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We report a systematic measurement of cumulants, Cn, for net-proton, proton and antiproton multiplicity distributions, and correlation functions, κn, for proton and antiproton multiplicity distributions up to the fourth order in Au+Au collisions at sNN−−−√ = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 54.4, 62.4 and 200 GeV. The Cn and κn are presented as a function of collision energy, centrality and kinematic acceptance in rapidity, y, and transverse momentum, pT. The data were taken during the first phase of the Beam Energy Scan (BES) program (2010 -- 2017) at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) facility. The measurements are carried out at midrapidity (|y|< 0.5) and transverse momentum 0.4 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c, using the STAR detector at RHIC. We observe a non-monotonic energy dependence (sNN−−−√ = 7.7 -- 62.4 GeV) of the net-proton C4/C2 with the significance of 3.1σ for the 0-5\% central Au+Au collisions. This is consistent with the expectations of critical fluctuations in a QCD-inspired model. Thermal and transport model calculations show a monotonic variation with sNN−−−√. For the multiparticle correlation functions, we observe significant negative values for a two-particle correlation function, κ2, of protons and antiprotons, which are mainly due to the effects of baryon number conservation. Furthermore, it is found that the four-particle correlation function, κ4, of protons plays a role in determining the energy dependence of proton C4/C1 below 19.6 GeV, which cannot be understood by the effect of baryon number conservation.
We report a measurement of cumulants and correlation functions of event-by-event proton multiplicity distributions from fixed-target Au+Au collisions at sNN−−−√ = 3 GeV measured by the STAR experiment. Protons are identified within the rapidity (y) and transverse momentum (pT) region −0.9<y<0 and 0.4<pT<2.0 GeV/c in the center-of-mass frame. A systematic analysis of the proton cumulants and correlation functions up to sixth-order as well as the corresponding ratios as a function of the collision centrality, pT, and y are presented. The effect of pileup and initial volume fluctuations on these observables and the respective corrections are discussed in detail. The results are compared to calculations from the hadronic transport UrQMD model as well as a hydrodynamic model. In the most central 5\% collisions, the value of proton cumulant ratio C4/C2 is negative, drastically different from the values observed in Au+Au collisions at higher energies. Compared to model calculations including Lattice QCD, a hadronic transport model, and a hydrodynamic model, the strong suppression in the ratio of C4/C2 at 3 GeV Au+Au collisions indicates an energy regime dominated by hadronic interactions.
Measurement of cold nuclear matter effects for inclusive J/ψ in p+Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV
(2022)
Measurement by the STAR experiment at RHIC of the cold nuclear matter (CNM) effects experienced by inclusive J/ψ at mid-rapidity in 0-100% p+Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV is presented. Such effects are quantified utilizing the nuclear modification factor, RpAu, obtained by taking a ratio of J/ψ yield in p+Au collisions to that in p+p collisions scaled by the number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions. The differential J/ψ yield in both p+p and p+Au collisions is measured through the dimuon decay channel, taking advantage of the trigger capability provided by the Muon Telescope Detector in the RHIC 2015 run. Consequently, the J/ψ RpAu is derived within the transverse momentum (pT) range of 0 to 10 GeV/c. A suppression of approximately 30% is observed for pT < 2 GeV/c, while J/ψ RpAu becomes compatible with unity for pT greater than 3 GeV/c, indicating the J/ψ yield is minimally affected by the CNM effects at high pT. Comparison to a similar measurement from 0-20% central Au+Au collisions reveals that the observed strong J/ψ suppression above 3 GeV/c is mostly due to the hot medium effects, providing strong evidence for the formation of the quark-gluon plasma in these collisions. Several model calculations show qualitative agreement with the measured J/ψ RpAu, while their agreement with the J/ψ yields in p+p and p+Au collisions is worse.
Measurement of e⁺e⁻ → π⁺π⁻D⁺D⁻ cross sections at center-of-mass energies from 4.190 to 4.946 GeV
(2022)
Using data samples collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII storage ring, we measure the cross sections of the e+e−→π+π−D+D− process at center-of-mass energies from 4.190 to 4.946 GeV with a partial reconstruction method. Two resonance structures are seen and the resonance parameters are determined from a fit to the cross section line shape. The first resonance we observe has a mass of (4373.1 ± 4.0 ± 2.2) MeV/c2 and a width of (146.5 ± 7.4 ± 1.3) MeV, in agreement with those of the Y(4390) state; the other resonance has a mass of (4706 ± 11 ± 4) MeV/c2, a width of (45 ± 28 ± 9) MeV, and a statistical significance of 4.1 standard deviations (σ). This is the first evidence for a vector state at this mass value. The spin-3 D-wave charmonium state X(3842) is searched for through the e+e−→π+π−X(3842)→π+π−D+D− process, and evidence with a significance of 4.2σ is found in the data samples with center-of-mass energies from 4.600 to 4.700 GeV.
