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Significant reductions in stratospheric ozone occur inside the polar vortices each spring when chlorine radicals produced by heterogeneous reactions on cold particle surfaces in winter destroy ozone mainly in two catalytic cycles, the ClO dimer cycle and the ClO/BrO cycle. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which are responsible for most of the chlorine currently present in the stratosphere, have been banned by the Montreal Protocol and its amendments, and the ozone layer is predicted to recover to 1980 levels within the next few decades. During the same period, however, climate change is expected to alter the temperature, circulation patterns and chemical composition in the stratosphere, and possible geo-engineering ventures to mitigate climate change may lead to additional changes. To realistically predict the response of the ozone layer to such influences requires the correct representation of all relevant processes. The European project RECONCILE has comprehensively addressed remaining questions in the context of polar ozone depletion, with the objective to quantify the rates of some of the most relevant, yet still uncertain physical and chemical processes. To this end RECONCILE used a broad approach of laboratory experiments, two field missions in the Arctic winter 2009/10 employing the high altitude research aircraft M55-Geophysica and an extensive match ozone sonde campaign, as well as microphysical and chemical transport modelling and data assimilation. Some of the main outcomes of RECONCILE are as follows: (1) vortex meteorology: the 2009/10 Arctic winter was unusually cold at stratospheric levels during the six-week period from mid-December 2009 until the end of January 2010, with reduced transport and mixing across the polar vortex edge; polar vortex stability and how it is influenced by dynamic processes in the troposphere has led to unprecedented, synoptic-scale stratospheric regions with temperatures below the frost point; in these regions stratospheric ice clouds have been observed, extending over >106km2 during more than 3 weeks. (2) Particle microphysics: heterogeneous nucleation of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles in the absence of ice has been unambiguously demonstrated; conversely, the synoptic scale ice clouds also appear to nucleate heterogeneously; a variety of possible heterogeneous nuclei has been characterised by chemical analysis of the non-volatile fraction of the background aerosol; substantial formation of solid particles and denitrification via their sedimentation has been observed and model parameterizations have been improved. (3) Chemistry: strong evidence has been found for significant chlorine activation not only on polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) but also on cold binary aerosol; laboratory experiments and field data on the ClOOCl photolysis rate and other kinetic parameters have been shown to be consistent with an adequate degree of certainty; no evidence has been found that would support the existence of yet unknown chemical mechanisms making a significant contribution to polar ozone loss. (4) Global modelling: results from process studies have been implemented in a prognostic chemistry climate model (CCM); simulations with improved parameterisations of processes relevant for polar ozone depletion are evaluated against satellite data and other long term records using data assimilation and detrended fluctuation analysis. Finally, measurements and process studies within RECONCILE were also applied to the winter 2010/11, when special meteorological conditions led to the highest chemical ozone loss ever observed in the Arctic. In addition to quantifying the 2010/11 ozone loss and to understand its causes including possible connections to climate change, its impacts were addressed, such as changes in surface ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the densely populated northern mid-latitudes.
Introduction: The German PID-NET registry was founded in 2009, serving as the first national registry of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) in Germany. It is part of the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) registry. The primary purpose of the registry is to gather data on the epidemiology, diagnostic delay, diagnosis, and treatment of PIDs.
Methods: Clinical and laboratory data was collected from 2,453 patients from 36 German PID centres in an online registry. Data was analysed with the software Stata® and Excel.
Results: The minimum prevalence of PID in Germany is 2.72 per 100,000 inhabitants. Among patients aged 1–25, there was a clear predominance of males. The median age of living patients ranged between 7 and 40 years, depending on the respective PID. Predominantly antibody disorders were the most prevalent group with 57% of all 2,453 PID patients (including 728 CVID patients). A gene defect was identified in 36% of patients. Familial cases were observed in 21% of patients. The age of onset for presenting symptoms ranged from birth to late adulthood (range 0–88 years). Presenting symptoms comprised infections (74%) and immune dysregulation (22%). Ninety-three patients were diagnosed without prior clinical symptoms. Regarding the general and clinical diagnostic delay, no PID had undergone a slight decrease within the last decade. However, both, SCID and hyper IgE- syndrome showed a substantial improvement in shortening the time between onset of symptoms and genetic diagnosis. Regarding treatment, 49% of all patients received immunoglobulin G (IgG) substitution (70%—subcutaneous; 29%—intravenous; 1%—unknown). Three-hundred patients underwent at least one hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Five patients had gene therapy.
Conclusion: The German PID-NET registry is a precious tool for physicians, researchers, the pharmaceutical industry, politicians, and ultimately the patients, for whom the outcomes will eventually lead to a more timely diagnosis and better treatment.
Knochenmarkszellen sowie zirkulierende endotheliale Progenitorzellen (EPC) beteiligen sich an der Neovaskularisation ischämischen Gewebes im Tiermodell und wurden nach Myokardinfarkt in ersten klinischen Studien erfolgreich eingesetzt. Stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF) ist der physiologische Ligand des CXCR4-Rezeptors, der auf hämatopoietischen Stammzellen sowie auf EPC exprimiert ist. Der CXCR4-Rezeptor ist entscheidend für das Homing von hämatopoietischen Stammzellen und für die unktionelle Aktivität von EPC. Eine Aktivierung des CXCR4-Rezeptors führt zur Phosphorylierung und Aktivierung der Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2), Phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)-Kinase sowie der Aktivierung fokaler Adhäsionsproteine, entscheidende Schritte für die SDF induzierte Migration von CXCR4+ Zellen. EPC von Patienten mit koronarer Herzerkrankung sind funktionell eingeschränkt, jedoch sind die genauen Mechanismen dieser Einschränkung bislang nicht bekannt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es die funktionelle Aktivität von mononukleären Zellen aus dem Knochenmark (BM-MNC) von heterozygoten CXCR4+/- Mäusen mit denen von homozygoten CXCR4+/+ Mäusen zu vergleichen. Im Weiteren sollte die Phosphorylierung von JAK2 in BM-MNC dieser Mäuse sowie in EPC von Patienten mit koronarer Herzerkrankung und gesunden Probanden untersucht werden. Die CXCR4-Expression auf der Oberfläche von BM-MNC von heterozygoten CXCR4+/- Mäusen ist signifikant niedriger als die CXCR4-Expression auf BM-MNC von homozygoten CXCR4+/+ Mäusen. BM-MNC von CXCR4+/- Mäusen zeigten eine eingeschränkte funktionelle Kapazität die Perfusion im Hinterlaufischämiemodell der athymischen Nacktmaus nach Transplantation zu verbessern verglichen zu BM-MNC von CXCR4+/+ Mäusen. CXCR4+/- Mäuse zeigten eine signifikant erniedrigte Erholung nach Anlage einer Hinterlaufischämie verglichen zu CXCR4+/+ Mäusen. Die reduzierte Erholung der CXCR4+/- Mäuse konnte durch Transplantation von BM-MNC aus CXCR4+/+ Mäusen verbessert werden. Die JAK2-Phosphorylierung in BM-MNC von CXCR4+/- Mäusen war signifikant niedriger als bei CXCR4+/+ Mäusen. EPC von Patienten mit koronarer Herzerkrankung (KHK) hatten eine niedrigere basale JAK2-Phosphorylierung verglichen zu EPC von gesunden Probanden und die JAK2- Phosphorylierung in EPC von Patienten mit KHK ließ sich weniger stark durch SDF stimulieren als in EPC von gesunden Probanden. Die vorliegende Arbeit unterstützt die Rolle des CXCR4-Rezeptors für die funktionelle Aktivität von Progenitorzellen in vivo. Sowohl die funktionell eingeschränkten BM-MNC von CXCR4+/- Mäusen als auch EPC von Patienten mit KHK zeigen eine verringerte JAK2 Phosphorylierung verglichen zu CXCR4+/+ Zellen bzw. EPC von gesunden Probanden. Eine Aktivierung des SDF-CXCR4-Signaltransduktionsweges könnte therapeutisch eingesetzt werden um die funktionelle Aktivität der Zellen vor der klinischen Stammzelltransplantation zu verbessern.
The international research project RECONCILE has addressed central questions regarding polar ozone depletion, with the objective to quantify some of the most relevant yet still uncertain physical and chemical processes and thereby improve prognostic modelling capabilities to realistically predict the response of the ozone layer to climate change. This overview paper outlines the scope and the general approach of RECONCILE, and it provides a summary of observations and modelling in 2010 and 2011 that have generated an in many respects unprecedented dataset to study processes in the Arctic winter stratosphere. Principally, it summarises important outcomes of RECONCILE including (i) better constraints and enhanced consistency on the set of parameters governing catalytic ozone destruction cycles, (ii) a better understanding of the role of cold binary aerosols in heterogeneous chlorine activation, (iii) an improved scheme of polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) processes that includes heterogeneous nucleation of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) and ice on non-volatile background aerosol leading to better model parameterisations with respect to denitrification, and (iv) long transient simulations with a chemistry-climate model (CCM) updated based on the results of RECONCILE that better reproduce past ozone trends in Antarctica and are deemed to produce more reliable predictions of future ozone trends. The process studies and the global simulations conducted in RECONCILE show that in the Arctic, ozone depletion uncertainties in the chemical and microphysical processes are now clearly smaller than the sensitivity to dynamic variability.