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Longitudinal changes of cortical microstructure in Parkinson's disease assessed with T1 relaxometry
(2016)
Background: Histological evidence suggests that pathology in Parkinson's disease (PD) goes beyond nigrostriatal degeneration and also affects the cerebral cortex. Quantitative MRI (qMRI) techniques allow the assessment of changes in brain tissue composition. However, the development and pattern of disease-related cortical changes have not yet been demonstrated in PD with qMRI methods. The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinal cortical microstructural changes in PD with quantitative T1 relaxometry.
Methods: 13 patients with mild to moderate PD and 20 matched healthy subjects underwent high resolution T1 mapping at two time points with an interval of 6.4 years (healthy subjects: 6.5 years). Data from two healthy subjects had to be excluded due to MRI artifacts. Surface-based analysis of cortical T1 values was performed with the FreeSurfer toolbox.
Results: In PD patients, a widespread decrease of cortical T1 was detected during follow-up which affected large parts of the temporo-parietal and occipital cortices and also frontal areas. In contrast, age-related T1 decrease in the healthy control group was much less pronounced and only found in lateral frontal, parietal and temporal areas. Average cortical T1 values did not differ between the groups at baseline (p = 0.17), but were reduced in patients at follow-up (p = 0.0004). Annualized relative changes of cortical T1 were higher in patients vs. healthy subjects (patients: − 0.72 ± 0.64%/year; healthy subjects: − 0.17 ± 0.41%/year, p = 0.007).
Conclusions: In patients with PD, the development of widespread changes in cortical microstructure was observed as reflected by a reduction of cortical T1. The pattern of T1 decrease in PD patients exceeded the normal T1 decrease as found in physiological aging and showed considerable overlap with the pattern of cortical thinning demonstrated in previous PD studies. Therefore, cortical T1 might be a promising additional imaging marker for future longitudinal PD studies. The biological mechanisms underlying cortical T1 reductions remain to be further elucidated.
NOWADAYS, ORGANIZATIONS ARE INCREASINGLY RELYING ON THIRD PARTIES TO SUPPLY VITAL IT SERVICES, WITH THE COMMUNICATION BEING PREDOMINATELY CONDUCTED VIA THE INTERNET. THIS, HOWEVER, POTENTIALLY EXHIBITS SENSITIVE BUSINESS INFORMATION TO OUTSIDERS. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE SHOW WHICH UNDESIRED SIDE EFFECTS STATE-OFTHE ART COUNTER MEASURES MAY HAVE.
Functional expression of recombinant N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in eukaryotic cell lines
(2000)
CURRENTLY THE REALIZATION OF SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE (SOA) IMPLEMENTATION IN THE GERMAN BANKING INDUSTRY VARIES, WHEREAS SOME ARE IN THE ADOPTION PHASE AND SOME ARE ALREADY IN THE SOA OPERATION PHASE. THIS ARTICLE FOCUSES ON SPECIFIC IMPLICATIONS CONCERNING THE SOA READINESS AND THE SOA MATURITY OF GERMAN BANKS AS WELL AS THE ROLE OF SOA IN THE CONTEXT OF M&A SCENARIOS.
A RECENT SURVEY SHOWS THE IMPORTANCE OF DEDICATED GOVERNANCE STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURES IN BANKS. IN ORDER TO IMPLEMENT NOVEL GOVERNANCE STRATEGIES, THE EXISTING IT ORGANIZATION HAS TO BE ADAPTED ACCORDINGLY. THIS REPORT PRESENTS ENHANCEMENTS OF CLASSICAL IT ORGANIZATIONS.
WHILE CLOUD MARKETS PROMISE UNLIMITED RESOURCE SUPPLIES, INDIVIDUAL PROVIDERS MIGHT BE UNABLE TO OFFER SUFFICIENT PHYSICAL CAPACITY TO SERVE LARGE CUSTOMERS. A SOLUTION IS TO FORM CLOUD COLLABORATIONS, IN WHICH MULTIPLE CLOUD PROVIDERS UNITE FORCES IN ORDER TO CONJOINTLY OFFER CAPACITIES WITHIN CLOUD MARKETS. QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS) AND SECURITY ASPECTS ARE THE PRIMARY CONSIDERATIONS IN BUILDING SUCH COLLABORATIONS. THIS RESEARCH REPORT PRESENTS A CORRESPONDING OPTIMIZATION APPROACH FOR THE SELECTION OF COLLABORATIVE CLOUD PROVIDERS UNDER CONSIDERATION OF FULFILLMENT OF CLOUD USERS’ QOS AND SECURITY REQUIREMENTS.
