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Mapping cortical brain asymmetry in 17,141 healthy individuals worldwide via the ENIGMA Consortium
(2017)
Aims: Balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) is an interventional treatment modality for inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Therapy monitoring, based on non-invasive biomarkers, is a clinical challenge. This post-hoc study aimed to assess dynamics of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) as a marker for myocardial damage and its relation to N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels as a marker for cardiac wall stress.
Methods and results: This study included 51 consecutive patients who underwent BPA treatment and completed a 6-month follow-up (6-MFU) between 3/2014 and 3/2017. Biomarker measurement was performed consecutively prior to each BPA and at 6-MFU.
In total, the 51 patients underwent an average of 5 BPA procedures. The 6-month survival rate was 96.1%. The baseline (BL) meanPAP (39.5±12.1mmHg) and PVR (515.8±219.2dyn×sec×cm-5) decreased significantly within the 6-MFU (meanPAP: 32.6±12.6mmHg, P<0.001; PVR: 396.9±182.6dyn×sec×cm-5, P<0.001). At BL, the median hs-cTnT level was 11 (IQR 6–16) ng/L and the median NT-proBNP level was 820 (IQR 153–1872) ng/L. The levels of both biomarkers decreased steadily after every BPA, showing the first significant difference after the first procedure. Within the 6-MFU, hs-cTnT levels (7 [IQR 5–12] ng/L; P<0.001) and NT-proBNP levels (159 [IQR 84–464] ng/l; P<0.001) continued to decrease. The hs-cTnT levels correlated with the PVR (rrs = 0.42; p = 0.005), the meanPAP (rrs = 0.32; p = 0.029) and the NT-proBNP (rrs = 0.51; p<0.001) levels at BL.
Conclusion: Non-invasive biomarker measurement provides valuable evidence for the decreasing impairment of myocardial function and structure during BPA therapy. Changes in hs-cTNT levels are suggestive for a reduction in ongoing myocardial damage.
Coherent photo-production of sons in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC measured by ALICE
(2014)
We present the differential cross section for coherent ρ0 photo-production at mid-rapidity (−0.5 < y < 0.5) measured by the ALICE experiment in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV at the LHC, as well as the total ρ0 cross section obtained by modelbased extrapolation to all rapidities. These cross sections are compared to various model predictions, as well as to earlier measurements at RHIC. In addition, we present results on nuclear breakup in coincidence with coherent ρ0 photo-production.
Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war der Nachweis der bekannten Tonotopie im auditorischen Cortex der Katze mittels optical recording intrinsischer Signale (ORIS) mit der Frage, ob ORIS eine funktionelle Bildgebung ermöglicht, die den etablierten elektrophysiologischen Ableitungsmethoden an räumlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung ebenbürtig oder sogar überlegen ist. Hierzu wurde ein ORIS- Setup erstellt, dessen Schwankungsbreiten von Beleuchtungseinheit und aufzeichnendem System in Ableitung mit grünem Licht bei einer Größenordnung von 0,03% hinreichend niedrig lagen, um stimulusassoziierte Signale in den von den meisten Autoren berichteten Amplituden sicher ableiten zu können. Es wurden spontane wie durch elektrische und akustische Stimuli evozierte Änderungen in den Reflexionseigenschaften des primären auditorischen Cortex (A1) der Ketamin- und Isofluran- anästhesierten Katze beobachtet. In Ruhe stellten sich bei 540nm in sämtlichen Versuchstieren (n=4) spontane Absorptionsoszillationen mit einer Grundfrequenz von 0,1Hz und einer Amplitude zwischen 1 und 3,5% dar („Mayer-waves“), deren Ursprung (intra- versus extracerebral) jedoch nicht gesichert werden konnte und die sich von den anliegenden Stimuli unbeeinflußt zeigten. Ein der bekannten Tonotopie korrespondierendes Muster aktivierter Areale nach Stimulation konnte lediglich bei ¼ der Versuchstiere nachgewiesen werden (P124, elektrische Reizung, 30 Mittelungsdurchgänge). Die erreichten Absorptionsmaxima nach 12dB überschwelliger elektrischer Reizung des Hörnerven lagen bei etwa 0,5% mit einer Latenz bis zum Signalmaximum von 5,5 sec. Bei P126 war erst nach Mittelung von 18 Durchgängen ein zeitlicher Zusammenhang zwischen optisch erhobenen Daten und Stimulus nachweisbar. Bei P125 stellte sich nach 30 Mittelungsschritten zwar ein caudo-rostraler Shift der optischen Maxima bei Stimulation von 1kHz auf 4kHz dar, was der bekannten cortikalen Frequenzrepräsentation entsprach, doch ließ die darauffolgende Reizung mit 16 kHz keinen weiteren Shift nach rostral erkennen. Das cortikale Gebiet maximaler optischer Aktivität lag gegenüber dem Ort der 4kHz-Repräsentation caudomedial versetzt. Dies widerspricht der bekannten cortikalen Cochleotopie. Es fand sich nach Mittelung über 18 (P126) bzw. 30 (P124 und P125) Durchgänge gleicher Stimulation bei allen Tieren ein fleckiges, stimulusassoziiertes, jedoch nicht tonotop verteiltes Signal in Form einer Absorptionszunahme mit Maximum nach 6-8,5 Sekunden. Es erreichte Amplituden zwischen 1% und 2,5%. Die optischen Aktivitätsmuster zeigten eine erhebliche Varianz unter Durchgängen bei gleichem Stimulus. In einem Experiment (P126) fand ein Vergleich der optisch generierten Ergebnisse mit elektrophysiologischen Multiunit-Messungen statt. Es konnte nur bei einer Stimulationsfrequenz (8kHz) eine schwache Korrelation der lektrophysiologischen Multiunit-Antworten mit den optisch erhobenen Reflexionsänderungen festgestellt werden. Wir schließen daher, dass die Darstellung einer Tonotopie mittels ORIS nur in einem Bruchteil der untersuchten Versuchstiere mit gegenüber elektrophysiologischen Methoden deutlich geringerer Reliabilität, Validität und räumlicher Auflösung machbar ist, möglicherweise, weil ORIS am primären auditorischen Cortex der Katze lediglich ein grobes Signal der Tonotopie liefert, ohne hierbei auf die Lokalisation aktiver Neurone beschränkt zu sein. ORIS ist demnach zum Ersatz der etablierten Elektrophysiologie am A1 der Katze nicht geeignet.
Blood levels of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) in patients with neurological diseases
(2013)
Background and Purpose: The brain-specific astroglial protein GFAP is a blood biomarker candidate indicative of intracerebral hemorrhage in patients with symptoms suspicious of acute stroke. Comparably little, however, is known about GFAP release in other neurological disorders. In order to identify potential “specificity gaps” of a future GFAP test used to diagnose intracerebral hemorrhage, we measured GFAP in the blood of a large and rather unselected collective of patients with neurological diseases.
Methods: Within a one-year period, we randomly selected in-patients of our university hospital for study inclusion. Patients with ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack and intracerebral hemorrhage were excluded. Primary endpoint was the ICD-10 coded diagnosis reached at discharge. During hospital stay, blood was collected, and GFAP plasma levels were determined using an advanced prototype immunoassay at Roche Diagnostics.
Results: A total of 331 patients were included, covering a broad spectrum of neurological diseases. GFAP levels were low in the vast majority of patients, with 98.5% of cases lying below the cut-off that was previously defined for the differentiation of intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic stroke. No diagnosis or group of diagnoses was identified that showed consistently increased GFAP values. No association with age and sex was found.
Conclusion: Most acute and chronic neurological diseases, including typical stroke mimics, are not associated with detectable GFAP levels in the bloodstream. Our findings underline the hypothesis that rapid astroglial destruction as in acute intracerebral hemorrhage is mandatory for GFAP increase. A future GFAP blood test applied to identify patients with intracerebral hemorrhage is likely to have a high specificity.
Der Erfolg von Elena Ferrantes vierbändigem Romanzyklus "L'amica geniale" (2011-2014) wird hier in der Verortung Ferrantes in die Schule der literarischen Hontologie (Eribon, Ernaux, Louis) und in eine Strömung von Romanen, die den Klassismus anvisiert, erklärt. Gezeigt wird, wie intersektionale Verflechtungen von Ferrante in Szene gesetzt werden: Das Schicksal eines proletarischen Mädchens mit intellektuellen Ambitionen, aufgewachsen in einem Armenviertel, in dem Gewalt und Mafia an der Tagesordnung sind und immer wieder an den gesellschaftlichen Benachteiligungen sich stoßend etc. Sexismus, Homophobie, Regionalchauvinismus und andere Diskriminierungsformen leiten die Geschichte. Intersektionalität trägt das Romanganze inhaltlich; die Fiktionalisierung geht über gebräuchliche Konzepte von auto-fiction hinaus und erlaubt gerade durch die lebensweltliche Botschaft Einsichten in gesellschaftliche Komplexitäten. Genau diese Konstruktion des literarischen Textes ist für die Rezeption des Werks ausschlaggebend, zumal die Wahl des Pseudonyms der Autorin ermöglicht, die Thematisierung und Problematisierung von Intersektionalität hier und in weiteren Romanen jenseits der Tetralogie zu intensivieren, wie etwa in "La vita bugiarda degli adulti" (2019).
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, believed to be triggered by an autoimmune reaction to myelin. Recently, a fundamentally different pathomechanism termed ‘chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency’ (CCSVI) was proposed, provoking significant attention in the media and scientific community.
Methods: Twenty MS patients (mean age 42.2±13.3 years; median Extended Disability Status Scale 3.0, range 0–6.5) were compared with 20 healthy controls. Extra- and intracranial venous flow direction was assessed by colour-coded duplex sonography, and extracranial venous cross-sectional area (VCSA) of the internal jugular and vertebral veins (IJV/VV) was measured in B-mode to assess the five previously proposed CCSVI criteria. IJV-VCSA≤0.3 cm2 indicated ‘stenosis,’ and IJV-VCSA decrease from supine to upright position ‘reverted postural control.’ The sonographer, data analyser and statistician were blinded to the patient/control status of the participants.
Results: No participant showed retrograde flow of cervical or intracranial veins. IJV-VCSA≤0.3 cm2 was found in 13 MS patients versus 16 controls (p=0.48). A decrease in IJV-VCSA from supine to upright position was observed in all participants, but this denotes a physiological finding. No MS patient and one control had undetectable IJV flow despite deep inspiration (p=0.49). Only one healthy control and no MS patients fulfilled at least two criteria for CCSVI.
Conclusions: This triple-blinded extra- and transcranial duplex sonographic assessment of cervical and cerebral veins does not provide supportive evidence for the presence of CCSVI in MS patients. The findings cast serious doubt on the concept of CCSVI in MS.
Temperate forests are increasingly subject to natural disturbance by stand replacing windthrows or bark-beetle attacks. Forests are commonly salvage logged after disturbance, whereby substantial parts of biological legacies, such as surviving trees and deadwood, are removed. Despite increasing concerns about the ecological consequences of salvage logging operations, our knowledge on the effects on the soil microbiome and associated functioning remains limited.
Here, we studied soil fungal communities, decomposition processes, and soil organic matter dynamics in 21 intact or disturbed, temperate Norway spruce stands about one decade after they were damaged by windthrow or bark-beetle attacks. Disturbed stands comprised different post-disturbance management, i.e. deadwood retention and salvage logged plots. We used high-throughput sequencing and ergosterol measurements to explore fungal communities and biomass, and enzyme assays to study decomposition processes.
Disturbance shifted soil fungal communities from ectomycorrhizal to saprotrophic dominated assemblages. Fungal biomass declined with decreasing tree abundance after disturbance. Activities of organic matter degrading enzymes declined by ca. 30–80% after disturbance. The relative abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi was positively related to enzymatic activities. Tree biomass parameters and amounts of deadwood retained were positively related to fungal biomass, certain ectomycorrhizal taxa, and relative ectomycorrhizal fungal abundance among disturbed stands, which, in turn, was associated with higher enzymatic activities.
Our findings demonstrate a significant response of soil fungal communities to natural forest disturbance and salvage logging, with consequences for decomposition and soil organic matter dynamics. We conclude that the retention of surviving trees and deadwood as biological legacies attenuated associated changes to a significant extent, highlighting their importance for the preservation of ectomycorrhizal fungi and the maintenance of decomposition processes after disturbance.
Partial cross sections of the 89Y(p, γ )90Zr reaction have been measured to investigate the γ-ray strength function in the neutron–magic nucleus 90Zr. For five proton energies between E p = 3.65 MeV and E p = 4.70 MeV partial cross sections for the population of seven discrete states in 90Zr have been determined by means of in-beam γ-ray spectroscopy. Since these γ-ray transitions are dominantly of E1 character, the present measurement allows an access to the low-lying dipole strength in 90Zr. A γ-ray strength function based on the experimental data could be extracted, which is used to describe the total and partial cross sections of this reaction by Hauser–Feshbach calculations successfully. Significant differences with respect to previously measured strength functions from photoabsorption data point towards deviations from the Brink–Axel hypothesis relating the photo-excitation and de-excitation strength functions.
Dysregulation of lysophosphatidic acids in multiple sclerosis and autoimmune encephalomyelitis
(2017)
Bioactive lipids contribute to the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis. Here, we show that lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) are dysregulated in multiple sclerosis (MS) and are functionally relevant in this disease. LPAs and autotaxin, the major enzyme producing extracellular LPAs, were analyzed in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in a cross-sectional population of MS patients and were compared with respective data from mice in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, spontaneous EAE in TCR1640 mice, and EAE in Lpar2 -/- mice. Serum LPAs were reduced in MS and EAE whereas spinal cord LPAs in TCR1640 mice increased during the ‘symptom-free’ intervals, i.e. on resolution of inflammation during recovery hence possibly pointing to positive effects of brain LPAs during remyelination as suggested in previous studies. Peripheral LPAs mildly re-raised during relapses but further dropped in refractory relapses. The peripheral loss led to a redistribution of immune cells from the spleen to the spinal cord, suggesting defects of lymphocyte homing. In support, LPAR2 positive T-cells were reduced in EAE and the disease was intensified in Lpar2 deficient mice. Further, treatment with an LPAR2 agonist reduced clinical signs of relapsing-remitting EAE suggesting that the LPAR2 agonist partially compensated the endogenous loss of LPAs and implicating LPA signaling as a novel treatment approach.