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The pathogenic spirochete Leptospira interrogans disseminates throughout its hosts via the bloodstream, then invades and colonizes a variety of host tissues. Infectious leptospires are resistant to killing by their hosts' alternative pathway of complement-mediated killing, and interact with various host extracellular matrix (ECM) components. The LenA outer surface protein (formerly called LfhA and Lsa24) was previously shown to bind the host ECM component laminin and the complement regulators factor H and factor H-related protein-1. We now demonstrate that infectious L. interrogans contain five additional paralogs of lenA, which we designated lenB, lenC, lenD, lenE and lenF. All six genes encode domains predicted to bear structural and functional similarities with mammalian endostatins. Sequence analyses of genes from seven infectious L. interrogans serovars indicated development of sequence diversity through recombination and intragenic duplication. LenB was found to bind human factor H, and all of the newly-described Len proteins bound laminin. In addition, LenB, LenC, LenD, LenE and LenF all exhibited affinities for fibronectin, a distinct host extracellular matrix protein. These characteristics suggest that Len proteins together facilitate invasion and colonization of host tissues, and protect against host immune responses during mammalian infection.
Hintergrund: Die Notwendigkeit der Etablierung der Anwendung von Evidenzbasierter Medizin (EbM) in den klinischen Alltag sowie die Sicherung der europaweiten Qualifikation in EbM ist seit geraumer Zeit vielfältig diskutiert worden. Gefördert durch das "Leonardo da Vinci"- Berufsbildungsprogramm der Europäischen Union hat das euebm-Projekt zum Ziel, durch ein europaweit einheitliches integriertes Basiscurriculum für evidenzbasierte Medizin eine bessere Verzahnung zwischen dem Erlernen der EbM-Techniken und der eigenen Patientenversorgung zu erreichen. An der Universitätsklinik Frankfurt am Main wird ab dem 01.01.2009 das euebm-Projekt in den klinischen Alltag integriert werden. Die Zielgruppe dieses Projektes bilden alle Assistenzärzte jeglicher Fachrichtungen im 1. Weiterbildungsjahr. Durch einen online-basierten Kurs wird den Interessenten die Möglichkeit geboten, an den einzelnen Lehrmodulen teilzunehmen.
Methoden: Es werden alle Assistenzärzte im 1. Weiterbildungsjahr in einem individualisierten Schreiben zur Teilnahme an dem Projekt aufgefordert. Nach der elektronischen Anmeldung werden die Teilnehmer prätest-Evaluationsbogen mit inhaltlichen EbM-Fragen beantworten. Danach durchlaufen die Teilnehmer ein EbM-Lernprogramm, bestehend aus 5 Modulen. Jedes Modul wird durch eine Lernerfolgskontrolle abgeschlossen. Abschließend wird eine Gesamtlernkontrolle von jedem Teilnehmer abverlangt. Am Ende des online-Kurses werden die Teilnehmer ebenfalls einen mehrteiligen subjektiven Evaluationsbogen beantworten. Um einen längerfristigen Lerneffekt messen zu können, werden 6 Monate bzw. 1 Jahr nach dem erfolgreichen Abschluss die Teilnehmer erneut einen objektiven inhaltlichen Evaluationsbogen bearbeiten.
Ergebnisse: Im Rahmen der 10. Jahrestagung des DNEbM im März 2009 können voraussichtlich Zwischenergebnisse der objektiven (präinterventionell vs. postinterventionell) und subjektiven Evaluationen veröffentlicht werden. Zudem wird derzeit die Erstellung einer statistischen Auswertung der Zugriffszahlen auf die verschiedenen medizinischen Online-Datenbanken und Suchmaschinen (prä- und postinterventionell) aufgebaut.
Schlussfolgerung/Implikation: Mit Hilfe der curricular vermittelten Lehrinhalte und Techniken sollen Ärzte in die Lage versetzt werden, EbM praxisnah für und mit ihren Patienten umzusetzen. In der konkreten Anwendung von EbM an ihren individuellen Patienten können Ärzte möglicherweise erfahren, dass die Integration von EbM in den klinischen Alltag ihr Spektrum an Beratungs- und Behandlungsmöglichkeiten erweitert.
Aim: NADPH oxidases are important sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Several Nox homologues are present together in the vascular system but whether they exhibit crosstalk at the activity level is unknown. To address this, vessel function of knockout mice for the cytosolic Nox organizer proteins p47phox, NoxO1 and a p47phox-NoxO1-double knockout were studied under normal condition and during streptozotocin-induced diabetes.
Results: In the mouse aorta, mRNA expression for NoxO1 was predominant in smooth muscle and endothelial cells, whereas p47phox was markedly expressed in adventitial cells comprising leukocytes and tissue resident macrophages. Knockout of either NoxO1 or p47phox resulted in lower basal blood pressure. Deletion of any of the two subunits also prevented diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction. mRNA expression analysis by MACE (Massive Analysis of cDNA ends) identified substantial gene expression differences between the mouse lines and in response to diabetes. Deletion of p47phox induced inflammatory activation with increased markers of myeloid cells and cytokine and chemokine induction. In contrast, deletion of NoxO1 resulted in an attenuated interferon gamma signature and reduced expression of genes related to antigen presentation. This aspect was also reflected by a reduced number of circulating lymphocytes in NoxO1-/- mice.
Innovation and conclusion: ROS production stimulated by NoxO1 and p47phox limit endothelium-dependent relaxation and maintain blood pressure in mice. However, NoxO1 and p47phox cannot substitute each other despite their similar effect on vascular function. Deletion of NoxO1 induced an anti-inflammatory phenotype, whereas p47phox deletion rather elicited a hyper-inflammatory response.
The third dataset dedicated to the Open Guided Waves platform aims at carbon fiber composite plates with an additional omega stringer at constant temperature conditions. The two structures used in this work are representative for real aircraft components. Comprehensive measurements were recorded in order to study (I) the impact of the omega stringer on guided wave propagation, and (II) elliptical reference damages of different sizes located at three separate positions on the structure. Measurements were recorded for narrowband excitation (5-cycle toneburst with varying carrier frequencies) and broadband excitation (using chirp waveforms). The paper presents the results of a technical validation including numerical modelling, and enables further research, for example related to probability of detection (POD) analysis.
Ultrasonic guided waves have been used successfully in structural health monitoring systems to detect damage in isotropic and composite materials with simple and complex geometry. A limitation of current research is given by a lack of freely available benchmark measurements to comparatively evaluate existing methods. This article introduces the extendable online platform Open Guided Waves (http://www.open-guided-waves.de) where high-quality and well-documented datasets for guided wave-based inspections are provided. In this article, we describe quasi-isotropic carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer plates with embedded piezoelectric transducers as a first benchmark structure. Intentionally, this is a structure of medium complexity to enable many researchers to apply their methods. In a first step, ultrasound and X-ray measurements were acquired to verify pristine conditions. Next, mechanical testing was done to determine the stiffness tensor and sample density based on standard test procedures. Guided wave measurements were divided into two parts: first, acoustic wave fields were acquired for a broad range of frequencies by three-dimensional scanning laser Doppler vibrometry. Second, structural health monitoring measurements in the carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer plate were collected at constant temperature using a distributed transducer network and a surface-mounted reversible defect model. Initial results serving as validation are presented and discussed.