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Under certain conditions, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles can exist in the atmosphere in an amorphous solid or semi-solid state. To determine their relevance to processes such as ice nucleation or chemistry occurring within particles requires knowledge of the temperature and relative humidity (RH) range for SOA to exist in these states. In the Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) experiment at The European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN), we deployed a new in situ optical method to detect the viscous state of α-pinene SOA particles and measured their transition from the amorphous highly viscous state to states of lower viscosity. The method is based on the depolarising properties of laboratory-produced non-spherical SOA particles and their transformation to non-depolarising spherical particles at relative humidities near the deliquescence point. We found that particles formed and grown in the chamber developed an asymmetric shape through coagulation. A transition to a spherical shape was observed as the RH was increased to between 35 % at −10 °C and 80 % at −38 °C, confirming previous calculations of the viscosity-transition conditions. Consequently, α-pinene SOA particles exist in a viscous state over a wide range of ambient conditions, including the cirrus region of the free troposphere. This has implications for the physical, chemical, and ice-nucleation properties of SOA and SOA-coated particles in the atmosphere.
Under certain conditions, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles can exist in the atmosphere in an amorphous solid or semi-solid state. To determine their relevance to processes such as ice nucleation or chemistry occurring within particles requires knowledge of the temperature and relative humidity (RH) range for SOA to exist in these states. In the CLOUD experiment at CERN, we deployed a new in-situ optical method to detect the viscosity of α-pinene SOA particles and measured their transition from the amorphous viscous to liquid state. The method is based on the depolarising properties of laboratory-produced non-spherical SOA particles and their transformation to non-depolarising spherical liquid particles during deliquescence. We found that particles formed and grown in the chamber developed an asymmetric shape through coagulation. A transition to spherical shape was observed as the RH was increased to between 35 % at −10 ◦C and 80 % at −38 ◦C, confirming previous calculations of the viscosity transition conditions. Consequently, α-pinene SOA particles exist in a viscous state over a wide range of ambient conditions, including the cirrus region of the free troposphere. This has implications for the physical, chemical and ice-nucleation properties of SOA and SOA-coated particles in the atmosphere.
Mit der Verfasserangabe P. Josef erschien am 29. Januar 1870 in der Wiener "Presse" ein Artikel "Christliche Zeitrechnung", in dem es heißt:
In unserem merkwürdigen und edlen Zeitalter werden die Schranken immer mehr entfernt, die Classe von Classe, Race von Race trennen; die Mildthätigkeit und Barmherzigkeit kennt keine Parteiung und kein Lager mehr, dem Kriege selbst wird seine Grausamkeit immer mehr benommen; der Glaube wird idealisiert, der Irrthum nicht mehr für sträflich gehalten, der höchsten Wahrheitsliebe gesellt sich ein bescheidenes Bewußtsein der Mangelhaftigkeit unserer Erkenntniß und große Empfindungen arten nicht in Fanatismus oder Schwärmerei aus, denn in Eile folgt ihnen nüchternes Bewußtsein und concret gestaltende Kraft.
Diese unerschütterbare Fortschrittsgewissheit stammt von keinem Priester, wie das strategische, als Pater Josef zu lesende Anagramm nahelegt, sondern von dem Techniker Josef Popper, der sich allerdings noch vielfach unter dem Schutz der Anonymität oder von Pseudonymen wie Lynkeus oder Nestor öffentlich einmischen sollte.
We present results of lattice QCD simulations with mass-degenerate up and down and mass-split strange and charm (Nf = 2+1+1) dynamical quarks using Wilson twisted mass fermions at maximal twist. The tuning of the strange and charm quark masses is performed at three values of the lattice spacing a ~ 0:06 fm, a ~ 0:08 fm and a ~ 0:09 fm with lattice sizes ranging from L ~ 1:9 fm to L ~ 3:9 fm. We perform a preliminary study of SU(2) chiral perturbation theory by combining our lattice data from these three values of the lattice spacing.
We present the status of runs performed in the twisted mass formalism with Nf =2+1+1 flavours of dynamical fermions: a degenerate light doublet and a mass split heavy doublet. The procedure for tuning to maximal twist will be described as well as the current status of the runs using both thin and stout links. Preliminary results for a few observables obtained on ensembles at maximal twist will be given. Finally, a reweighting procedure to tune to maximal twist will be described.
We present first results from runs performed with Nf = 2+1+1 flavours of dynamical twisted mass fermions at maximal twist: a degenerate light doublet and a mass split heavy doublet. An overview of the input parameters and tuning status of our ensembles is given, together with a comparison with results obtained with Nf = 2 flavours. The problem of extracting the mass of the K- and D-mesons is discussed, and the tuning of the strange and charm quark masses examined. Finally we compare two methods of extracting the lattice spacings to check the consistency of our data and we present some first results of cPT fits in the light meson sector.
The phase diagrams of the systems of trimethylbromosilane and the isomeric lutidines are shown. The existence of the congruently melting addition compounds (CH3)3SiBr ∙ (3,4-lutidine), (CH3)3SiBr (3,5-lutidine) and the incongruently melting addition compounds (CH3)3SiBr • (2,3-lutidine)2, (CH3)3SiBr • (2,3-lutidine), (CH3)3SiBr (2,4-lutidine), ((CH3)3SiBr)2 • (2,4-lutidine), (CH3)3SiBr • (2,5-lutidine)2, (CH3)3SiBr • (2,5-lutidine), (CH3)3SiBr (2,6-lutidine)2 could be proved.
Radiative transition of an excited baryon to a nucleon with emission of a virtual massive photon converting to dielectron pair (Dalitz decays) provides important information about baryon-photon coupling at low q2 in timelike region. A prominent enhancement in the respective electromagnetic transition Form Factors (etFF) at q2 near vector mesons ρ/ω poles has been predicted by various calculations reflecting strong baryon-vector meson couplings. The understanding of these couplings is also of primary importance for the interpretation of the emissivity of QCD matter studied in heavy ion collisions via dilepton emission. Dedicated measurements of baryon Dalitz decays in proton-proton and pion-proton scattering with HADES detector at GSI/FAIR are presented and discussed. The relevance of these studies for the interpretation of results obtained from heavy ion reactions is elucidated on the example of the HADES results.