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We investigate identical pion HBT intensity interferometry in central Au+Au collisions at 1.23A GeV. High-statistics π−π− and π+π+ data are measured with HADES at SIS18/GSI. The radius parameters, derived from the correlation function depending on relative momenta in the longitudinally comoving system and parametrized as three-dimensional Gaussian distribution, are studied as function of transverse momentum. A substantial charge-sign difference of the source radii is found, particularly pronounced at low transverse momentum. The extracted source parameters agree well with a smooth extrapolation of the center-of-mass energy dependence established at higher energies, extending the corresponding excitation functions down towards a very low energy.
Many QCD based and phenomenological models predict changes of hadron properties in a strongly interacting environment. The results of these models differ significantly and the experimental determination of hadron properties in nuclear matter is essential. In this paper we present a review of selected physics results obtained at GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH by HADES (High-Acceptance Di-Electron Spectrometer). The e+e− pair emission measured for proton and heavy-ion induced collisions is reported together with results on strangeness production. The future HADES activities at the planned FAIR facility are also discussed.
The knowledge of baryonic resonance properties and production cross sections plays an important role for the extraction and understanding of medium modifications of mesons in hot and/or dense nuclear matter. We present and discuss systematics on dielectron and strangeness production obtained with HADES on p+p, p+A and A+A collisions in the few GeV energy regime with respect to these resonances.
The High Acceptance DiElectron Spectrometer HADES [1] is installed at the Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) accelerator facility in Darmstadt. It investigates dielectron emission and strangeness production in the 1-3 AGeV regime. A recent experiment series focusses on medium-modifications of light vector mesons in cold nuclear matter. In two runs, p+p and p+Nb reactions were investigated at 3.5 GeV beam energy; about 9·109 events have been registered. In contrast to other experiments the high acceptance of the HADES allows for a detailed analysis of electron pairs with low momenta relative to nuclear matter, where modifications of the spectral functions of vector mesons are predicted to be most prominent. Comparing these low momentum electron pairs to the reference measurement in the elementary p+p reaction, we find in fact a strong modification of the spectral distribution in the whole vector meson region.
New results on the differential cross section in deuteron-proton elastic scattering are obtained at the deuteron kinetic energy of 2.5 GeV with the HADES spectrometer. The angular range of 69° – 125° in the center of mass system is covered. The obtained results are compared with the relativistic multiple scattering model calculation using the CD-Bonn deuteron wave function. The data at fixed scattering angles in the c.m. are in qualitative agreement with the constituent counting rules prediction.
We present measurements of exclusive ensuremathπ+,0 and η production in pp reactions at 1.25GeV and 2.2GeV beam kinetic energy in hadron and dielectron channels. In the case of π+ and π0 , high-statistics invariant-mass and angular distributions are obtained within the HADES acceptance as well as acceptance-corrected distributions, which are compared to a resonance model. The sensitivity of the data to the yield and production angular distribution of Δ (1232) and higher-lying baryon resonances is shown, and an improved parameterization is proposed. The extracted cross-sections are of special interest in the case of pp → pp η , since controversial data exist at 2.0GeV; we find \ensuremathσ=0.142±0.022 mb. Using the dielectron channels, the π0 and η Dalitz decay signals are reconstructed with yields fully consistent with the hadronic channels. The electron invariant masses and acceptance-corrected helicity angle distributions are found in good agreement with model predictions.
The production of Σ0 baryons in the nuclear reaction p (3.5 GeV) + Nb (corresponding to sNN=3.18 GeV) is studied with the detector set-up HADES at GSI, Darmstadt. Σ0s were identified via the decay Σ0→Λγ with subsequent decays Λ→pπ− in coincidence with a e+e− pair from either external (γ→e+e−) or internal (Dalitz decay γ⁎→e+e−) gamma conversions. The differential Σ0 cross section integrated over the detector acceptance, i.e. the rapidity interval 0.5<y<1.1, has been extracted as ΔσΣ0=2.3±(0.2)stat±(−0.6+0.6)sys±(0.2)norm mb, yielding the inclusive production cross section in full phase space σΣ0total=5.8±(0.5)stat±(−1.4+1.4)sys±(0.6)norm±(1.7)extrapol mb by averaging over different extrapolation methods. The Λall/Σ0 ratio within the HADES acceptance is equal to 2.3±(0.2)stat±(−0.6+0.6)sys. The obtained rapidity and momentum distributions are compared to transport model calculations. The Σ0 yield agrees with the statistical model of particle production in nuclear reactions. Keywords: Hyperons, Strangeness, Proton, Nucleus.
We present the results of two-pion production in tagged quasi-free np collisions at a deutron incident beam energy of 1.25 GeV/c measured with the High-Acceptance Di-Electron Spectrometer (HADES) installed at GSI. The specific acceptance of HADES allowed for the first time to obtain high-precision data on π+π− and π−π0 production in np collisions in a region corresponding to large transverse momenta of the secondary particles. The obtained differential cross section data provide strong constraints on the production mechanisms and on the various baryon resonance contributions (∆∆, N(1440), N(1520), ∆(1600)). The invariant mass and angular distributions from the np → npπ+π −and np → ppπ−π0 reactions are compared with different theoretical model predictions.
n this paper we report on the investigation of baryonic resonance production in proton-proton collisions at the kinetic energies of 1.25 GeV and 3.5 GeV, based on data measured with HADES. Exclusive channels npπ+ and ppπ0 as well as ppe+e− were studied simultaneously in the framework of a one-boson exchange model. The resonance cross sections were determined from the one-pion channels for Δ(1232) and N(1440) (1.25 GeV) as well as further Δ and N* resonances up to 2 GeV/c2 for the 3.5 GeV data. The data at 1.25 GeV energy were also analysed within the framework of the partial wave analysis together with the set of several other measurements at lower energies. The obtained solutions provided the evolution of resonance production with the beam energy, showing a sizeable non-resonant contribution but with still dominating contribution of Δ(1232)P33. In the case of 3.5 GeV data, the study of the ppe+e− channel gave the insight on the Dalitz decays of the baryon resonances and, in particular, on the electromagnetic transition form-factors in the time-like region. We show that the assumption of a constant electromagnetic transition form-factors leads to underestimation of the yield in the dielectron invariant mass spectrum below the vector mesons pole. On the other hand, a comparison with various transport models shows the important role of intermediate ρ production, though with a large model dependency. The exclusive channels analysis done by the HADES collaboration provides new stringent restrictions on the parameterizations used in the models.
his contribution aims to give a basic overview of the latest results regarding the production of resonances in different collision systems. The results were extracted from experimental data collected with HADES that is a multipurpose detector located at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum, Darmstadt. The main points discussed here are: the properties of the strange resonances Λ(1405) and Σ(1385), the role of Δ’s as a source of pions in the final state, the production dynamics reflected in form of differential cross sections, and the role of the ϕ meson as a source for K− particles.
Zielsetzung: Die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit- / Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) gehört zu den häufigsten psychischen Störungen im Kindesalter. Eine entscheidende Rolle in der Genese des Krankheitsbildes kommt einer genetischen Prädisposition zu, ohne dass die bisherigen Studien einen einheitlichen Befund spezifischer Genvariationen ergaben. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit besteht darin, zu überprüfen, inwieweit die Ausprägung bestimmter phänotypischer Erscheinungsbilder von ADHS-Patienten, Defizite neuropsychologischer Funktionen, Aspekte von Aufmerksamkeit und Impulskontrolle sowie komorbide aggressive und dissoziale Verhaltensweisen, mit dem Vorkommen bestimmter Genotypen in Anfälligkeitsgenen einhergeht. Methode: 70 Kinder mit ADHS wurden mit Fragebogenverfahren (Impulsivitätsfragebogen IVE, Achenbachskalen) und neuropsychologischen Verhaltenstests (WCST, FAIR, Go/NoGo) untersucht. Mittels Mediansplit wurde die Stichprobe hinsichtlich sämtlicher untersuchter Items dichotomisiert, jeweils in zwei Gruppen mit niedrigen und hohen Wertebereichen. Anschließend wurde die Verteilung einzelner Genpolymorphismen zwischen beiden Gruppen verglichen. Als molekulargenetische Indikatoren wurden folgende Polymorphismen untersucht: DRD4 Exon III VNTR, SLC6A3 (DAT1) 40bp VNTR, COMT Val108/158Met, MAOA 30bp VNTR sowie SLC6A4 (5-HTTLPR, SNP rs25531, Intron II VNTR). Ergebnisse: Im Einzelnen ergaben sich die folgenden relevanten Befunde: Die 10/10-Repeat-Variante in SLC6A3 war signifikant mit einer erhöhten Anzahl von Perseverationsfehlern im WCST assoziiert (p=.046). Der 4 bzw. 4/4- und 4/3- Genotyp im MAOA-Gen waren im Vergleich zur 3 bzw. 3/3-Variante hochsignifikant mit niedrigeren Qualitätswerten im FAIR assoziiert (p=.005), gingen gleichzeitig signifikant mit mehr Omission-Errors in Treat 2 der Go/NoGo Aufgabe einher (p=.03). Der 4 bzw. 4/4-Genotyp zeigte außerdem einen Trend für vermehrte Perseverationsfehler im WCST (p=.063). Der 3 bzw. 3/3-Genotyp, isoliert betrachtet, zeigte einen tendenziellen Effekt für die Skala „delinquentes Verhalten“ der CBCL (p=.07). Die L/L-Variante des 5-HTTLPR-Polymorphismus in SLC6A4 war in Treat 1 der Go/NoGo Aufgabe signifikant häufiger in der Gruppe mit wenig Commission-Errors (p=.04). 5-HTTLPR-Polymorphismus und SNP rs25531 zeigten in Treat 1 der Go/NoGo Aufgabe einen hochsignifikanten Zusammenhang der LA/LA-Variante und der Gruppe mit wenig Commission-Errors (p=.004). Weiter war der 12/12-Genotyp des Intron II VNTR-Polymorphismus in SLC6A4 signifikant mit einem erhöhten Schweregrad aggressiver Verhaltensweisen in der CBCL assoziiert (p=.018). Schlussfolgerung: Es ist davon auszugehen, dass an der Ausprägung von ADHS zahlreiche Gene mit jeweils geringem Effekt beteiligt sind. Unsere Befunde legen nahe, dass bestimmte Allelvarianten mitunter einen stärkeren Einfluss auf die Ausprägung spezieller Subsymptome haben. Obwohl bei bestimmten Genotypen unterschiedlicher Anfälligkeitsgene teilweise ähnliche Auswirkungen auf Neurotransmitterebene diskutiert wurden, zeigten sich in der vorliegenden Studie nicht immer vergleichbare Übereinstimmungen hinsichtlich der phänotypischen Merkmale. In der Literatur werden bisweilen inkonsistente Phänotypen ein und derselben Allelvariante berichtet. Neben einer Präzisierung des Phänotyps sollten künftige Untersuchungen daher insbesondere auch die funktionelle Interaktion einzelner Genvarianten, additive Geneffekte sowie Gen- Umwelt-Interaktionen berücksichtigen.