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Due to an increasing awareness of the potential hazardousness of air pollutants, new laws, rules and guidelines have recently been implemented globally. In this respect, numerous studies have addressed traffic-related exposure to particulate matter using stationary technology so far. By contrast, only few studies used the advanced technology of mobile exposure analysis. The Mobile Air Quality Study (MAQS) addresses the issue of air pollutant exposure by combining advanced high-granularity spatial-temporal analysis with vehicle-mounted, person-mounted and roadside sensors. The MAQS-platform will be used by international collaborators in order 1) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to road structure, 2) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to traffic density, 3) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to weather conditions, 4) to compare exposure within vehicles between front and back seat (children) positions, and 5) to evaluate "traffic zone"- exposure in relation to non-"traffic zone"-exposure. Primarily, the MAQS-platform will focus on particulate matter. With the establishment of advanced mobile analysis tools, it is planed to extend the analysis to other pollutants including including NO2, SO2, nanoparticles, and ozone.
Background: While recent data show that crizotinib is highly effective in patients with ROS1 rearrangement, few data is available about the prognostic impact, the predictive value for different treatments, and the genetic heterogeneity of ROS1- positive patients.
Patients and methods: 1137 patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung were analyzed regarding their ROS1 status. In positive cases, next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed. Clinical characteristics, treatments and outcome of these patients were assessed. Overall survival (OS) was compared with genetically defined subgroups of ROS1-negative patients.
Results: 19 patients of 1035 evaluable (1.8%) had ROS1-rearrangement. The median OS has not been reached. Stage IV patients with ROS1-rearrangement had the best OS of all subgroups (36.7 months, p < 0.001). 9 of 14 (64.2%) patients had at least one response to chemotherapy. Estimated mean OS for patients receiving chemotherapy and crizotinib was 5.3 years. Ten patients with ROS1-rearrangement (52.6%) harbored additional aberrations.
Conclusion: ROS1-rearangement is not only a predictive marker for response to crizotinib, but also seems to be the one of the best prognostic molecular markers in NSCLC reported so far. In stage IV patients, response to chemotherapy was remarkable high and overall survival was significantly better compared to other subgroups including EGFR-mutated and ALK-fusion-positive NSCLC.
Hypoxia enhances the antiglioma cytotoxicity of b10, a glycosylated derivative of betulinic acid
(2014)
B10 is a glycosylated derivative of betulinic acid with promising activity against glioma cells. Lysosomal cell death pathways appear to be essential for its cytotoxicity. We investigated the influence of hypoxia, nutrient deprivation and current standard therapies on B10 cytotoxicity. The human glioma cell lines LN-308 and LNT-229 were exposed to B10 alone or together with irradiation, temozolomide, nutrient deprivation or hypoxia. Cell growth and viability were evaluated by crystal violet staining, clonogenicity assays, propidium iodide uptake and LDH release assays. Cell death was examined using an inhibitor of lysosomal acidification (bafilomycin A1), a cathepsin inhibitor (CA074-Me) and a short-hairpin RNA targeting cathepsin B. Hypoxia substantially enhanced B10-induced cell death. This effect was sensitive to bafilomycin A1 and thus dependent on hypoxia-induced lysosomal acidification. Cathepsin B appeared to mediate cell death because either the inhibitor CA074-Me or cathepsin B gene silencing rescued glioma cells from B10 toxicity under hypoxia. B10 is a novel antitumor agent with substantially enhanced cytotoxicity under hypoxia conferred by increased lysosomal cell death pathway activation. Given the importance of hypoxia for therapy resistance, malignant progression, and as a result of antiangiogenic therapies, B10 might be a promising strategy for hypoxic tumors like malignant glioma.
