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Oprea, Andreea ; Gunsing, Frank ; Schillebeeckx, Peter ; Aberle, Oliver ; Bacak, Michael ; Berthoumieux, Eric ; Cano-Ott, Daniel ; Diakaki, Maria ; Dupont, Emmeric ; Geslot, Benoit ; Glodariu, Tudor ; Heyse, Jan ; Mendoza Cembranos, Emilio ; Negret, Alexandru ; Alcayne, Victor ; Amaducci, Simone ; Andrzejewski, Józef ; Audouin, Laurent ; Bécares, Vicente ; Babiano Suarez, Victor ; Barbagallo, Massimo ; Bečvář, František ; Bellia, Giorgio ; Billowes, Jonathan ; Bosnar, Damir ; Brown, Adam ; Busso, Maurizio ; Caamaño, Manuel ; Caballero Ontanaya, Luis ; Calviño Tavares, Francisco ; Calviani, Marco ; Casanovas Hoste, Adrià ; Cerutti, Francesco ; Chen, Yonghao ; Chiaveri, Enrico ; Colonna, Nicola ; Cortés Rossell, Guillem Pere ; Cortés-Giraldo, Miguel Antonio ; Cosentino, Luigi ; Cristallo, Sergio ; Damone, Lucia Anna ; Dietz, Mirco ; Domingo-Pardo, César ; Dressler, Rugard ; Durán, Ignacio ; Eleme, Zinovia ; Fernández Domínguez, Beatriz ; Ferrari, Alfredo ; Finocchiaro, Paolo ; Furman, Valter ; Göbel, Kathrin ; Garg, Ruchi ; Gawlik, Aleksandra ; Gilardoni, Simone ; Gonçalves, Isabel Maria Ferro ; González Romero, Enrique Miguel ; Guerrero Sánchez, Carlos ; Harada, Hideo ; Heinitz, Stephan ; Jenkins, David ; Jericha, Erwin ; Käppeler, Franz ; Kadi, Yacine ; Kimura, Atsushi ; Kivel, Nikolay ; Kokkoris, Michael ; Kopatch, Yuri N. ; Krtička, Milan ; Kurtulgil, Cem Deniz ; Ladarescu, Ion ; Lederer-Woods, Claudia ; Lerendegui-Marco, Jorge ; Lo Meo, Sergio ; Lonsdale, Sarah Jane ; Macina, Daniela ; Manna, Alice ; Martı́nez, Trinitario ; Masi, Alessandro ; Massimi, Cristian ; Mastinu, Pierfrancesco ; Mastromarco, Mario ; Matteucci, Francesca ; Maugeri, Emilio Andrea ; Mazzone, Annamaria ; Mengoni, Alberto ; Michalopoulou, Veatriki ; Milazzo, Paolo Maria ; Mingrone, Federica ; Musumarra, Agatino ; Nolte, Ralf ; Ogállar Ruiz, Francisco ; Patronis, Nikolas ; Pavlik, Andreas ; Perkowski, Jarosław ; Piersanti, Luciano ; Porras Sánchez, José Ignacio ; Praena, Javier ; Quesada Molina, José Manuel ; Radeck, Désirée ; Ramos Doval, Diego ; Reifarth, René ; Rochman, Dimitri ; Rubbia, Carlo ; Sabaté-Gilarte, Marta ; Saxena, Alok ; Schumann, Dorothea ; Smith, Alastair Gavin ; Sosnin, Nikolay V. ; Stamatopoulos, Athanasios ; Tagliente, Giuseppe ; Taı́n Enríquez, José Luis ; Talip, T. ; Tarifeño-Saldivia, Ariel ; Tassan-Got, Laurent ; Torres-Sánchez, Pablo ; Tsinganis, Andrea ; Ulrich, Jiri ; Urlaß, Sebastian ; Valenta, Stanislav ; Vannini, Gianni ; Variale, Vincenzo ; Vaz, Pedro ; Ventura, Alberto ; Vlachoudis, Vasilis ; Vlastou, Rosa ; Wallner, Anton ; Woods, Philip John ; Wright, Tobias ; Žugec, Petar
Neutron capture on 241Am plays an important role in the nuclear energy production and also provides valuable information for the improvement of nuclear models and the statistical interpretation of the nuclear properties. A new experiment to measure the 241Am(n, γ) cross section in the thermal region and the first few resonances below 10 eV has been carried out at EAR2 of the n_TOF facility at CERN. Three neutron-insensitive C6D6 detectors have been used to measure the neutron-capture gamma cascade as a function of the neutron time of flight, and then deduce the neutron capture yield. Preliminary results will be presented and compared with previously obtained results at the same facility in EAR1. In EAR1 the gamma-ray background at thermal energies was about 90% of the signal while in EAR2 is up to a 25 factor much more favorable signal to noise ratio. We also extended the low energy limit down to subthermal energies. This measurement will allow a comparison with neutron capture measurements conducted at reactors and using a different experimental technique.
Barbagallo, Massimo ; Aberle, Oliver ; Alcayne, Victor ; Amaducci, Simone ; Andrzejewski, Józef ; Audouin, Laurent ; Babiano Suarez, Victor ; Bacak, Michael ; Bennett, Samuel ; Berthoumieux, Eric ; Bosnar, Damir ; Brown, Adam S. ; Busso, Maurizio ; Caamaño, Manuel ; Caballero Ontanaya, Luis ; Calviani, Marco ; Calviño Tavares, Francisco ; Cano-Ott, Daniel ; Casanovas Hoste, Adrià ; Cerutti, Francesco ; Chiaveri, Enrico ; Colonna, Nicola ; Cortés Rossell, Guillem Pere ; Cortés-Giraldo, Miguel Antonio ; Cosentino, Luigi ; Cristallo, Sergio ; Damone, Lucia Anna ; Davies, Paul John ; Diakaki, Maria ; Dietz, Mirco ; Domingo-Pardo, César ; Dressler, Rugard ; Ducasse, Quentin ; Dupont, Emmeric ; Durán, Ignacio ; Eleme, Zinovia ; Fernández Domínguez, Beatriz ; Ferrari, Alfredo ; Gonçalves, Isabel Maria Ferro ; Finocchiaro, Paolo ; Furman, Valter ; Garg, Ruchi ; Gawlik, Aleksandra ; Gilardoni, Simone ; Göbel, Kathrin ; González Romero, Enrique Miguel ; Guerrero Sánchez, Carlos ; Gunsing, Frank ; Heinitz, Stephan ; Heyse, Jan ; Jenkins, David ; Jericha, Erwin ; Jiri, U. ; Junghans, Arnd Rudolf ; Kadi, Yacine ; Käppeler, Franz ; Kimura, Atsushi ; Knapová, Ingrid ; Kokkoris, Michael ; Kopatch, Yuri N. ; Krtička, Milan ; Kurtulgil, Cem Deniz ; Ladarescu, Ion ; Lederer-Woods, Claudia ; Lerendegui-Marco, Jorge ; Lonsdale, Sarah-Jane ; Macina, Daniela ; Manna, Alice ; Martı́nez, Trinitario ; Masi, Alessandro ; Massimi, Cristian ; Mastinu, Pierfrancesco ; Mastromarco, Mario ; Maugeri, Emilio Andrea ; Mazzone, Annamaria ; Mendoza Cembranos, Emilio ; Mengoni, Alberto ; Michalopoulou, Veatriki ; Milazzo, Paolo Maria ; Millán Callado, María de los Ángeles ; Mingrone, Federica ; Moreno-Soto, Javier ; Musumarra, Agatino ; Negret, Alexandru ; Ogállar Ruiz, Francisco ; Oprea, Andreea ; Patronis, Nikolas ; Pavlik, Andreas ; Perkowski, Jarosław ; Petrone, Cristina ; Piersanti, Luciano ; Pirovano, Elisa ; Porras Sánchez, José Ignacio ; Praena, Javier ; Quesada Molina, José Manuel ; Ramos Doval, Diego ; Reifarth, René ; Rochman, Dimitri ; Rubbia, Carlo ; Sabaté- Gilarte, M. ; Saxena, Alok ; Schillebeeckx, Peter ; Schumann, Dorothea ; Sekhar, Adhitya ; Smith, Alastair Gavin ; Sosnin, Nikolay V. ; Sprung, Peter ; Stamatopoulos, Athanasios ; Tagliente, Giuseppe ; Taı́n Enríquez, José Luis ; Tarifeño-Saldivia, Ariel ; Tassan-Got, Laurent ; Thomas, Benedikt ; Torres-Sánchez, Pablo ; Tsinganis, Andrea ; Urlaß, Sebastian ; Valenta, Stanislav ; Vannini, Gianni ; Variale, Vincenzo ; Vaz, Pedro ; Ventura, Alberto ; Vescovi, Diego ; Vlachoudis, Vasilis ; Vlastou, Rosa ; Wallner, Anton ; Woods, Philip John ; Wright, Tobias J. ; Žugec, Petar
Although the 12C(n,p)12B and 12C(n,d)11B reactions are of interest in several fields of basic and applied Nuclear Physics the present knowledge of these two cross-sections is far from being accurate and reliable, with both evaluations and data showing sizable discrepancies. As part of the challenging n_TOF program on (n,cp) nuclear reactions study, the energy differential cross-sections of the 12C(n,p)12B and 12C(n,d)11 B reactions have been measured at CERN from the reaction thresholds up to 30 MeV neutron energy. Both measurements have been recently performed at the long flight-path (185 m) experimental area of the n_TOF facility at CERN using a pure (99.95%) rigid graphite target and two silicon telescopes. In this paper an overview of the experiment is presented together with a few preliminary results.
Moreno-Soto, Javier ; Valenta, Stanislav ; Berthoumieux, Eric ; Chebboubi, Abdelaziz ; Diakaki, Maria ; Dridi, Wissem ; Dupont, Emmeric ; Gunsing, Frank ; Krtička, Milan ; Litaize, Olivier ; Serot, Olivier ; Aberle, Oliver ; Alcayne, Victor ; Amaducci, Simone ; Andrzejewski, Józef ; Audouin, Laurent ; Bécares, Vicente ; Babiano Suarez, Victor ; Bacak, Michael ; Barbagallo, Massimo ; Thomas, Benedikt ; Bennett, Samuel ; Billowes, Jonathan ; Bosnar, Damir ; Brown, Adam ; Busso, Maurizio ; Caamano, Manuel ; Caballero Ontanaya, Luis ; Calviño Tavares, Francisco ; Calviani, Marco ; Cano-Ott, Daniel ; Casanovas Hoste, Adrià ; Cerutti, Francesco ; Chiaveri, Enrico ; Colonna, Nicola ; Cortés Rossell, Guillem Pere ; Cortés-Giraldo, Miguel Antonio ; Cosentino, Luigi ; Cristallo, Sergio ; Damone, Lucia Anna ; Davies, Paul John ; Dietz, Mirco ; Domingo-Pardo, César ; Dressler, Rugard ; Ducasse, Quentin ; Durán, Ignacio ; Eleme, Zinovia ; Fernández Domínguez, Beatriz ; Ferrari, Alfredo ; Finocchiaro, Paolo ; Furman, Valter ; Göbel, Kathrin ; Gawlik-Ramiega, Aleksandra ; Gilardoni, Simone ; Gonçalves, Isabel Maria Ferro ; González Romero, Enrique Miguel ; Guerrero Sánchez, Carlos ; Heinitz, Stephan ; Heyse, Jan ; Jenkins, David ; Junghans, Arnd Rudolf ; Käppeler, Franz ; Kadi, Yacine ; Kimura, Atsushi ; Knapova, Ingrid ; Kokkoris, Michael ; Kopatch, Yuri N. ; Kurtulgil, Cem Deniz ; Ladarescu, Ion ; Lampoudis, Christos ; Lederer-Woods, Claudia ; Lonsdale, Sarah Jane ; Macina, Daniela ; Manna, Alice ; Martinez, Trinitario ; Masi, Alessandro ; Massimi, Cristian ; Mastinu, Pierfrancesco ; Mastromarco, Mario ; Maugeri, Emilio Andrea ; Mazzone, Annamaria ; Mendoza Cembranos, Emilio ; Mengoni, Alberto ; Michalopoulou, Veatriki ; Milazzo, Paolo Maria ; Mingrone, Federica ; Musumarra, Agatino ; Negret, Alexandru ; Nolte, Ralf ; Ogállar Ruiz, Francisco ; Oprea, Andreea ; Patronis, Nikolas ; Pavlik, Andreas ; Perkowski, Jarosław ; Piersanti, Luciano ; Petrone, Cristina ; Pirovano, Elisa ; Porras, Ignacio ; Praena, Javier ; Quesada Molina, José Manuel ; Ramos Doval, Diego ; Rauscher, Thomas ; Reifarth, René ; Rochman, Dimitri ; Sabate-Gilarte, Marta ; Saxena, Alok ; Schillebeeckx, Peter ; Schumann, Dorothea ; Sekhar, Adhitya ; Smith, Alastair Gavin ; Sosnin, Nikolay V. ; Sprung, Peter ; Stamatopoulos, Athanasios ; Tagliente, Giuseppe ; Taı́n Enríquez, José Luis ; Tarifeno-Saldivia, Ariel ; Tassan-Got, Laurent ; Torres-Sanchez, Pablo ; Tsinganis, Andrea ; Ulrich, Jiri ; Urlaß, Sebastian ; Vannini, Gianni ; Variale, Vincenzo ; Vaz, Pedro ; Ventura, Alberto ; Vescovi, Diego ; Vlachoudis, Vasilis ; Vlastou, Rosa ; Wallner, Anton ; Woods, Philip John ; Wright, Tobias ; Žugec, Petar
Background: The photon strength functions (PSFs) and nuclear level density (NLD) are key ingredients for calculation of the photon interaction with nuclei, in particular the reaction cross sections. These cross sections are important especially in nuclear astrophysics and in the development of advanced nuclear technologies.
Purpose: The role of the scissors mode in the M1 PSF of (well-deformed) actinides was investigated by several experimental techniques. The analyses of different experiments result in significant differences, especially on the strength of the mode. The shape of the low-energy tail of the giant electric dipole resonance is uncertain as well. In particular, some works proposed a presence of the E1 pygmy resonance just above 7 MeV. Because of these inconsistencies additional information on PSFs in this region is of great interest.
Methods: The γ-ray spectra from neutron-capture reactions on the 234U, 236 U, and 238 U nuclei have been measured with the total absorption calorimeter of the n_TOF facility at CERN. The background-corrected sum-energy and multi-step-cascade spectra were extracted for several isolated s-wave resonances up to about 140 eV.
Results: The experimental spectra were compared to statistical model predictions coming from a large selection of models of photon strength functions and nuclear level density. No combination of PSF and NLD models from literature is able to globally describe our spectra. After extensive search we were able to find model combinations with modified generalized Lorentzian (MGLO) E1 PSF, which match the experimental spectra as well as the total radiative widths.
Conclusions: The constant temperature energy dependence is favored for a NLD. The tail of giant electric dipole resonance is well described by the MGLO model of the E1 PSF with no hint of pygmy resonance. The M1 PSF must contain a very strong, relatively wide, and likely double-resonance scissors mode. The mode is responsible for about a half of the total radiative width of neutron resonances and significantly affects the radiative cross section.
Colonna, Nicola ; Aberle, Oliver ; Andrzejewski, Józef ; Audouin, Laurent ; Bacak, Michael ; Balibrea Correa, Javier ; Barbagallo, Massimo ; Bečvář, František ; Berthoumieux, Eric ; Billowes, Jonathan ; Bosnar, Damir ; Brown, Adam ; Caamaño, Manuel ; Calviño Tavares, Francisco ; Calviani, Marco ; Cano-Ott, Daniel ; Cardella, Roberto ; Casanovas Hoste, Adrià ; Cerutti, Francesco ; Chen, Yonghao ; Chiaveri, Enrico ; Clai, Giulia ; Cortés Rossell, Guillem Pere ; Cortés-Giraldo, Miguel Antonio ; Cosentino ; Cristallo, Sergio ; Damone, Lucia Anna ; Diakaki, Maria ; Domingo-Pardo, César ; Dressler, Rugard ; Dupont, Emmeric ; Durán, Ignacio ; Fernández Domínguez, Beatriz ; Ferrari, Alfredo ; Ferreira, Pedro G. ; Finocchiaro, Paolo ; Furman, Valter ; Göbel, Kathrin ; García Ríos, Aczel Regino ; Gawlik, Aleksandra ; Gilardoni, Simone ; Glodariu, Tudor ; Gonçalves, Isabel Maria Ferro ; González Romero, Enrique Miguel ; Griesmayer, Erich ; Guerrero Sánchez, Carlos ; Gunsing, Frank ; Harada, Hideo ; Heinitz, Stephan ; Hernández Prieto, Álvaro ; Heyse, Jan ; Jenkins, David ; Jericha, Erwin ; Käppeler, Franz ; Kadi, Yacine ; Kalamara, Antigoni ; Kavrigin, Pavel ; Kimura, Atsushi ; Kivel, Nikolay ; Kokkoris, Michael ; Kroll, Jiří ; Krtička, Milan ; Kurtulgil, Cem Deniz ; Langer, Christoph ; Leal Cidoncha, Esther ; Lederer, Claudia ; Lerendegui-Marco, Jorge ; Leeb, Helmut ; Lo Meo, Sergio ; Lonsdale, Sarah Jane ; Losito, Roberto ; Macina, Daniela ; Mallick, Amod Kishore ; Marganiec, Justyna ; Martı́nez, Trinitario ; Masi, Alessandro ; Massimi, Cristian ; Mastinu, Pierfrancesco ; Mastromarco, Mario ; Maugeri, Emilio Andrea ; Mazzone, Annamaria ; Mendoza Cembranos, Emilio ; Mengoni, Alberto ; Mingrone, Federica ; Milazzo, Paolo Maria ; Mirea, Mihail ; Musumarra, Agatino ; Negret, Alexandru ; Nolte, Ralf ; Oprea, Andreea ; Patronis, Nikolas ; Pavlik, Andreas ; Perkowski, Jarosław ; Piersanti, Luciano ; Porras Sánchez, José Ignacio ; Praena, Javier ; Quesada Molina, José Manuel ; Radeck, Désirée ; Rauscher, Thomas ; Reifarth, René ; Riego Pérez, Albert ; Robles Manzano, Maria Soledad ; Rubbia, Carlo ; Ryan, James A. ; Sabaté-Gilarte, Marta ; Saxena, Alok ; Schillebeeckx, Peter ; Schumann, Dorothea ; Sedyshev, Pavel V. ; Smith, Alastair Gavin ; Sosnin, Nikolay V. ; Stamatopoulos, Athanasios ; Tagliente, Giuseppe ; Taı́n Enríquez, José Luis ; Tarifeño-Saldivia, Ariel ; Tassan-Got, Laurent ; Tsinganis, Andrea ; Valenta, Stanislav ; Vannini, Gianni ; Variale, Vincenzo ; Vaz, Pedro ; Ventura, Alberto ; Vlachoudis, Vasilis ; Vlastou, Rosa ; Wallner, Anton ; Warren, Stephen J. ; Weiß, Christina ; Woods, Philip John ; Wright, Tobias ; Žugec, Petar
An important experimental program on Nuclear Astrophysics is being carried out at the n_TOF since several years, in order to address the still open issues in stellar and primordial nucleosynthesis. Several neutron capture reactions relevant to s-process nucleosynthesis have been measured so far, some of which on important branching point radioisotopes. Furthermore, the construction of a second experimental area has recently opened the way to challenging measurements of (n, charged particle) reactions on isotopes of short half-life. The Nuclear Astrophysics program of the n_TOF Collaboration is here described, with emphasis on recent results relevant for stellar nucleosynthesis, stellar neutron sources and primordial nucleosynthesis.