OVER THE LAST DECADE, IT PROVISIONING VIA CLOUDS HAS BECOME A COMMON PRACTICE. MEANWHILE, COMPLEX SOFTWARE SERVICES WITH STRINGENT QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS) REQUIREMENTS ARE DELIVERED BY CLOUD PROVIDERS OVER THE INTERNET. TO ACHIEVE A COST-EFFICIENT AND QOS-AWARE SERVICE PROVISIONING, THE SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE CLOUD RESOURCES IS A HIGHLY IMPORTANT TASK. IN THIS REPORT, WE OFFER CONCEPTS AND TOOLS TO SERVICE PROVIDERS FOR AN ACCELERATED RESOURCE SELECTION IN LARGE ENVIRONMENTS.
IN COMPARISON TO TRADITIONAL IT PARADIGMS, CLOUD COMPUTING ENABLES TO OBTAIN DESIRED COMPUTING RESOURCES ON-DEMAND WITHOUT REQUIRING LARGE, UPFRONT INVESTMENTS AND TO DYNAMICALLY ADAPT AND SCALE THESE RESOURCES TO VARYING BUSINESS REQUIREMENTS. HOWEVER, CLOUD COMPUTING IS NOT A PANACEA. THIS DRIVES THE NEED TO EXAMINE THE SPECIFIC REASONS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR CLOUD ADOPTION IN PRACTICE. HERE, WE FOLLOW AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO EXAMINE CLOUD ADOPTION BY CONDUCTING A LITERATURE SURVEY AND AN EMPIRICAL STUDY.
CLOUDS ARE INCREASINGLY BEING USED FOR THE DELIVERY OF COMPLEX SOFTWARE SERVICES WITH STRINGENT QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS) DEMANDS. IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE COST-EFFICIENT PROVISION THROUGH THE UNDERLYING INFRASTRUCTURE, A SUITABLE SELECTION OF CLOUD DATA CENTERS IS REQUIRED. THIS REPORT PRESENTS A CORRESPONDING OPTIMIZATION APPROACH, WHICH IS SUITABLE FOR BOTH PRIVATE AND PUBLIC CLOUD SETTINGS.
TODAY’S CLOUD CONSUMERS HAVE VERY LIMITED MEANS FOR VERIFYING THE COMPLIANCE TO PRIOR NEGOTIATED SLAS INDEPENDENTLY FROM A CLOUD PROVIDER. IN ORDER TO OBTAIN RELIABLE MEANS FOR SERVICE MONITORING, WE PROPOSE AN INTERMEDIARY-BASED SOLUTION IN CONJUNCTION WITH DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR ROBUST CLOUD MONITOR PLACEMENT.
THE RECENT EVOLUTION OF SMART CONTRACTS AND THEIR FAST ADOPTION ALLOW TO RETHINK PROCESSES AND TO CHALLENGE TRADITIONAL STRUCTURES. THEREFORE, WE INTRODUCE THE UNDERLYING TECHNOLOGY AND RECENT IMPROVEMENTS. FURTHER, WE PROVIDE AN OVERVIEW OF HOW THE INSURANCE SECTOR MAY BE AFFECTED BY BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY AND SMART CONTRACTS. WE SHOW AN EXEMPLARY USE CASE AND EMPHASIZE CURRENT CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS IN THIS AREA.
THE BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY ENABLES ENTITIES TO QUERY AND ALTER INFORMATION WITHOUT TRUSTING A MIDDLE PARTY WHILE PROVIDING A SECURE DATA STORAGE IN A DECENTRALIZED MANNER. WE FOCUS ON AN IT DATA SUPPLY CHAIN SCENARIO WHERE MULTIPLE ACTORS NEGOTIATE A TENANCY AGREEMENT FOR VIRTUALIZED NETWORK RESOURCES. WE PRESENT OUR APPROACH, A BROKERLESS BLOCKCHAIN-BASED SYSTEM THAT USES SMART CONTRACTS AND A VIRTUAL NETWORK PARTITIONING ALGORITHM. WITH THIS APPROACH WE CAN OVERCOME THE INFORMATION DISCLOSER PROBLEM IN THIS SCENARIO.
THE GROWING DEMAND FOR DIFFERENTIATED QUALITY OF SERVICE REQUIREMENTS OF VARIOUS MOBILE APPLICATIONS ESTABLISHES THE NEED FOR ELASTIC CLOUDLET RE SOURCE ALLOCATIONS. HERE, WE CONSIDER THE DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS IN REMOTE, AS WELL AS EDGE CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURES. WE CONSIDER TIME VARYING APPLICATION DEMANDS AND OPTIMIZE THE CLOUDLET RESOURCE ALLOCATION OVER A FINITE TIME HORIZON SHOWING THAT THE CORRESPONDING COMPUTATIONAL EFFORT IS REDUCED BY THREE ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE.