Refine
Document Type
- Article (3)
- Doctoral Thesis (1)
Has Fulltext
- yes (4)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (4)
Keywords
Institute
- Medizin (4)
Background: Due to the difficulties in the definite diagnosis, data on brain imaging in pediatric patients with central nervous system (CNS)-invasive mold infection (IMD) are scarce. Our aim was to describe brain imaging abnormalities seen in immunocompromised children with CNS-IMD, and to analyze retrospectively whether specific imaging findings and sequences have a prognostic value. Methods: In a retrospective study of 19 pediatric patients with proven or probable CNS-IMD, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-findings were described and analyzed. The results were correlated with outcome, namely death, severe sequelae, or no neurological sequelae. Results: 11 children and 8 adolescents (11/8 with proven/probable CNS-IMD) were included. Seven of the patients died and 12/19 children survived (63%): seven without major neurological sequelae and five with major neurological sequelae. Multifocal ring enhancement and diffusion restriction were the most common brain MRI changes. Diffusion restriction was mostly seen at the core of the lesion. No patient with disease limited to one lobe died. Perivascular microbleeding seen on susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) and/or gradient-echo/T2* images, as well as infarction, were associated with poor prognosis. Conclusions: The presence of infarction was related to poor outcome. As early microbleeding seems to be associated with poor prognosis, we suggest including SWI in routine diagnostic evaluation of immunocompromised children with suspected CNS-IMD.
Die Aktivierung der Mitogen-aktivierten Proteinkinase (MAPK) spielt eine Schlüsselrolle in der Vermittlung proliferativer Effekte sowohl von Rezeptoren vom Tyrosinkinase-Typ (RTK) wie dem epidermalen Wachstumsfaktor-Rezeptor (EGFR), als auch von G-Protein gekoppelten Rezeptoren (GPCR). Die MAPK-Aktivierungsmechanismen durch GPCR sind im Gegensatz zum EGFR unzureichend verstanden und stark von Rezeptor- und Zelltyp abhängig. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die nähere Charakterisierung der Signaltransduktion des GPCR-zugehörigen Cholezystokinin (CCK)-Rezeptors bezüglich der Aktivierung der MAPK durch Western-Blot-Analysen in der Pankreasazinus-Karzinomzelllinie AR42J der Ratte. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine Beteiligung des EGFR im Mechanismus der CCK-induzierten MAPK-Aktivierung mittels einer EGFR-Transaktivierung. Diese ist mit einer Tyrosinphosphorylierung des EGFR und von Shc sowie einer Komplexbildung der Adapterproteine Shc und Grb2 mit dem EGFR verbunden. Diese Vorgänge sind von der intrinsischen Tyrosinkinaseaktivität des EGFR abhängig. Neben dem EGFR konnte durch weitere Untersuchungen eine Aktivierung und Beteiligung von Tyrosinkinasen der Src-Familie (SFTK) an der CCK-induzierten MAPK-Aktivierung gezeigt werden. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass die CCK-induzierte Shc-Tyrosinphosphorylierung und die EGFR-Shc-Grb2-Komplexbildung im Rahmen der EGFR-Transaktivierung SFTK-abhängig sind. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die EGFR-Tyrosinphosphorylierung SFTK-unabhängig. Diese Daten zeigen, dass die CCK-induzierte Signalvermittlung des EGFR die gemeinsame Aktivierung von SFTK und EGFR benötigt. Neben der EGFR-Transaktivierung konnte im Rahmen der CCK-induzierten MAPK-Aktivierung ein weiterer Signaltransduktionsweg charakterisiert werden, welcher die Aktivierung der Proteinkinase C (PKC) beinhaltet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass CCK in AR42J-Zellen eine Aktivierung der PKC-Isoformen alpha, delta und eta induziert. Eine Hemmung aller drei PKC-Isoformen führte zur Hemmung des MAPK-Signals, während die isolierte Hem-mung von PKC alpha und delta keine Effekte verursachte. Diese Resultate deuten darauf hin, dass PKCeta an der CCK-induzierten MAPK-Aktivierung beteiligt ist. Eine Beteiligung der PKC an der EGFR-Transaktivierung konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Demnach scheint der PKC-abhängige MAPK-Aktivierungsmechanismus parallel zum EGFR zu verlaufen und erst distal des EGFR mit dem EGFR/SFTK-abhängigen Signaltransduktionsweg zu konvergieren.