Lerendegui-Marco, Jorge ; Guerrero Sánchez, Carlos ; Cortés-Giraldo, Miguel Antonio ; Quesada Molina, José Manuel ; Mendoza Cembranos, Emilio ; Cano-Ott, Daniel ; Eberhardt, Klaus ; Junghans, Arnd Rudolf ; Aberle, Oliver ; Andrzejewski, Józef ; Audouin, Laurent ; Bacak, Michael ; Balibrea Correa, Javier ; Barbagallo, Massimo ; Bečvář, František ; Berthoumieux, Eric ; Billowes, Jonathan ; Bosnar, Damir ; Brown, Adam ; Caamaño, Manuel ; Calviño Tavares, Francisco ; Calviani, Marco ; Cardella, Roberto ; Casanovas Hoste, Adrià ; Cerutti, Francesco ; Chen, Yonghao ; Chiaveri, Enrico ; Colonna, Nicola ; Cortés Rossell, Guillem Pere ; Cosentino, Luigi ; Damone, Lucia Anna ; Diakaki, Maria ; Domingo-Pardo, César ; Dressler, Rugard ; Dupont, Emmeric ; Durán, Ignacio ; Fernández Domínguez, Beatriz ; Ferrari, Alfredo ; Ferreira, Pedro G. ; Finocchiaro, Paolo ; Göbel, Kathrin ; Gómez Hornillos, María Belén ; García Ríos, Aczel Regino ; Gawlik, Aleksandra ; Gilardoni, Simone ; Glodariu, Tudor ; Gonçalves, Isabel Maria Ferro ; González Romero, Enrique Miguel ; Griesmayer, Erich ; Gunsing, Frank ; Harada, Hideo ; Heinitz, Stephan ; Heyse, Jan ; Jenkins, David ; Jericha, Erwin ; Käppeler, Franz ; Kadi, Yacine ; Kalamara, Antigoni ; Kavrigin, Pavel ; Kimura, Atsushi ; Kivel, Nikolay ; Kokkoris, Michael ; Krtička, Milan ; Kurtulgil, Cem Deniz ; Leal Cidoncha, Esther ; Lederer, Claudia ; Leeb, Helmut ; Lo Meo, Sergio ; Lonsdale, Sarah Jane ; Macina, Daniela ; Marganiec, Justyna ; Martı́nez, Trinitario ; Masi, Alessandro ; Massimi, Cristian ; Mastinu, Pierfrancesco ; Mastromarco, Mario ; Maugeri, Emilio Andrea ; Mazzone, Annamaria ; Mengoni, Alberto ; Milazzo, Paolo Maria ; Mingrone, Federica ; Musumarra, Agatino ; Negret, Alexandru ; Nolte, Ralf ; Oprea, Andreea ; Patronis, Nikolas ; Pavlik, Andreas ; Perkowski, Jarosław ; Porras Sánchez, José Ignacio ; Praena, Javier ; Radeck, Désirée ; Rauscher, Thomas ; Reifarth, René ; Rout, Prakash Chandra ; Rubbia, Carlo ; Ryan, James ; Sabaté-Gilarte, Marta ; Saxena, Alok ; Schillebeeckx, Peter ; Schumann, Dorothea ; Smith, Alastair Gavin ; Sosnin, Nikolay V. ; Stamatopoulos, Athanasios ; Tagliente, Giuseppe ; Taı́n Enríquez, José Luis ; Tarifeño-Saldivia, Ariel ; Tassan-Got, Laurent ; Valenta, Stanislav ; Vannini, Gianni ; Variale, Vincenzo ; Vaz, Pedro ; Ventura, Alberto ; Vlachoudis, Vasilis ; Vlastou, Rosa ; Wallner, Anton ; Warren, Stephen J. ; Woods, Philip John ; Wright, Tobias ; Žugec, Petar
The spent fuel of current nuclear reactors contains fissile plutonium isotopes that can be combined with 238U to make mixed oxide (MOX) fuel. In this way the Pu from spent fuel is used in a new reactor cycle, contributing to the long-term sustainability of nuclear energy. The use of MOX fuels in thermal and fast reactors requires accurate capture and fission cross sections. For the particular case of 242Pu, the previous neutron capture cross section measurements were made in the 70's, providing an uncertainty of about 35% in the keV region. In this context, the Nuclear Energy Agency recommends in its “High Priority Request List” and its report WPEC-26 that the capture cross section of 242Pu should be measured with an accuracy of at least 7–12% in the neutron energy range between 500 eV and 500 keV. This work presents a brief description of the measurement performed at n_TOF-EAR1, the data reduction process and the first ToF capture measurement on this isotope in the last 40 years, providing preliminary individual resonance parameters beyond the current energy limits in the evaluations, as well as a preliminary set of average resonance parameters.
Chiaveri, Enrico ; Aberle, Oliver ; Andrzejewski, Józef ; Audouin, Laurent ; Bacak, Michael ; Balibrea Correa, Javier ; Barbagallo, Massimo ; Bečvář, František ; Berthoumieux, Eric ; Billowes, Jonathan ; Bosnar, Damir ; Brown, Adam ; Caamaño, Manuel ; Calviño Tavares, Francisco ; Calviani, Marco ; Cano-Ott, Daniel ; Cardella, Roberto ; Casanovas Hoste, Adrià ; Cerutti, Francesco ; Chen, Yonghao ; Colonna, Nicola ; Cortés Rossell, Guillem Pere ; Cortés-Giraldo, Miguel Antonio ; Cosentino, Luigi ; Damone, Lucia Anna ; Diakaki, Maria ; Domingo-Pardo, César ; Dressler, Rugard ; Dupont, Emmeric ; Durán, Ignacio ; Fernández Domínguez, Beatriz ; Ferrari, Alfredo ; Ferreira, Pedro G. ; Finocchiaro, Paolo ; Göbel, Kathrin ; García Ríos, Aczel Regino ; Gawlik, Aleksandra ; Gilardoni, Simone ; Glodariu, Tudor ; Gonçalves, Isabel Maria Ferro ; González Romero, Enrique Miguel ; Griesmayer, Erich ; Guerrero Sánchez, Carlos ; Gunsing, Frank ; Harada, Hideo ; Heinitz, Stephan ; Heyse, Jan ; Jenkins, David ; Jericha, Erwin ; Käppeler, Franz ; Kadi, Yacine ; Kalamara, Antigoni ; Kavrigin, Pavel ; Kimura, Atsushi ; Kivel, Nikolay ; Kokkoris, Michael ; Krtička, Milan ; Kurtulgil, Cem Deniz ; Leal Cidoncha, Esther ; Lederer, Claudia ; Leeb, Helmut ; Lerendegui-Marco, Jorge ; Lo Meo, Sergio ; Lonsdale, Sarah Jane ; Macina, Daniela ; Marganiec, Justyna ; Martı́nez, Trinitario ; Masi, Alessandro ; Massimi, Cristian ; Mastinu, Pierfrancesco ; Mastromarco, Mario ; Maugeri, Emilio Andrea ; Mazzone, Annamaria ; Mendoza Cembranos, Emilio ; Mengoni, Alberto ; Milazzo, Paolo Maria ; Mingrone, Federica ; Musumarra, Agatino ; Negret, Alexandru ; Nolte, Ralf ; Oprea, Andreea ; Patronis, Nikolas ; Pavlik, Andreas ; Perkowski, Jarosław ; Porras Sánchez, José Ignacio ; Praena, Javier ; Quesada Molina, José Manuel ; Radeck, Désirée ; Rauscher, Thomas ; Reifarth, René ; Rubbia, Carlo ; Ryan, James ; Sabaté-Gilarte, Marta ; Saxena, Alok ; Schillebeeckx, Peter ; Schumann, Dorothea ; Smith, Alastair Gavin ; Sosnin, Nikolay V. ; Stamatopoulos, Athanasios ; Tagliente, Giuseppe ; Taı́n Enríquez, José Luis ; Tarifeño-Saldivia, Ariel ; Tassan-Got, Laurent ; Tsinganis, Andrea ; Valenta, Stanislav ; Vannini, Gianni ; Variale, Vincenzo ; Vaz, Pedro ; Ventura, Alberto ; Vlachoudis, Vasilis ; Vlastou, Rosa ; Wallner, Anton ; Warren, Stephen J. ; Woods, Philip John ; Wright, Tobias ; Žugec, Petar
The CERN n_TOF neutron beam facility is characterized by a very high instantaneous neutron flux, excellent TOF resolution at the 185 m long flight path (EAR-1), low intrinsic background and coverage of a wide range of neutron energies, from thermal to a few GeV. These characteristics provide a unique possibility to perform high-accuracy measurements of neutron-induced reaction cross-sections and angular distributions of interest for fundamental and applied Nuclear Physics. Since 2001, the n_TOF Collaboration has collected a wealth of high quality nuclear data relevant for nuclear astrophysics, nuclear reactor technology, nuclear medicine, etc. The overall efficiency of the experimental program and the range of possible measurements has been expanded with the construction of a second experimental area (EAR-2), located 20 m on the vertical of the n_TOF spallation target. This upgrade, which benefits from a neutron flux 30 times higher than in EAR-1, provides a substantial extension in measurement capabilities, opening the possibility to collect data on neutron cross-section of isotopes with short half-lives or available in very small amounts. This contribution will outline the main characteristics of the n_TOF facility, with special emphasis on the new experimental area. In particular, we will discuss the innovative features of the EAR-2 neutron beam that make possible to perform very challenging measurements on short-lived radioisotopes or sub-mg samples, out of reach up to now at other neutron facilities around the world. Finally, the future perspectives of the facility will be presented.
Guerrero Sánchez, Carlos ; Lerendegui-Marco, Jorge ; Domingo-Pardo, César ; Casanovas Hoste, Adrià ; Dressler, Rugard ; Halfon, Shlomi ; Heinitz, Stephan ; Kivel, Nikolay ; Köster, Ulrich ; Paul, Michael ; Quesada Molina, José Manuel ; Schumann, Dorothea ; Tarifeño-Saldivia, Ariel ; Tessler, Moshe ; Weissman, Leo ; Aberle, Oliver ; Andrzejewski, Józef ; Audouin, Laurent ; Bacak, Michael ; Balibrea Correa, Javier ; Barbagallo, Massimo ; Bečvář, František ; Berthoumieux, Eric ; Billowes, Jonathan ; Bosnar, Damir ; Brown, Adam ; Caamaño, Manuel ; Calviño Tavares, Francisco ; Calviani, Marco ; Cano-Ott, Daniel ; Cardella, Roberto ; Cerutti, Francesco ; Chen, Yonghao ; Chiaveri, Enrico ; Colonna, Nicola ; Cortés Rossell, Guillem Pere ; Cortés-Giraldo, Miguel Antonio ; Cosentino, Luigi ; Damone, Lucia Anna ; Diakaki, Maria ; Dupont, Emmeric ; Durán, Ignacio ; Fernández Domínguez, Beatriz ; Ferrari, Alfredo ; Ferreira, Pedro G. ; Finocchiaro, Paolo ; Göbel, Kathrin ; García Ríos, Aczel Regino ; Gawlik, Aleksandra ; Gilardoni, Simone ; Glodariu, Tudor ; Gonçalves, Isabel Maria Ferro ; González Romero, Enrique Miguel ; Griesmayer, Erich ; Gunsing, Frank ; Harada, Hideo ; Heyse, Jan ; Jenkins, David ; Jericha, Erwin ; Käppeler, Franz ; Kadi, Yacine ; Kalamara, Antigoni ; Kavrigin, Pavel ; Kimura, Atsushi ; Kivel, Nikolay ; Kokkoris, Michael ; Krtička, Milan ; Kurtulgil, Cem Deniz ; Leal Cidoncha, Esther ; Lederer, Claudia ; Leeb, Helmut ; Lo Meo, Sergio ; Lonsdale, Sarah Jane ; Macina, Daniela ; Marganiec, Justyna ; Martı́nez, Trinitario ; Masi, Alessandro ; Massimi, Cristian ; Mastinu, Pierfrancesco ; Mastromarco, Mario ; Maugeri, Emilio Andrea ; Mazzone, Annamaria ; Mendoza Cembranos, Emilio ; Mengoni, Alberto ; Milazzo, Paolo Maria ; Mingrone, Federica ; Musumarra, Agatino ; Negret, Alexandru ; Nolte, Ralf ; Oprea, Andreea ; Patronis, Nikolas ; Pavlik, Andreas ; Perkowski, Jarosław ; Porras Sánchez, José Ignacio ; Praena, Javier ; Radeck, Désirée ; Rauscher, Thomas ; Reifarth, René ; Rout, Prakash Chandra ; Rubbia, Carlo ; Ryan, James ; Sabaté-Gilarte, Marta ; Saxena, Alok ; Schillebeeckx, Peter ; Smith, Alastair Gavin ; Sosnin, Nikolay V. ; Stamatopoulos, Athanasios ; Tagliente, Giuseppe ; Taı́n Enríquez, José Luis ; Tassan-Got, Laurent ; Tsinganis, Andrea ; Valenta, Stanislav ; Vannini, Gianni ; Variale, Vincenzo ; Vaz, Pedro ; Ventura, Alberto ; Vlachoudis, Vasilis ; Vlastou, Rosa ; Wallner, Anton ; Warren, Stephen J. ; Weiß, Christina ; Woods, Philip John ; Wright, Tobias ; Žugec, Petar
The neutron capture cross section of several key unstable isotopes acting as branching points in the s-process are crucial for stellar nucleosynthesis studies, but they are very challenging to measure due to the difficult production of sufficient sample material, the high activity of the resulting samples, and the actual (n,γ) measurement, for which high neutron fluxes and effective background rejection capabilities are required. As part of a new program to measure some of these important branching points, radioactive targets of 147Pm and 171Tm have been produced by irradiation of stable isotopes at the ILL high flux reactor. Neutron capture on 146Nd and 170Er at the reactor was followed by beta decay and the resulting matrix was purified via radiochemical separation at PSI. The radioactive targets have been used for time-of-flight measurements at the CERN n_TOF facility using the 19 and 185 m beam lines during 2014 and 2015. The capture cascades were detected using a set of four C6D6 scintillators, allowing to observe the associated neutron capture resonances. The results presented in this work are the first ever determination of the resonance capture cross section of 147Pm and 171Tm. Activation experiments on the same 147Pm and 171Tm targets with a high-intensity 30 keV quasi-Maxwellian flux of neutrons will be performed using the SARAF accelerator and the Liquid-Lithium Target (LiLiT) in order to extract the corresponding Maxwellian Average Cross Section (MACS). The status of these experiments and preliminary results will be presented and discussed as well.
Torres-Sánchez, Pablo ; Praena, Javier ; Porras Sánchez, José Ignacio ; Sabaté-Gilarte, Marta ; Lederer-Woods, Claudia ; Aberle, Oliver ; Alcayne, Victor ; Amaducci, Simone ; Andrzejewski, Józef ; Audouin, Laurent ; Bécares, Vicente ; Babiano Suarez, Victor ; Bacak, Michael ; Barbagallo, Massimo ; Bečvář, František ; Bellia, Giorgio ; Berthoumieux, Eric ; Billowes, Jonathan ; Bosnar, Damir ; Brown, Adam ; Busso, Maurizio ; Caamaño, Manuel ; Caballero Ontanaya, Luis ; Calviño Tavares, Francisco ; Calviani, Marco ; Cano-Ott, Daniel ; Casanovas Hoste, Adrià ; Cerutti, Francesco ; Chen, Yonghao ; Chiaveri, Enrico ; Colonna, Nicola ; Cortés Rossell, Guillem Pere ; Cortés-Giraldo, Miguel Antonio ; Cosentino, Luigi ; Cristallo, Sergio ; Damone, Lucia Anna ; Diakaki, Maria ; Dietz, Mirco ; Domingo-Pardo, César ; Dressler, Rugard ; Dupont, Emmeric ; Durán, Ignacio ; Eleme, Zinovia ; Fernández Domínguez, Beatriz ; Ferrari, Alfredo ; Ferrer, Francisco Javier ; Finocchiaro, Paolo ; Furman, Valter ; Göbel, Kathrin ; Garg, Ruchi ; Gawlik-Ramięga, Aleksandra ; Geslot, Benoit ; Gilardoni, Simone ; Glodariu, Tudor ; Gonçalves, Isabel Maria Ferro ; González Romero, Enrique Miguel ; Guerrero Sánchez, Carlos ; Gunsing, Frank ; Harada, Hideo ; Heinitz, Stephan ; Heyse, Jan ; Jenkins, David ; Jericha, Erwin ; Käppeler, Franz ; Kadi, Yacine ; Kimura, Atsushi ; Kivel, Nikolay ; Kokkoris, Michael ; Kopatch, Yuri N. ; Krtička, Milan ; Kurtulgil, Cem Deniz ; Ladarescu, Ion ; Leeb, Helmut ; Lerendegui-Marco, Jorge ; Lo Meo, Sergio ; Lonsdale, Sarah Jane ; Macina, Daniela ; Manna, Alice ; Martínez, Trinitario ; Masi, Alessandro ; Massimi, Cristian ; Mastinu, Pierfrancesco ; Mastromarco, Mario ; Matteucci, Francesca ; Maugeri, Emilio Andrea ; Mazzone, Annamaria ; Mendoza Cembranos, Emilio ; Mengoni, Alberto ; Michalopoulou, Veatriki ; Milazzo, Paolo Maria ; Mingrone, Federica ; Musumarra, Agatino ; Negret, Alexandru ; Nolte, Ralf ; Ogállar Ruiz, Francisco ; Oprea, Andreea ; Patronis, Nikolas ; Pavlik, Andreas ; Perkowski, Jarosław ; Piersanti, Luciano ; Quesada Molina, José Manuel ; Radeck, Désirée ; Ramos Doval, Diego ; Rauscher, Thomas ; Reifarth, René ; Rochman, Dimitri ; Rubbia, Carlo ; Saxena, Alok ; Schillebeeckx, Peter ; Schumann, Dorothea ; Smith, Alastair Gavin ; Sosnin, Nikolay V. ; Stamatopoulos, Athanasios ; Tagliente, Giuseppe ; Taı́n Enríquez, Jose Luis ; Talip, Zeynep ; Tarifeño-Saldivia, Ariel ; Tassan-Got, Laurent ; Tsinganis, Andrea ; Ulrich, Jiri ; Urlaß, Sebastian ; Valenta, Stanislav ; Vannini, Gianni ; Variale, Vincenzo ; Vaz, Pedro ; Ventura, Alberto ; Vlachoudis, Vasilis ; Vlastou, Rosa ; Wallner, Anton ; Woods, Philip John ; Wright, Tobias ; Žugec, Petar