Using a data sample of e+e− collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19 fb−1 collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, we search for the production of deuterons and antideuterons via e+e−→ppπ−d¯+c.c. for the first time at center-of-mass energies between 4.13 and 4.70 GeV. No significant signal is observed and the upper limit of the e+e−→ppπ−d¯+c.c. cross section is determined to be from 9.0 to 145 fb depending on the center-of-mass energy at the 90% confidence level.
We report the first multi-differential measurements of strange hadrons of K −, φ and − yields as well as the ratios of φ/K − and φ/− in Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 3 GeV with the STAR experiment fixed target configuration at RHIC. The φ mesons and − hyperons are measured through hadronic decay channels, φ → K + K − and Ξ− → Λπ−. Collision centrality and rapidity dependence of the transverse momentum spectra for these strange hadrons are presented. The 4π yields and ratios are compared to thermal model and hadronic transport model predictions. At this collision energy, thermal model with grand canonical ensemble (GCE) under-predicts the φ/K − and φ/− ratios while the result of canonical ensemble (CE) calculations reproduce φ/K −, with the correlation length rc ∼ 2.7 fm, and φ/−, rc ∼ 4.2 fm, for the 0-10% central collisions. Hadronic transport models including high mass resonance decays could also describe the ratios. While thermal calculations with GCE work well for strangeness production in high energy collisions, the change to CE at 3 GeV implies a rather different medium property at high baryon density.
Quantum-correlated 𝐷¯𝐷 pairs collected by the BESIII experiment at the 𝜓(3770) resonance corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.93 fb−1 are used to study the 𝐷0→𝐾0𝑆𝜋+𝜋−𝜋0 decay mode. The 𝐶𝑃-even fraction of 𝐷0→𝐾0𝑆𝜋+𝜋−𝜋0 decays is determined to be 0.235±0.010±0.002, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic.
Fungi play pivotal roles in ecosystem functioning, but little is known about their global patterns of diversity, endemicity, vulnerability to global change drivers and conservation priority areas. We applied the high-resolution PacBio sequencing technique to identify fungi based on a long DNA marker that revealed a high proportion of hitherto unknown fungal taxa. We used a Global Soil Mycobiome consortium dataset to test relative performance of various sequencing depth standardization methods (calculation of residuals, exclusion of singletons, traditional and SRS rarefaction, use of Shannon index of diversity) to find optimal protocols for statistical analyses. Altogether, we used six global surveys to infer these patterns for soil-inhabiting fungi and their functional groups. We found that residuals of log-transformed richness (including singletons) against log-transformed sequencing depth yields significantly better model estimates compared with most other standardization methods. With respect to global patterns, fungal functional groups differed in the patterns of diversity, endemicity and vulnerability to main global change predictors. Unlike α-diversity, endemicity and global-change vulnerability of fungi and most functional groups were greatest in the tropics. Fungi are vulnerable mostly to drought, heat, and land cover change. Fungal conservation areas of highest priority include wetlands and moist tropical ecosystems.
Quantum-correlated DD¯ pairs collected by the BESIII experiment at the ψ(3770) resonance, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.93 fb−1, are used to study the D0→K0Sπ+π−π0 decay mode. The CP-even fraction of D0→K0Sπ+π−π0 decays is determined to be 0.235±0.010±0.002, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic.
he decay D→K−π+ is studied in a sample of quantum-correlated DD¯ pairs, based on a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.93\,fb−1 collected at the ψ(3770) resonance by the BESIII experiment. The asymmetry between CP-odd and CP-even eigenstate decays into K−π+ is determined to be AKπ=0.132±0.011±0.007, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. This measurement is an update of an earlier study exploiting additional tagging modes, including several decay modes involving a K0L meson. The branching fractions of the K0L modes are determined as input to the analysis in a manner that is independent of any strong phase uncertainty. Using the predominantly CP-even tag D→π+π−π0 and the ensemble of CP-odd eigenstate tags, the observable Aπππ0Kπ is measured to be 0.130±0.012±0.008. The two asymmetries are sensitive to rKπDcosδKπD, where rKπD and δKπD are the ratio of amplitudes and phase difference, respectively, between the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed and Cabibbo-favoured decays. In addition, events containing D→K−π+ tagged by D→K0S,Lπ+π− are studied in bins of phase space of the three-body decays. This analysis has sensitivity to both rKπDcosδKπD and rKπDsinδKπD. A fit to AKπ, Aπππ0Kπ and the phase-space distribution of the D→K0S,Lπ+π− tags yields δKπD=(187.5+8.9−9.7+5.4−6.4) degrees, where external constraints are applied for rKπD and other relevant parameters. This is the most precise measurement of δKπD in quantum-correlated DD¯ decays.
