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Using a sample of (10087±44)×106 𝐽/𝜓 events, which is about 45 times larger than that was previously analyzed, a further investigation on the 𝐽/𝜓→𝛾3(𝜋+𝜋−) decay is performed. A significant distortion at 1.84 GeV/𝑐2 in the line shape of the 3(𝜋+𝜋−) invariant mass spectrum is observed for the first time, which could be resolved by two overlapping resonant structures, 𝑋(1840) and 𝑋(1880). The new state 𝑋(1880) is observed with a statistical significance larger than 10𝜎. The mass and width of 𝑋(1880) are determined to be 1882.1±1.7±0.7 MeV/𝑐2 and 30.7±5.5±2.4 MeV, respectively, which indicates the existence of a 𝑝¯ 𝑝 bound state.
We search for an axion-like particle (ALP) a through the process ψ(3686)→π+π−J/ψ, J/ψ→γa, a→γγ in a data sample of (2.71±0.01)×109 ψ(3686) events collected by the BESIII detector. No significant ALP signal is observed over the expected background, and the upper limits on the branching fraction of the decay J/ψ→γa and the ALP-photon coupling constant gaγγ are set at 95% confidence level in the mass range of 0.165≤ma≤2.84GeV/c2. The limits on B(J/ψ→γa) range from 8.3×10−8 to 1.8×10−6 over the search region, and the constraints on the ALP-photon coupling are the most stringent to date for 0.165 ≤ ma ≤ 1.468GeV/c2.
Observation of ηc(2S) → 3(π⁺π⁻) and measurements of χcJ → 3(π⁺π⁻) in ψ(3686) radiative transitions
(2022)
The hadronic decay ηc(2S)→3(π+π−) is observed with a statistical significance of 9.3 standard deviations using (448.1±2.9)×106 ψ(3686) events collected by the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider. The measured mass and width of ηc(2S) are (3643.4±2.3(stat.)±4.4(syst.)) MeV/c2 and (19.8±3.9(stat.)±3.1(syst.)) MeV, respectively, which are consistent with the world average values within two standard deviations. The product branching fraction B[ψ(3686) → γηc(2S)]×B[ηc(2S)→3(π+π−)] is measured to be (9.2±1.0(stat.)±0.9(syst.))×10−6. Using B[ψ(3686)→γηc(2S)]=(7.0+3.4−2.5)×10−4, we obtain B[ηc(2S)→3(π+π−)]=(1.31±0.15(stat.)±0.13(syst.)(+0.64−0.47)(extr))×10−2, where the third uncertainty is from B[ψ(3686)→γηc(2S)]. We also measure the χcJ→3(π+π−) (J=0,1,2) decays via ψ(3686)→γχcJ transitions. The branching fractions are B[χc0→3(π+π−)]=(2.080±0.006(stat.)±0.068(syst.))×10−2, B[χc1→3(π+π−)]=(1.092±0.004(stat.)±0.035(syst.))×10−2, and B[χc2→3(π+π−)]=(1.565±0.005(stat.)±0.048(syst.))×10−2.
Observation of ηc(2S) → 3(π⁺π⁻) and measurements of χcJ → 3(π⁺π⁻) in ψ(3686) radiative transitions
(2022)
The hadronic decay ηc(2S)→3(π+π−) is observed with a statistical significance of 9.3 standard deviations using (448.1±2.9)×106 ψ(3686) events collected by the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider. The measured mass and width of ηc(2S) are (3643.4±2.3(stat.)±4.4(syst.)) MeV/c2 and (19.8±3.9(stat.)±3.1(syst.)) MeV, respectively, which are consistent with the world average values within two standard deviations. The product branching fraction B[ψ(3686)→γηc(2S)]×B[ηc(2S)→3(π+π−)] is measured to be (9.2±1.0(stat.)±0.9(syst.))×10−6. Using B[ψ(3686)→γηc(2S)]=(7.0+3.4−2.5)×10−4, we obtain B[ηc(2S)→3(π+π−)]=(1.31±0.15(stat.)±0.13(syst.)(+0.64−0.47)(extr))×10−2, where the third uncertainty is from B[ψ(3686)→γηc(2S)]. We also measure the χcJ→3(π+π−) (J=0,1,2) decays via ψ(3686)→γχcJ transitions. The branching fractions are B[χc0→3(π+π−)]=(2.080±0.006(stat.)±0.068(syst.))×10−2, B[χc1→3(π+π−)]=(1.092±0.004(stat.)±0.035(syst.))×10−2, and B[χc2→3(π+π−)]=(1.565±0.005(stat.)±0.048(syst.))×10−2.
Using an 𝑒+𝑒− collision data sample with a total integrated luminosity of 3.19 fb−1 collected with the BESIII detector at a center-of-mass energy of 4.178 GeV, the branching fraction of the inclusive decay of the 𝐷+𝑠 meson to final states including at least three charged pions is measured for the first time to be ℬ(𝐷+𝑠→𝜋+𝜋+𝜋−𝑋)=(32.81±0.35stat±0.63syst)%. In this measurement the charged pions from 𝐾0𝑆 meson decays are excluded. The partial branching fractions of 𝐷+𝑠→𝜋+𝜋+𝜋−𝑋 are also measured as a function of the 𝜋+𝜋+𝜋− invariant mass.
"High-aluminous coal" is an important coal kind and widely distributed in North China in age of Permo-Carboniferous period. To explore their occurrence state, a total of 15 harmful elements (Li, Ga, In, Cd, Cr, Pb, Be, Mn, Zn, Ag, Co, Ni, Cu, Ba and U) in the No.9 coal and No.11 coal collected from Pingshuo mining district were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and scanning electron microscope with energy spectrum (SEM-EDX). The results showed that the content of Li, Ga, In, Pb, Ag and U were all exceed the world hard coal. In view of the result of clustering analysis within trace elements, it was found that Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, Ag and Cr were mainly associated with sulfide minerals due to their common sulfophilic property. Manganese was mainly occurred in carbonate minerals, while Ba, Cd and U were mainly associated with total minerals. In addition, Pb was related to sulfides and Be is mainly distributed in clay minerals. The enrichment of such harmful elements in Pingshuo coal was caused by the combined effect of transgression and input of terrestrial materials in the peat accumulation stage. Li, Ga, In and Ag have reached the harmful grade.
The Tarim River basin, located in Xinjiang, NW China, is the largest endorheic river basin in China and one of the largest in all of Central Asia. Due to the extremely arid climate, with an annual precipitation of less than 100 mm, the water supply along the Aksu and Tarim rivers solely depends on river water. This is linked to anthropogenic activities (e.g., agriculture) and natural and semi-natural ecosystems as both compete for water. The ongoing increase in water consumption by agriculture and other human activities in this region has been enhancing the competition for water between human needs and nature. Against this background, 11 German and 6 Chinese universities and research institutes have formed the consortium SuMaRiO (Sustainable Management of River Oases along the Tarim River; http://www.sumario.de), which aims to create a holistic picture of the availability of water resources in the Tarim River basin and the impacts on anthropogenic activities and natural ecosystems caused by the water distribution within the Tarim River basin. On the basis of the results from field studies and modeling approaches as well as from suggestions by the relevant regional stakeholders, a decision support tool (DST) will be implemented that will then assist stakeholders in balancing the competition for water, acknowledging the major external effects of water allocation to agriculture and to natural ecosystems. This consortium was formed in 2011 and is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. As the data collection phase was finished this year, the paper presented here brings together the results from the fields from the disciplines of climate modeling, cryology, hydrology, agricultural sciences, ecology, geoinformatics, and social sciences in order to present a comprehensive picture of the effects of different water availability schemes on anthropogenic activities and natural ecosystems along the Tarim River. The second objective is to present the project structure of the whole consortium, the current status of work (i.e., major new results and findings), explain the foundation of the decision support tool as a key product of this project, and conclude with application recommendations for the region. The discharge of the Aksu River, which is the major tributary of the Tarim, has been increasing over the past 6 decades. From 1989 to 2011, agricultural area more than doubled: cotton became the major crop and there was a shift from small-scale to large-scale intensive farming. The ongoing increase in irrigated agricultural land leads to the increased threat of salinization and soil degradation caused by increased evapotranspiration. Aside from agricultural land, the major natural and semi-natural ecosystems are riparian (Tugai) forests, shrub vegetation, reed beds, and other grassland, as well as urban and peri-urban vegetation. Within the SuMaRiO cluster, focus has been set on the Tugai forests, with Populus euphratica as the dominant tree species, because these forests belong to the most productive and species-rich natural ecosystems of the Tarim River basin. At sites close to the groundwater, the annual stem diameter increments of Populus euphratica correlated with the river runoffs of the previous year. However, the natural river dynamics cease along the downstream course and thus hamper the recruitment of Populus euphratica. A study on the willingness to pay for the conservation of the natural ecosystems was conducted to estimate the concern of the people in the region and in China's capital. These household surveys revealed that there is a considerable willingness to pay for conservation of the natural ecosystems, with mitigation of dust and sandstorms considered the most important ecosystem service. Stakeholder dialogues contributed to creating a scientific basis for a sustainable management in the future.
