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The Coulomb Dissociation (CD) cross sections of the stable isotopes 92,94,100Mo and of the unstable isotope 93Mo were measured at the LAND/R3B setup at GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany. Experimental data on these isotopes may help to explain the problem of the underproduction of 92,94Mo and 96,98Ru in the models of p-process nucleosynthesis. The CD cross sections obtained for the stable Mo isotopes are in good agreement with experiments performed with real photons, thus validating the method of Coulomb Dissociation. The result for the reaction 93Mo(γ,n) is especially important since the corresponding cross section has not been measured before. A preliminary integral Coulomb Dissociation cross section of the 94Mo(γ,n) reaction is presented. Further analysis will complete the experimental database for the (γ,n) production chain of the p-isotopes of molybdenum.
Hf-Fokussierung
(1989)
Untersuchungen zu mikrowellenfokussierenden Beschleunigerstrukturen für zukünftige lineare Collider
(1993)
Zur Erforschung immer kleinerer Strukturen der Materie benötigt die Elementarteilchenphysik Teilchenstrahlen höchster Energie. Gegenwärtig sind das Higgs-Boson und das Top-Quarks‘ die Objekte des größten physikalischen Interesses. Das sog. “Top” ist das sechste und bisher noch nicht nachgewiesene Mitglied der Quark-Familie. Seine Masse wird unterhalb von etwa 180GeV vermutet. Das Higgs-Boson spielt im sog. Standardmodell der Elementarteilchen eine wichtige Rolle. Seine Masse wird ebenfalls im Bereich zwischen 100 und 200GeV vermutet. Es gibt eine gute Chance, das Top am Protonen- Antiprotonen-Beschleuniger TEVATRON des Fermilab in Chicago nachzuweisen. Seine physikalischen Eigenschaften lassen sich aber erst an zukünfligen Beschleunigem mit höherer Energie bestimmen. Gegenwärtig werden daher mehrere verschiedene Beschleunigerkonzepte erwogen oder sind bereits in Planung bzw. im Bau. Das Spektrum reicht dabei von Protonen-Antiprotonen- bis zu Elektronen-Positronen-Maschinen. Ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Erzeugung der benötigten Teilchenenergien ist der lineare Elektronen-Positronen-Collider, im folgenden immer als linearer Collider bezeichnet. Das Verhältnis von Meßsignal zu Hintergrund ist bei e+-e-Kollisionen besser als bei Protonen-Kollisionen. Es entstehen keine Partonen, wodurch die zur Verfugung stehende Energie effektiver genutzt werden kann [ 11. Weiterhin ist der lineare Collider im Vergleich zu einer zirkularen Maschine gleicher Endenergie und Luminosität auf lange Sicht kostengünstiger, da keine zusätzliche Hf-Leistung zur Kompensation von Synchrotronstrahlungsverlusten nötig ist. Die für die Experimente erforderliche hohe Luminosität bedingt Teilchenstrahlen von niedrigster Emittanz und geringster Energieverschmierung sowohl innerhalb eines einzelnen Teilchenpaketes als auch zwischen den Bunchen selbst [2]. Zur Erhaltung der Strahlqualität über die volle Lange des Beschleunigers ist es deshalb notwendig, ein akkurates Strahlführungssystem zu entwickeln, das es gestattet, auftretenden Strahlinstabilitäten wirksam zu begegnen. Grund der Instabilitäten sind elektromagnetische Felder, sogenannte Wake- oder Kielwellenfelder, die die Teilchen bei der Durchquerung des Beschleunigers selbst anfachen. Die Teilchenpakete werden dadurch radial von der Achse abgelenkt, sie werden verformt und erfahren eine Impulsverschmierung. Transversale Einzelbunch-Instabilitäten (SBBU, Single Bunch Beam Breakup) kann man durch die Einführung einer Energieverschmierung innerhalb eines Teilchenpakets bekämpfen; in Verbindung mit einer äußeren Strahlführung erreicht man eine Bedämpfung der Instabilität [3]. Als Alternative oder Ergänzung zu äußeren