The 14N(n,p)14C reaction is of interest in neutron capture therapy, where nitrogen-related dose is the main component due to low-energy neutrons, and in astrophysics, where 14N acts as a neutron poison in the s-process. Several discrepancies remain between the existing data obtained in partial energy ranges: thermal energy, keV region and resonance region. Purpose: Measuring the 14N(n,p)14C cross section from thermal to the resonance region in a single measurement for the first time, including characterization of the first resonances, and providing calculations of Maxwellian averaged cross sections (MACS). Method: Time-of-flight technique. Experimental Area 2 (EAR-2) of the neutron time-of-flight (n_TOF) facility at CERN. 10B(n,α)7Li and 235U(n,f) reactions as references. Two detection systems running simultaneously, one on-beam and another off-beam. Description of the resonances with the R-matrix code sammy. Results: The cross section has been measured from sub-thermal energy to 800 keV resolving the two first resonances (at 492.7 and 644 keV). A thermal cross-section (1.809±0.045 b) lower than the two most recent measurements by slightly more than one standard deviation, but in line with the ENDF/B-VIII.0 and JEFF-3.3 evaluations has been obtained. A 1/v energy dependence of the cross section has been confirmed up to tens of keV neutron energy. The low energy tail of the first resonance at 492.7 keV is lower than suggested by evaluated values, while the overall resonance strength agrees with evaluations. Conclusions: Our measurement has allowed to determine the 14N(n,p) cross-section over a wide energy range for the first time. We have obtained cross-sections with high accuracy (2.5 %) from sub-thermal energy to 800 keV and used these data to calculate the MACS for kT = 5 to kT = 100 keV.
Mazzone, Annamaria ; Cristallo, Sergio ; Aberle, Oliver ; Alaerts, Gery ; Alcayne, Victor ; Amaducci, Simone ; Andrzejewski, Józef ; Audouin, Laurent ; Babiano Suarez, Victor ; Bacak, Michael ; Barbagallo, Massimo ; Bécares, Vicente ; Bečvář, František ; Bellia, Giorgio ; Berthoumieux, Eric ; Billowes, Jonathan ; Bosnar, Damir ; Brown, Adam S. ; Busso, Maurizio ; Caamaño, Manuel ; Caballero Ontanaya, Luis ; Calviani, Marco ; Calviño Tavares, Francisco ; Cano-Ott, Daniel ; Casanovas Hoste, Adrià ; Castelluccio, Donato Maurizio ; Cerutti, Francesco ; Chen, Yonghao ; Chiaveri, Enrico ; Clai, Giulia ; Colonna, Nicola ; Cortés Rossell, Guillem Pere ; Cortés-Giraldo, Miguel Antonio ; Cosentino, Luigi ; Damone, Lucia Anna ; Diakaki, Maria ; Dietz, Mirco ; Domingo-Pardo, César ; Dressler, Rugard ; Dupont, Emmeric ; Durán, Ignacio ; Eleme, Zinovia ; Fernández Domínguez, Beatriz ; Ferrari, Alfredo ; Gonçalves, Isabel Maria Ferro ; Finocchiaro, Paolo ; Furman, Valter ; Garg, Ruchi ; Gawlik, Aleksandra ; Gilardoni, Simone ; Glodariu, Tudor ; Göbel, Kathrin ; González Romero, Enrique Miguel ; Guerrero Sánchez, Carlos ; Gunsing, Frank ; Heinitz, Stephan ; Heyse, Jan ; Jenkins, David ; Jericha, Erwin ; Kadi, Yacine ; Käppeler, Franz ; Kimura, Atsushi ; Kivel, Nikolay ; Kokkoris, Michael ; Kopatch, Yuri N. ; Kopecky, Stefan ; Krtička, Milan ; Kurtulgil, Cem Deniz ; Ladarescu, Ion ; Lederer-Woods, Claudia ; Lerendegui-Marco, Jorge ; Lo Meo, Sergio ; Lonsdale, Sarah-Jane ; Macina, Daniela ; Manna, Alice ; Martínez, Trinitario ; Masi, Alessandro ; Massimi, Cristian ; Mastinu, Pierfrancesco ; Mastromarco, Mario ; Matteucci, Francesca ; Maugeri, Emilio Andrea ; Mendoza Cembranos, Emilio ; Mengoni, Alberto ; Michalopoulou, Veatriki ; Milazzo, Paolo Maria ; Mingrone, Federica ; Mucciola, Riccardo ; Musumarra, Agatino ; Negret, Alexandru ; Nolte, Ralf ; Ogállar Ruiz, Francisco ; Oprea, Andreea ; Patronis, Nikolas ; Pavlik, Andreas ; Perkowski, Jarosław ; Piersanti, Luciano ; Porras Sánchez, José Ignacio ; Praena, Javier ; Quesada Molina, José Manuel ; Radeck, Désirée ; Ramos Doval, Diego ; Reifarth, René ; Rochman, Dimitri ; Rubbia, Carlo ; Sabaté-Gilarte, Marta ; Saxena, Alok ; Schillebeeckx, Peter ; Schumann, Dorothea ; Smith, Alastair Gavin ; Sosnin, Nikolay V. ; Stamatopoulos, Athanasios ; Tagliente, Giuseppe ; Taı́n Enríquez, José Luis ; Talip, Zeynep ; Tarifeño-Saldivia, Ariel ; Tassan-Got, Laurent ; Torres-Sánchez, Pablo ; Tsinganis, Andrea ; Ulrich, Jiri ; Urlaß, Sebastian ; Valenta, Stanislav ; Vannini, Gianni ; Variale, Vincenzo ; Vaz, Pedro ; Ventura, Alberto ; Vescovi, Diego ; Vlachoudis, Vasilis ; Vlastou, Rosa ; Wallner, Anton ; Woods, Philip John ; Wynants, Ruud ; Wright, Tobias J. ; Žugec, Petar
The neutron capture cross section of 154Gd was measured from 1 eV to 300 keV in the experimental area located 185 m from the CERN n_TOF neutron spallation source, using a metallic sample of gadolinium, enriched to 67% in 154Gd. The capture measurement, performed with four C6D6 scintillation detectors, has been complemented by a transmission measurement performed at the GELINA time-of-flight facility (JRC-Geel), thus minimising the uncertainty related to sample composition. An accurate Maxwellian averaged capture cross section (MACS) was deduced over the temperature range of interest for s process nucleosynthesis modelling. We report a value of 880(50) mb for the MACS at kT = 30 keV, significantly lower compared to values available in literature. The new adopted 154Gd(n,γ) cross section reduces the discrepancy between observed and calculated solar s-only isotopic abundances predicted by s-process nucleosynthesis models.