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) and related peptides are potent growth factors in the gastrointestinal tract and may be important for human cancer. CCK exerts its growth modulatory effects through G(q)-coupled receptors (CCK(A) and CCK(B)) and activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). In the present study, we investigated the different mechanisms participating in CCK-induced activation of ERK1/2 in pancreatic AR42J cells expressing both CCK(A) and CCK(B). CCK activated ERK1/2 and Raf-1 to a similar extent as epidermal growth factor (EGF). Inhibition of EGF receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase or expression of dominant-negative Ras reduced CCK-induced ERK1/2 activation, indicating participation of the EGFR and Ras in CCK-induced ERK1/2 activation. However, compared with EGF, CCK caused only small increases in tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGFR and Shc, Shc-Grb2 complex formation, and Ras activation. Signal amplification between Ras and Raf in a CCK-induced ERK cascade appears to be mediated by activation of protein kinase Cepsilon (PKCepsilon), because 1) down-modulation of phorbol ester-sensitive PKCs inhibited CCK-induced activation of Ras, Raf, and ERK1/2 without influencing Shc-Grb2 complex formation; 2) PKCepsilon, but not PKCalpha or PKCdelta, was detectable in Raf-1 immunoprecipitates, although CCK activated all three PKC isoenzymes. In addition, the present study provides evidence that the Src family tyrosine kinase Yes is activated by CCK and mediates CCK-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc. Furthermore, we show that CCK-induced activation of the EGFR and Yes is achieved through the CCK(B) receptor. Together, our data show that different signals emanating from the CCK receptors mediate ERK1/2 activation; activation of Yes and the EGFR mediate Shc-Grb2 recruitment, and activation of PKC, most likely PKCepsilon, augments CCK-stimulated ERK1/2 activation at the Ras/Raf level.
Purpose: The diagnosis of abusive head trauma (AHT) is complex and neuroimaging plays a crucial role. Our goal was to determine whether non-neuroradiologists with standard neuroradiology knowledge perform as well as neuroradiologists with experience in pediatric neuroimaging in interpreting MRI in cases of presumptive AHT (pAHT).
Methods: Twenty children were retrospectively evaluated. Patients had been diagnosed with pAHT (6 patients), non-abusive head trauma-NAHT (5 patients), metabolic diseases (3 patients), and benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces (BESS) (6 patients). The MRI was assessed blindly, i.e., no clinical history was given to the 3 non-neuroradiologists and 3 neuroradiologists from 2 different institutions.
Results: Blindly, neuroradiologists demonstrated higher levels of sensitivity and positive predictive value in the diagnosis of pAHT (89%) than non-neuroradiologists (50%). Neuroradiologists chose correctly pAHT as the most probable diagnosis 16 out of 18 times; in contrast, non-neuroradiologists only chose 9 out of 18 times. In our series, the foremost important misdiagnosis for pAHT was NAHT (neuroradiologists twice and non-neuroradiologists 5 times). Only victims of motor vehicle accidents were blindly misdiagnosed as pAHT. No usual household NAHT was not misdiagnosed as pAHT. Neuroradiologists correctly ruled out pAHT in all cases of metabolic diseases and BESS.
Conclusion: MRI in cases of suspected AHT should be evaluated by neuroradiologists with experience in pediatric neuroimaging. Neuroradiologists looked beyond the subdural hemorrhage (SDH) and were more precise in the assessment of pAHT and its differential diagnosis than non-neuroradiologists were. It seems that non-neuroradiologists mainly assess whether or not a pAHT is present depending on the presence or absence of SDH.