Fokussierungsmaßnahmen erscheint es deshalb interessant, inwieweit man durch geeignete Modifikationen an den Beschleunigerstrukturen die Hochfrequenzfelder selbst zur Erzeugung der benötigten Fokussierung heranziehen kann. Da es sehr schwierig ist, die für das Experiment geforderte Luminosität mit einem einzelnen Bunch zu erzeugen, muß man mehrere Teilchenpakete in kurzem Abstand durch den Beschleuniger schicken. Jetzt erfährt aber jeder Bunch die aufsummierten Wakefelder der ihm vorausfliegenden Teilchenpakete. Um zu verhindern, daß die transversale Strahlablage inakzeptabel groß wird, müssen Maßnahmen zur Kontrolle dieser Vielteilchen-Instabilitäten (MBBU, Multibunch Beam Breakup) getroffen werden. Das bedeutet, die Güten dieser als Long-Range-Wakes bezeichneten Störmoden müssen, je nach Collider, durch konstruktive Maßnahmen auf Werte in der Größenordnung von zehn abgesenkt werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit befaßt sich mit theoretischen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von hochfrequenzfokussierenden Beschleunigerstrukturen in linearen Collidem bei Einzel- und Multibunch-Betrieb. In Kap. 2 wird eine kurze Einführung in die Problematik von Höchstenergiebeschleunigem gegeben. Anschließend werden in Kap. 3 Irisstrukturen und ihre Kenngrößen behandelt. Kap. 4 gibt eine Einführung in das Wakefeld-Konzept. Es wird untersucht, welche Resonatormoden für den Strahl gefährlich sind; die Wakepotentiale werden mit Resonatorkenngrößen in Verbindung gebracht. In Kap. 5 schließt sich eine Betrachtung zum SBBU an. Es wird untersucht, inwieweit Irisstrukturen und Rechteckblendenstrukturen (MWQ-Strukturen) zur direkten Hochfrequenzfokussierung eingesetzt werden können. Die Eigenschaften einer MWQ-Struktur werden vermessen und mit theoretischen Vorhersagen verglichen. Beispiele fiir hypothetische Collider in verschiedenen Frequenzbereichen werden diskutiert. Im anschließenden Kap. 6 wird der Mechanismus des MBBU erläutert und Möglichkeiten zur Bedämpfung insbesondere von MWQ-Strukturen im Multibunch-Betrieb untersucht. Meßergebnisse an Modellstrukturen werden vorgestellt und am Beispiel von einem S- und X-Band- Collider diskutiert.
A new method of measuring quality factors in cavities is presented. This method is well suited to measure quality factors in undamped cavities as well as in heavily damped cavities, and in addition this method provides a possibility of separating modes and measuring quality factors especially in cases of overlapping modes. Measurements have been carried out on HOM-damped cavities for the DESY/THD linear collider project. Results are presented.
Determination of field strength and quality factor of heavily HOM damped accelerator cavities
(1992)
Two methods of of measuring field strength in accelerator cavities, heavily damped with respect to higher order modes (HOM), are presented. From the results of the field measurements the coupling (damping) factor and thus the quality factor of the damped resonator can be derived. Measurements of a pillbox resonator with heavily damped TM110-mode (Q < 20) demonstrate the usefulness of the techniques presented, even in this extreme range.
Damping cells for the higher order modes are necessary for the S-band linear collider to minimize BBU (Beam-Break-Up). The construction of the damper cells has to take into account the different field geometries of the higher order modes. So two different types of dampers have been designed: a wall slotted an an iris slotted cell. In order to optimize the two types of damping cells with respect to damping strength, impedance matching between coupling system and waveguide dampers and between damping cell and undamped cells and the tuning system, damping cells of both types have been built and examinated.