The decay D→K−π+ is studied in a sample of quantum-correlated DD¯ pairs, based on a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.93\,fb−1 collected at the ψ(3770) resonance by the BESIII experiment. The asymmetry between CP-odd and CP-even eigenstate decays into K−π+ is determined to be AKπ=0.132±0.011±0.007, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. This measurement is an update of an earlier study exploiting additional tagging modes, including several decay modes involving a K0L meson. The branching fractions of the K0L modes are determined as input to the analysis in a manner that is independent of any strong phase uncertainty. Using the predominantly CP-even tag D→π+π−π0 and the ensemble of CP-odd eigenstate tags, the observable Aπππ0Kπ is measured to be 0.130±0.012±0.008. The two asymmetries are sensitive to rKπDcosδKπD, where rKπD and δKπD are the ratio of amplitudes and phase difference, respectively, between the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed and Cabibbo-favoured decays. In addition, events containing D→K−π+ tagged by D→K0S,Lπ+π− are studied in bins of phase space of the three-body decays. This analysis has sensitivity to both rKπDcosδKπD and rKπDsinδKπD. A fit to AKπ, Aπππ0Kπ and the phase-space distribution of the D→K0S,Lπ+π− tags yields δKπD=(187.6+8.9−9.7+5.4−6.4) degrees, where external constraints are applied for rKπD and other relevant parameters. This is the most precise measurement of δKπD in quantum-correlated DD¯ decays.
Using 𝑒+𝑒− collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 7.33 fb−1 recorded by the BESIII detector at center-of-mass energies between 4.128 and 4.226 GeV, we present an analysis of the decay 𝐷+𝑠→𝜋+𝜋−𝑒+𝜈𝑒, where the 𝐷+𝑠 is produced via the process 𝑒+𝑒−→𝐷*±𝑠𝐷∓𝑠. We observe the 𝑓0(980) in the 𝜋+𝜋− system and the branching fraction of the decay 𝐷+𝑠→𝑓0(980)𝑒+𝜈𝑒 with 𝑓0(980)→𝜋+𝜋− measured to be (1.72±0.13stat±0.10syst)×10−3, where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively. The dynamics of the 𝐷+𝑠→𝑓0(980)𝑒+𝜈𝑒 decay are studied with the simple pole parametrization of the hadronic form factor and the Flatté formula describing the 𝑓0(980) in the differential decay rate, and the product of the form factor 𝑓𝑓0+(0) and the 𝑐→𝑠 Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element |𝑉𝑐𝑠| is determined for the first time to be 𝑓𝑓0+(0)|𝑉𝑐𝑠|=0.504±0.017stat±0.035syst. Furthermore, the decay 𝐷+
𝑠→𝑓0(500)𝑒+𝜈𝑒 is searched for the first time but no signal is found. The upper limit on the branching fraction of 𝐷+𝑠→𝑓0(500)𝑒+𝜈𝑒, 𝑓0(500)→𝜋+𝜋− decay is set to be 3.3×10−4 at 90% confidence level.
Using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 10.9 fb−1 collected at center-of-mass energies from 4.16 to 4.34 GeV with the BESIII detector, we search for the decay χc1(3872)→π+π−χc1 in the radiative production e+e−→γχc1(3872). No significant signal is observed, and the ratio for the branching fraction of χc1(3872)→π+π−χc1 to χc1(3872)→π+π−J/ψ is measured as R≡B[χc1(3872)→π+π−χc1]B[χc1(3872)→π+π−J/ψ]<0.18 at 90% confidence level. The upper limit on the product of the cross section σ[e+e−→γχc1(3872)] and the branching fraction B[χc1(3872)→π+π−χc1] at each center-of-mass energy is also given. These measurements favor the non-conventional charmonium nature of the χc1(3872) state.
