGP). Standard errors measure the uncertainty in sample estimates of population parameters. In science, evidence is generated to test hypotheses in an evidence-generating process (EGP). We claim that EGP variation across researchers adds uncertainty: non-standard errors. To study them, we let 164 teams test six hypotheses on the same sample. We find that non-standard errors are sizeable, on par with standard errors. Their size (i) co-varies only weakly with team merits, reproducibility, or peer rating, (ii) declines significantly after peer-feedback, and (iii) is underestimated by participants.
Théry, Clotilde ; Witwer, Kenneth W. ; Aikawa, Elena ; Alcaraz, Maria Jose ; Anderson, Johnathon D. ; Andriantsitohaina, Ramaroson ; Antoniou, Anna ; Arab, Tanina ; Archer, Fabienne ; Atkin-Smith, Georgia K. ; Ayre, D. Craig ; Bach, Jean-Marie ; Bachurski, Daniel ; Baharvand, Hossein ; Balaj, Leonora ; Baldacchino, Shawn ; Bauer, Natalie N. ; Baxter, Amy A. ; Bebawy, Mary ; Beckham, Carla ; Zavec, Apolonija Bedina ; Benmoussa, Abderrahim ; Berardi, Anna C. ; Bergese, Paolo ; Bielska, Ewa ; Blenkiron, Cherie ; Bobis-Wozowicz, Sylwia ; Boilard, Eric ; Boireau, Wilfrid ; Bongiovanni, Antonella ; Borràs, Francesc E. ; Bosch, Steffi ; Boulanger, Chantal M. ; Breakefield, Xandra ; Breglio, Andrew M. ; Brennan, Meadhbh Aín ; Brigstock, David R. ; Brisson, Alain ; Broekman, Marike L. D. ; Bromberg, Jacqueline F. ; Bryl-Gorecka, Paulina ; Buch, Shilpa ; Buck, Amy H. ; Burger, Dylan ; Busatto, Sara ; Buschmann, Dominik ; Bussolati, Benedetta ; Buzás, Edit I. ; Byrd, James Bryan ; Camussi, Giovanni ; Carter, David R. F. ; Caruso, Sarah ; Chamley, Lawrence W. ; Chang, Yu-Ting ; Chen, Chihchen ; Chen, Shuai ; Cheng, Lesley ; Chin, Andrew R. ; Clayton, Aled ; Clerici, Stefano P. ; Cocks, Alex ; Cocucci, Emanuele ; Coffey, Robert J. ; Cordeiro-da-Silva, Anabela ; Couch, Yvonne ; Coumans, Frank A. W. ; Coyle, Beth ; Crescitelli, Rossella ; Criado, Miria Ferreira ; D’Souza-Schorey, Crislyn ; Das, Saumya ; Chaudhuri, Amrita Datta ; de-Candia, Paola ; De Santana, Eliezer F. ; De Wever, Olivier ; del Portillo, Hernando A. ; Demaret, Tanguy ; Deville, Sarah ; Devitt, Andrew ; Dhondt, Bert ; Di Vizio, Dolores ; Dieterich, Lothar C. ; Dolo, Vincenza ; Dominguez Rubio, Ana Paula ; Dominici, Massimo ; Dourado, Mauricio R. ; Driedonks, Tom A. P. ; Duarte, Filipe V. ; Duncan, Heather M. ; Eichenberger, Ramon Marc ; Ekström, Karin ; El Andaloussi, Samir ; Elie-Caille, Celine ; Erdbrügger, Uta ; Falcón-Pérez, Juan M. ; Fatima, Farah ; Fish, Jason E. ; Flores-Bellver, Miguel ; Försönits, András ; Frelet-Barrand, Annie ; Fricke, Fabia ; Fuhrmann, Gregor ; Gabrielsson, Susanne ; Gámez-Valero, Ana ; Gardiner, Chris ; Gärtner, Kathrin ; Gaudin, Raphael ; Gho, Yong Song ; Giebel, Bernd ; Gilbert, Caroline ; Gimona, Mario ; Giusti, Ilaria ; Goberdhan, Deborah C. I. ; Görgens, André ; Gorski, Sharon M. ; Greening, David W. ; Groß, Julia Christina ; Gualerzi, Alice ; Gupta, Gopal N. ; Gustafson, Dakota ; Handberg, Aase ; Haraszti, Réka Ágnes ; Harrison, Paul ; Hegyesi, Hargita ; Hendrix, An ; Hill, Andrew F. ; Hochberg, Fred H. ; Hoffmann, Karl F. ; Holder, Beth ; Holthofer, Harry ; Hosseinkhani, Baharak ; Hu, Guoku ; Huang, Yiyao ; Huber, Veronica ; Hunt, Stuart ; Ibrahim, Ahmed Gamal-Eldin ; Ikezu, Tsuneya ; Inal, Jameel M. ; Isin, Mustafa ; Ivanova, Alena ; Jackson, Hannah K. ; Jacobsen, Soren ; Jay, Steven M. ; Jayachandran, Muthuvel ; Jenster, Guido ; Jiang, Lanzhou ; Johnson, Suzanne M. ; Jones, Jennifer C. ; Jong, Ambrose ; Jovanovic-Talisman, Tijana ; Jung, Stephanie ; Kalluri, Raghu ; Kano, Shin-ichi ; Kaur, Sukhbir ; Kawamura, Yumi ; Keller, Evan T. ; Khamari, Delaram ; Khomyakova, Elena ; Khvorova, Anastasia ; Kierulf, Peter ; Kim, Kwang Pyo ; Kislinger, Thomas ; Klingeborn, Mikael ; Klinke, David J. ; Kornek, Miroslaw ; Kosanović, Maja M. ; Kovács, Árpád Ferenc ; Krämer-Albers, Eva-Maria ; Krasemann, Susanne ; Krause, Mirja ; Kurochkin, Igor V. ; Kusuma, Gina D. ; Kuypers, Sören ; Laitinen, Saara ; Langevin, Scott M. ; Languino, Lucia R. ; Lannigan, Joanne ; Lässer, Cecilia ; Laurent, Louise C. ; Lavieu, Gregory ; Lázaro-Ibáñez, Elisa ; Le Lay, Soazig ; Lee, Myung-Shin ; Lee, Yi Xin Fiona ; Lemos, Debora S. ; Lenassi, Metka ; Leszczynska, Aleksandra ; Li, Isaac T. S. ; Liao, Ke ; Libregts, Sten F. ; Ligeti, Erzsebet ; Lim, Rebecca ; Lim, Sai Kiang ; Linē, Aija ; Linnemannstöns, Karen ; Llorente, Alicia ; Lombard, Catherine Ann ; Lorenowicz, Magdalena J. ; Lörincz, Ákos M. ; Lötvall, Jan ; Lovett, Jason ; Lowry, Michelle C. ; Loyer, Xavier ; Lu, Quan ; Lukomska, Barbara ; Lunavat, Taral Rameshchand ; Maas, Sybren L. N. ; Malhi, Harmeet ; Marcilla, Antonio ; Mariani, Jacopo ; Mariscal, Javier ; Martens-Uzunova, Elena S. ; Martin-Jaular, Lorena ; Martinez, M. Carmen ; Martins, Vilma Regina ; Mathieu, Mathilde ; Mathivanan, Suresh ; Maugeri, Marco ; McGinnis, Lynda K. ; McVey, Mark J. ; Meckes, David G. ; Meehan, Katie ; Mertens, Inge ; Minciacchi, Valentina R. ; Möller, Andreas ; Møller Jørgensen, Malene ; Morales-Kastresana, Aizea ; Morhayim, Jess ; Mullier, François ; Muraca, Maurizio ; Musante, Luca ; Mussack, Veronika ; Muth, Dillon C. ; Myburgh, Kathryn H. ; Najrana, Tanbir ; Nawaz, Muhammad ; Nazarenko, Irina ; Nejsum, Peter ; Neri, Christian ; Neri, Tommaso ; Nieuwland, Rienk ; Nimrichter, Leonardo ; Nolan, John P. ; Nolte-’t Hoen, Esther N. M. ; Hooten, Nicole Noren ; O’Driscoll, Lorraine ; O’Grady, Tina ; O’Loghlen, Ana ; Ochiya, Takahiro ; Olivier, Martin ; Ortiz, Alberto ; Ortiz, Luis A. ; Osteikoetxea, Xabier ; Østergaard, Ole ; Ostrowski, Matias ; Park, Jaesung ; Pegtel, Dirk Michiel ; Peinado, Hector ; Perut, Francesca ; Pfaffl, Michael ; Phinney, Donald G. ; Pieters, Bartijn C. H. ; Pink, Ryan Charles ; Pisetsky, David S. ; Pogge von Strandmann, Elke ; Polakovicova, Iva ; Poon, Ivan K. H. ; Powell, Bonita H. ; Prada, Ilaria ; Pulliam, Lynn ; Quesenberry, Peter ; Radeghieri, Annalisa ; Raffai, Robert L. ; Raimondo, Stefania ; Rak, Janusz ; Ramirez, Marcel I. ; Raposo, Graça ; Rayyan, Morsi S. ; Regev-Rudzki, Neta ; Ricklefs, Franz Lennard ; Robbins, Paul D. ; Roberts, David D. ; Rodrigues, Silvia C. ; Rohde, Eva ; Rome, Sophie ; Rouschop, Kasper M. ; Rughetti, Aurelia ; Russell, Ashley E. ; Saá, Paula ; Sahoo, Susmita ; Salas-Huenuleo, Edison ; Sánchez, Catherine ; Saugstad, Julie A. ; Saul, Meike J. ; Schiffelers, Raymond M. ; Schneider, Raphael ; Schøyen, Tine Hiorth ; Scott, Aaron ; Shahaj, Eriomina ; Sharma, Shivani ; Shatnyeva, Olga ; Shekari, Faezeh ; Shelke, Ganesh Vilas ; Shetty, Ashok K. ; Shiba, Kiyotaka ; Siljander, Pia R.-M. ; Silva, Andreia M. ; Skowronek, Agata ; Snyder, Orman L. ; Soares, Rodrigo Pedro ; Sódar, Barbara W. ; Soekmadji, Carolina ; Sotillo, Javier ; Stahl, Philip D. ; Stoorvogel, Willem ; Stott, Shannon L. ; Strasser, Erwin F. ; Swift, Simon ; Tahara, Hidetoshi ; Tewari, Muneesh ; Timms, Kate ; Tiwari, Swasti ; Tixeira, Rochelle ; Tkach, Mercedes ; Toh, Wei Seong ; Tomasini, Richard ; Torrecilhas, Ana Claudia ; Tosar, Juan Pablo ; Toxavidis, Vasilis ; Urbanelli, Lorena ; Vader, Pieter ; Balkom, Bastiaan Wilhelmus Maria van ; Grein, Susanne G. van der ; Van Deun, Jan ; Herwijnen, Martijn J. C. van ; Van Keuren-Jensen, Kendall R. ; Niel, Guillaume van ; Royen, Martin E. van ; Wijnen, Andre J. van ; Vasconcelos, M. Helena ; Vechetti, Ivan J. ; Veit, Tiago D. ; Vella, Laura J. ; Velot, Émilie ; Verweij, Frederik ; Vestad, Beate ; Viñas, Jose Luis ; Visnovitz, Tamás ; Vukman, Krisztina V. ; Wahlgren, Jessica ; Watson, Dionysios C. ; Wauben, Marca H. M. ; Weaver, Alissa ; Webber, Jason P. ; Weber, Viktoria ; Wehman, Ann M. ; Weiss, Daniel J. ; Welsh, Joshua A. ; Wendt, Sebastian ; Wheelock, Åsa M. ; Wiener, Zoltán ; Witte, Leonie ; Wolfram, Joy ; Xagorari, Angeliki ; Xander, Patricia ; Xu, Jing ; Yan, Xiaomei ; Yáñez-Mó, María ; Yin, Hang ; Yuana, Yuana ; Zappulli, Valentina ; Zarubova, Jana ; Žėkas, Vytautas ; Zhang, Jian-ye ; Zhao, Zezhou ; Zheng, Lei ; Zheutlin, Alexander R. ; Zickler, Antje Maria ; Zimmermann, Pascale ; Zivkovic, Angela M. ; Zocco, Davide ; Zuba-Surma, Ewa K.
The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (“MISEV”) guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these “MISEV2014” guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.
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