The effect of a single HOM-damper cell within a channel of undamped cells is described theoretically using an equivalent circuit model. From this a simple equation can be derived which relates the Q-value of the single damping-cell, the bandwidth of the passband under consideration, and the additional phase shift which is introduced by the damper cell to provide energy flow into the damper cell. This equation immediately shows the limitations of such single cell damping systems. Comparisons with experimental results are shown.
By replacing the irises in an electron linac by a slit one gets a structure capable of focussing/defocussing an electron beam (rf-quadrupoles). Therefore one can think of a combination of rf- and conventional magnetic quadrupoles for transversal focussing in linear-colliders. Furthermore they can meet the demands of BNS-damping without initial energy spread. Considering multibunch-operation of a collider, the long-range wake behaviour of this kind of structure has to be investigated. A three-cell structure has been built and investigated for dipole-type transversal long-range wakes. The experimental results are compared to numerical simulations done with MAFIA.
Mode propagation in an iris type accelerator section loaded with single heavily HOM-damped cells
(1994)
The wakefield effects in accelerator sections for future linear colliders will be reduced either by damping by detuning or by a combination of both. For the DESY/THD linac [1] it is forseen to employ heavily HOM-damped cells to provide a strong coupling to the TE/TM11-dipole passband as well as to the TM/TE11-dipole passband. For our experiments we have used wall-slotted damping cells. This leads to several problems concerning the propagation of fundamental and HOM-modes. Experimental investigations have been done. Results are presented.
To reach high luminosities in future linear colliders short range wakes havea to be controlled in the range of X-band frequencies or higher. Rectangular irises can be used to introduce strong focusing quadrupole-like rf-fields. Even circular irises in iris-loaded accelarator structures have the capability of focusing if the particle velocity differs from phase velocity. Theoretical investigations concerning the focusing strength to be expected are presented. Their applicability for linear colliders is discussed.
A new method for measuring quality factors in cavities is presented. This method is capable of measuring Q-factors in heavily damped as well as in undamped cavities. In addition, the possibility of separating overlapping modes and measuring their Q-factors is provided. Measurements on HOM (higher order mode) damped cavities for the DESY/THD linear collider project are presented
Introduction: Esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) occurs approximately 1 in 3.500 live births representing the most common malformation of the upper digestive tract. Only half a century ago, EA/TEF was fatal among affected newborns suggesting that the steady birth prevalence might in parts be due to mutational de novo events in genes involved in foregut development.
Methods: To identify mutational de novo events in EA/TEF patients, we surveyed the exome of 30 case-parent trios. Identified and confirmed de novo variants were prioritized using in silico prediction tools. To investigate the embryonic role of genes harboring prioritized de novo variants we performed targeted analysis of mouse transcriptome data of esophageal tissue obtained at the embryonic day (E) E8.5, E12.5, and postnatal.
Results: In total we prioritized 14 novel de novo variants in 14 different genes (APOL2, EEF1D, CHD7, FANCB, GGT6, KIAA0556, NFX1, NPR2, PIGC, SLC5A2, TANC2, TRPS1, UBA3, and ZFHX3) and eight rare de novo variants in eight additional genes (CELSR1, CLP1, GPR133, HPS3, MTA3, PLEC, STAB1, and PPIP5K2). Through personal communication during the project, we identified an additional EA/TEF case-parent trio with a rare de novo variant in ZFHX3. In silico prediction analysis of the identified variants and comparative analysis of mouse transcriptome data of esophageal tissue obtained at E8.5, E12.5, and postnatal prioritized CHD7, TRPS1, and ZFHX3 as EA/TEF candidate genes. Re-sequencing of ZFHX3 in additional 192 EA/TEF patients did not identify further putative EA/TEF-associated variants.
Conclusion: Our study suggests that rare mutational de novo events in genes involved in foregut development contribute to the development of EA/TEF.