A narrow structure in the pΛ¯ system near the mass threshold, named as X(2085), is observed in the process e+e−→pK−Λ¯ with a statistical significance greater than 20σ. Its spin and parity are determined for the first time to be JP=1+ in an amplitude analysis, with statistical significance greater than 5σ over other quantum numbers. The pole positions of X(2085) are measured to be Mpole=(2086±4±6)~MeV and Γpole=(56±5±16) MeV, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second ones are systematic. The analysis is based on the study of the process e+e−→pK−Λ¯ and uses the data samples collected with the BESIII detector at the center-of-mass energies s√=4.008, 4.178, 4.226, 4.258, 4.416, and 4.682 GeV with a total integrated luminosity of 8.35 fb−1.
Based on (2712.4±14.3)×106 𝑒+𝑒−→𝜓(3686) events collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII Collider, we report the first evidence of 𝜒𝑐0→Λ¯Λ𝜙 decays and the first observation of 𝜒𝑐1,2→Λ¯Λ𝜙 decays, with significances of 4.1𝜎, 11.3𝜎 and 13.0𝜎, respectively. The decay branching fractions of 𝜒𝑐0,1,2→Λ¯Λ𝜙 are measured to be (2.99±1.24±0.19)×10−5, (6.01±0.90±0.40)×10−5, and (7.13±0.81±0.36)×10−5, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. No obvious enhancement near the Λ¯Λ production threshold or excited Λ state is found in the Λ𝜙 (or ¯Λ𝜙) system.
Based on a sample of 448.1×106 ψ(3686) events collected with the BESIII detector, a study of ψ(3686)→ΛΛ¯π0 and ψ(3686)→ΛΛ¯η is performed. Evidence of the isospin-violating decay ψ(3686)→ΛΛ¯π0 is found for the first time with a statistical significance of 3.7σ, the branching fraction B(ψ(3686)→ΛΛ¯π0) is measured to be (1.42±0.39±0.59)×10−6, and its corresponding upper limit is determined to be 2.47×10−6 at 90\% confidence level. A partial wave analysis of ψ(3686)→ΛΛ¯η shows that the peak around Λη invariant mass threshold favors a Λ∗ resonance with mass and width in agreement with the Λ(1670). The branching fraction of the ψ(3686)→ΛΛ¯η is measured to be (2.34±0.18±0.52)×10−5. The first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic.
Based on e+e− collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.5 fb−1 collected at the center-of-mass energies between 4.600 and 4.699 GeV with the BESIII detector at BEPCII, the absolute branching fraction of the inclusive decay Λ+c→n+X, where X refers to any possible final state particles, is measured. The absolute branching fraction is determined to be B(Λ+c→n+X)=(32.4±0.7±1.5)%, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. Assuming CP symmetry, the measurement indicates that about one-fourth of Λ+c (Λ¯−c) decay modes with a neutron (an anti-neutron) in the final state have not been observed.
Based on e+e− collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.5 fb−1 collected at the center-of-mass energies between 4.600 and 4.699 Gev with the BESIII detector at BEPCII, the absolute branching fraction of the inclusive decay Λ¯−c→n¯+X, where X refers to any possible final state particles, is measured. The absolute branching fraction is determined to be B(Λ¯−c→n¯+X)=(33.5±0.7±1.2)%, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. Neglecting the effect of CP violation, the measurement indicates that about one-fourth of Λ+c decay modes with a neutron in the final state have not been observed.
Six C-even states, denoted as X, with quantum numbers JPC=0−+, 1±+, or 2±+, are searched for via the e+e−→γD±sD∗∓s process using (1667.39±8.84) pb−1 of e+e− collision data collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII storage ring at center-of-mass energy of s√=(4681.92±0.30) MeV. No statistically significant signal is observed in the mass range from 4.08 to 4.32 GeV/c2. The upper limits of σ[e+e−→γX]⋅B[X→D±sD∗∓s] at a 90% confidence level are determined.
Six C-even states, denoted as X, with quantum numbers JPC=0−+, 1±+, or 2±+, are searched for via the e+e−→γD±sD∗∓s process using (1667.39±8.84) pb−1 of e+e− collision data collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII storage ring at center-of-mass energy of s√=(4681.92±0.30) MeV. No statistically significant signal is observed in the mass range from 4.08 to 4.32 GeV/c2. The upper limits of σ[e+e−→γX]⋅B[X→D±sD∗∓s] at a 90% confidence level are determined.