Babiano Suarez, Victor ; Lerendegui-Marco, Jorge ; Balibrea Correa, Javier ; Caballero Ontanaya, Luis ; Calvo, David ; Ladarescu, Ion ; Domingo-Pardo, César ; Calviño Tavares, Francisco ; Casanovas Hoste, Adrià ; Tarifeño-Saldivia, Ariel ; Alcayne, Victor ; Guerrero Sánchez, Carlos ; Millán Callado, María de los Ángeles ; Rodrı́guez-González, María Teresa ; Barbagallo, Massimo ; Aberle, Oliver ; Amaducci, Simone ; Andrzejewski, Józef ; Audouin, Laurent ; Bacak, Michael ; Bennett, Samuel ; Berthoumieux, Eric ; Billowes, Jonathan ; Bosnar, Damir ; Brown, Adam ; Busso, Maurizio ; Caamaño, Manuel ; Calviani, Marco ; Cano-Ott, Daniel ; Cerutti, Francesco ; Chiaveri, Enrico ; Colonna, Nicola ; Cortés Rossell, Guillem Pere ; Cortés-Giraldo, Miguel Antonio ; Cosentino, Luigi ; Cristallo, Sergio ; Damone, Lucia Anna ; Davies, Paul John ; Diakaki, Maria ; Dietz, Mirco ; Dressler, Rugard ; Ducasse, Quentin ; Dupont, Emmeric ; Durán, Ignacio ; Eleme, Zinovia ; Fernández Domínguez, Beatriz ; Ferrari, Alfredo ; Finocchiaro, Paolo ; Furman, Valter ; Göbel, Kathrin ; Garg, Ruchi ; Gawlik, Aleksandra ; Gilardoni, Simone ; Gonçalves, Isabel Maria Ferro ; González Romero, Enrique Miguel ; Gunsing, Frank ; Harada, Hideo ; Heinitz, Stephan ; Heyse, Jan ; Jenkins, David ; Junghans, Arnd Rudolf ; Käppeler, Franz ; Kadi, Yacine ; Kimura, Atsushi ; Knapova, Ingrid ; Kokkoris, Michael ; Kopatch, Yuri N. ; Krtička, Milan ; Kurtulgil, Cem Deniz ; Lederer-Woods, Claudia ; Leeb, Helmut ; Lonsdale, Sarah Jane ; Macina, Daniela ; Manna, Alice ; Martinez, Trinitario ; Masi, Alessandro ; Massimi, Cristian ; Mastinu, Pierfrancesco ; Mastromarco, Mario ; Maugeri, Emilio Andrea ; Mazzone, Annamaria ; Mendoza Cembranos, Emilio ; Mengoni, Alberto ; Michalopoulou, Veatriki ; Milazzo, Paolo Maria ; Mingrone, Federica ; Moreno-Soto, Javier ; Musumarra, Agatino ; Negret, Alexandru ; Ogállar Ruiz, Francisco ; Oprea, Andreea ; Patronis, Nikolas ; Pavlik, Andreas ; Perkowski, Jarosław ; Piersanti, Luciano ; Petrone, Cristina ; Pirovano, Elisa ; Porras Sánchez, José Ignacio ; Praena, Javier ; Quesada Molina, José Manuel ; Ramos Doval, Diego ; Rauscher, Thomas ; Reifarth, René ; Rochman, Dimitri ; Rubbia, Carlo ; Sabaté-Gilarte, Marta ; Saxena, Alok ; Schillebeeckx, Peter ; Schumann, Dorothea ; Sekhar, Adhitya ; Smith, Alastair Gavin ; Sosnin, Nikolay V. ; Sprung, Peter ; Stamatopoulos, Athanasios ; Tagliente, Giuseppe ; Taı́n Enríquez, José Luis ; Tassan-Got, Laurent ; Thomas, Th. ; Torres-Sánchez, Pablo ; Tsinganis, Andrea ; Ulrich, Jiri ; Urlaß, Sebastian ; Valenta, Stanislav ; Vannini, Gianni ; Variale, Vincenzo ; Vaz, Pedro ; Ventura, Alberto ; Vescovi, Diego ; Vlachoudis, Vasilis ; Vlastou, Rosa ; Wallner, Anton ; Woods, Philip John ; Wright, Tobias ; Žugec, Petar
i-TED is an innovative detection system which exploits Compton imaging techniques to achieve a superior signal-to-background ratio in (n,γ) cross-section measurements using time-of-flight technique. This work presents the first experimental validation of the i-TED apparatus for high-resolution time-of-flight experiments and demonstrates for the first time the concept proposed for background rejection. To this aim both 197Au(n,γ) and 56Fe(n,γ) reactions were measured at CERN n\_TOF using an i-TED demonstrator based on only three position-sensitive detectors. Two \cds detectors were also used to benchmark the performance of i-TED. The i-TED prototype built for this study shows a factor of ∼3 higher detection sensitivity than state-of-the-art \cds detectors in the ∼10~keV neutron energy range of astrophysical interest. This paper explores also the perspectives of further enhancement in performance attainable with the final i-TED array consisting of twenty position-sensitive detectors and new analysis methodologies based on Machine-Learning techniques.