Quasifree one-proton knockout reactions have been employed in inverse kinematics for a systematic study of the structure of stable and exotic oxygen isotopes at the R3B/LAND setup with incident beam energies in the range of 300–450 MeV/u. The oxygen isotopic chain offers a large variation of separation energies that allows for a quantitative understanding of single-particle strength with changing isospin asymmetry. Quasifree knockout reactions provide a complementary approach to intermediate-energy one-nucleon removal reactions. Inclusive cross sections for quasifree knockout reactions of the type AO(p,2p)A−1N have been determined and compared to calculations based on the eikonal reaction theory. The reduction factors for the single-particle strength with respect to the independent-particle model were obtained and compared to state-of-the-art ab initio predictions. The results do not show any significant dependence on proton-neutron asymmetry.
The nucleosynthesis of elements beyond iron is dominated by neutron captures in the s and r processes. However, 32 stable, proton-rich isotopes cannot be formed during those processes, because they are shielded from the s-process flow and r-process β-decay chains. These nuclei are attributed to the p and rp process.
For all those processes, current research in nuclear astrophysics addresses the need for more precise reaction data involving radioactive isotopes. Depending on the particular reaction, direct or inverse kinematics, forward or time-reversed direction are investigated to determine or at least to constrain the desired reaction cross sections.
The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) will offer unique, unprecedented opportunities to investigate many of the important reactions. The high yield of radioactive isotopes, even far away from the valley of stability, allows the investigation of isotopes involved in processes as exotic as the r or rp processes.
The neutron-unbound isotope 13Be has been studied in several experiments using different reactions, different projectile energies, and different experimental setups. There is, however, no real consensus in the interpretation of the data, in particular concerning the structure of the low-lying excited states. Gathering new experimental information, which may reveal the 13Be structure, is a challenge, particularly in light of its bridging role between 12Be, where the N = 8 neutron shell breaks down, and the Borromean halo nucleus 14Be. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the role of bound excited states in the reaction product 12Be after proton knockout from 14B, by measuring coincidences between 12Be, neutrons, and γ rays originating from de-excitation of states fed by neutron decay of 13Be. The 13Be isotopes were produced in proton knockout from a 400 MeV/nucleon 14B beam impinging on a CH2 target. The 12 Be-n relative-energy spectrum d σ /d Ef n was obtained from coincidences between 12Be(g.s.) and a neutron, and also as threefold coincidences by adding γ rays, from the de-excitation of excited states in 12Be. Neutron decay from the first 5/2+ state in 13Be to the 2+ state in 12Be at 2.11 MeV is confirmed. An energy independence of the proton-knockout mechanism is found from a comparison with data taken with a 35 MeV/nucleon 14B beam. A low-lying p-wave resonance in 13Be(1/2−) is confirmed by comparing proton- and neutron-knockout data from 14B and 14Be.
Children’s and adolescents’ lives drastically changed during COVID lockdowns worldwide. To compare accident- and injury-related admissions to pediatric intensive care units (PICU) during the first German COVID lockdown with previous years, we conducted a retrospective multicenter study among 37 PICUs (21.5% of German PICU capacities). A total of 1444 admissions after accidents or injuries during the first lockdown period and matched periods of 2017–2019 were reported and standardized morbidity ratios (SMR) were calculated. Total PICU admissions due to accidents/injuries declined from an average of 366 to 346 (SMR 0.95 (CI 0.85–1.05)). Admissions with trauma increased from 196 to 212 (1.07 (0.93–1.23). Traffic accidents and school/kindergarten accidents decreased (0.77 (0.57–1.02 and 0.26 (0.05–0.75)), whereas household and leisure accidents increased (1.33 (1.06–1.66) and 1.34 (1.06–1.67)). Less neurosurgeries and more visceral surgeries were performed (0.69 (0.38–1.16) and 2.09 (1.19–3.39)). Non-accidental non-suicidal injuries declined (0.73 (0.42–1.17)). Suicide attempts increased in adolescent boys (1.38 (0.51–3.02)), but decreased in adolescent girls (0.56 (0.32–0.79)). In summary, changed trauma mechanisms entailed different surgeries compared to previous years. We found no evidence for an increase in child abuse cases requiring intensive care. The increase in suicide attempts among boys demands investigation.