The Tarim River Basin, located in Xinjiang, NW China, is the largest endorheic river basin of China and one of the largest in whole Central Asia. Due to the extremely arid climate with an annual precipitation of less than 100 mm, the water supply along the Aksu and Tarim River solely depends on river water. This applies for anthropogenic activities (e.g. agriculture) as well as for the natural ecosystems so that both compete for water. The on-going increase of water consumption by agriculture and other human activities in this region has been enhancing the competition for water between human needs and nature. Against this background, 11 German and 6 Chinese universities and research institutes formed the consortium SuMaRiO (www.sumario.de), which aims at gaining a holistic picture of the availability of water resources in the Tarim River Basin and the impacts on anthropogenic activities and natural ecosystems caused by the water distribution within the Tarim River Basin. The discharge of the Aksu River, which is the major tributary to the Tarim, has been increasing over the past 6 decades due to enhanced glacier melt. Alone from 1989 to 2011, the area under agriculture more than doubled. Thereby, cotton became the major crop and there was a shift from small-scale farming to large-scale intensive farming. The major natural ecosystems along the Aksu and Tarim River are riparian ecosystems: Riparian (Tugai) forests, shrub vegetation, reed beds, and other grassland. Within the SuMaRiO Cluster the focus was laid on the Tugai forests, with Populus euphratica as dominant tree, because the most productive and species-rich natural ecosystems can be found among those forests. On sites with groundwater distance of less than 7.5 m the annual increments correlated with river runoffs of the previous year. But, the further downstream along the Tarim River, the more the natural river dynamics ceased, which impacts on the recruitment of Populus euphratica. Household surveys revealed that there is a considerable willingness to pay for conservation of those riparian forests with the mitigation of dust and sandstorms considered as the most important ecosystem service. This interdisciplinary project will result in a decision support tool (DST), build on the participation of regional stakeholders and models based on results and field experiments. This DST finally shall assist stakeholders in balancing the water competition acknowledging the major external effects of any water allocation.
Unique features of a global human ectoparasite identified through sequencing of the bed bug genome
(2016)
The bed bug, Cimex lectularius, has re-established itself as a ubiquitous human ectoparasite throughout much of the world during the past two decades. This global resurgence is likely linked to increased international travel and commerce in addition to widespread insecticide resistance. Analyses of the C. lectularius sequenced genome (650 Mb) and 14,220 predicted protein-coding genes provide a comprehensive representation of genes that are linked to traumatic insemination, a reduced chemosensory repertoire of genes related to obligate hematophagy, host–symbiont interactions, and several mechanisms of insecticide resistance. In addition, we document the presence of multiple putative lateral gene transfer events. Genome sequencing and annotation establish a solid foundation for future research on mechanisms of insecticide resistance, human–bed bug and symbiont–bed bug associations, and unique features of bed bug biology that contribute to the unprecedented success of C. lectularius as a human ectoparasite.
Heart valve disease is a major clinical problem worldwide. Cardiac valve development and homeostasis need to be precisely controlled. Hippo signaling is essential for organ development and tissue homeostasis, while its role in valve formation and morphology maintenance remains unknown. VGLL4 is a transcription cofactor in vertebrates and we found it was mainly expressed in valve interstitial cells at the post-EMT stage and was maintained till the adult stage. Tissue specific knockout of VGLL4 in different cell lineages revealed that only loss of VGLL4 in endothelial cell lineage led to valve malformation with expanded expression of YAP targets. We further semi-knockout YAP in VGLL4 ablated hearts, and found hyper proliferation of arterial valve interstitial cells was significantly constrained. These findings suggest that VGLL4 is important for valve development and manipulation of Hippo components would be a potential therapy for preventing the progression of congenital valve disease.