Einführung: Den Hauptgrund für das mittel- und langfristige Versagen von Kunststoff-Prothesenshunts stellt die zunehmende Stenosierung im Bereich der venösen Anastomose dar. Das Problem besteht in der Anpassung der Vene an die unphysiologische Dauerbelastung durch die Arterialisierung mit der Folge einer erhöhten transmuralen Spannung, einem erhöhten endothelialen "shear stress" und daraus resultierender Intimahyperplasie. Zielsetzung: Vergleich der kumulativen Offenheitsraten von carbonisierten ePTFE (expended polytetrafluoroethylene) Gefäßprothesen MIT versus OHNE Cuff-Anastomose als Hämodialyseshunt bei terminal niereninsuffizienten Dialysepatienten. Die Modelle unterscheiden sich lediglich durch den, ursprünglich von Scholz H handgefertigten, Patch an der Venaflo™-Prothese am Übergang vom Shunt zur venösen Anastomose. (Hersteller: Fa. BARD PERIPHERAL VASCULAR). Die Cuff-Anastomose soll die Hämodynamik im Bereich des venösen Abflusses günstig beeinflussen, so dass es zu einer Reduktion der Stenoserate kommt. Material und Methodik: Die DIVA-Studie war prospektiv, randomisiert und multizentrisch nicht doppelblind angelegt; hierfür wurden 418 Patienten (m:139, w:228) im Alter von 64,5 + 13,26 Jahre, über einen 24 monatigen Zeitraum hinsichtlich der Primären und Sekundären Offenheitsrate beobachtet. Die Studie wurde regelrecht durchgeführt, d.h. nur studiengerechte Prothesen wurden verwandt, die Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien wurden strikt eingehalten, die „lost to follow-up-Rate“ war nicht höher als zuvor erwartet (25% pro Jahr). Die von den Prüfzentren übermittelten Daten wurden durch den Monitor auf deren Plausibilität geprüft. Nach ITT (intention-to-treat) – Analyse verblieben von 359 Patienten (Standard:173, Venaflo™: 186) validen Ergebnisse, verteilt auf 19 Studienzentren. Die Rekrutierung erfolgte randomisiert. Um ein möglichst homogenes Kollektiv zu erhalten, müssen verschiedene Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien, wie eine terminale dialysepflichtige Niereninsuffizienz, der Durchmesser der drainierenden Vene und zuführenden Arterie, eine dauerhafte Hyper- bzw. Hypotonie, Antikoagulantientherapie und weitere, beachtet werden. Zwischen den Behandlungsgruppen besteht kein wesentlicher Unterschied in Hinsicht auf die demographischen Daten, die vorausgegangenen Nierenerkrankung oder die nachfolgenden Dialysebehandlungen. Als Endpunkte unterscheidet man Primäre und Sekundäre Offenheitsraten, die sich im jeweiligen Wiederherstellungseingriff wie Thrombektomie, Korrektur der venösen Anastomose oder gar vollständiger Shuntneuanlage unterscheiden. Zulässige Formen der Shuntanlage sind der Unterarm-Loopshunt, Oberarm(OA)-Loopshunt, OA-Straight und OA-Curvedshunt. Es stehen 6- und 7mm-Modelle zur Verfügung. Ergebnisse: Ungeachtet der Shuntform, des Implantationsorts und des Durchmessers, zeigt die Venaflo™-Gefäßprothese stets bessere Offenheitsraten. Primäre Offenheit (ITT) nach zwei Jahren - Venaflo™: 54,1% , Standard: 48,9% (p=0,348), Sekundäre Offenheit - Venaflo™: 70,7%, Standard: 63,1% (p=0,112). Zudem haben der Durchmesser von 7mm, sowie die Straightshunts einen positiven Effekt gezeigt. Die intra- und perioperative Komplikationsrate ist nahezu gleichverteilt. So gab es beispielsweise 4 Sofortverschlüsse in der Standard-Gruppe und 5 in der Venaflo™-Gruppe. Beträchtlich hingegen ist der Unterschied bei Studienende. Die Venaflo™-Gruppe hat deutlich mehr reguläre Studienabschlüsse (Standard:58, Venaflo™:75), weniger Shuntneuanlagen (Standard:16, Venaflo™: 14) und weniger Prothesenverlängerungen (Standard: 27, Venaflo: 13) zu verzeichnen. Schlussfolgerung: Die Venaflo™-Cuff-Prothese belegt im klinischen Einsatz den positiven Einfluss der bulbusförmig konfigurierten venösen Anastomose. Die durchschnittliche Funktionsdauer kann durch den Einsatz einer ePTFE-Prothese MIT Patch deutlich verlängert werden. Für den betroffenen Patienten bedeutet dies ein Zugewinn an Lebensqualität durch eine Verlängerung des interventionsfreien Zeitraums um mehrere Monate.
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency, which is diagnosed in most patients between one and three years of age. Here we report on a boy who presented at birth with extensive skin lesions and lymphadenopathy which were caused by CGD. An analysis of the literature revealed 24 patients with CGD who became symptomatic during the first six weeks of life. Although pulmonary complications and skin lesions due to infection were the leading symptoms, clinical features were extremely heterogenous. As follow-up was not well specified in most patients, the long-term prognosis of children with very early onset of CGD remains unknown.
Purpose: To determine the value of the 2D multiple-echo data image combination (MEDIC) sequence relative to the short-tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequence regarding the depiction of chondral lesions in the patellofemoral joint.
Materials and methods: During a period of 6 month patients with acute pain at the anterior aspect of the knee, joint effusion and suspected chondral lesion defect in the patellofemoral joint underwent MRI including axial MEDIC and STIR imaging. Patients with chondral lesions in the patellofemoral joint on at least one sequence were included. The MEDIC and STIR sequence were quantitatively compared regarding the patella cartilage-to-effusion contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and qualitatively regarding the depiction of chondral lesions independently scored by two radiologists on a 3-point scale (1 = not depicted; 2 = blurred depicted; 3 = clearly depicted) using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney-Test. For the analysis of inter-observer agreement the Cohen's Weighted Kappa test was used.
Results: 30 of 58 patients (male: female, 21:9; age: 44 ± 12 yrs) revealed cartilage lesions (fissures, n = 5 including fibrillation; gaps, n = 15; delamination, n = 7; osteoarthritis, n = 3) and were included in this study. The STIR-sequence was significantly (p < 0.001) superior to the MEDIC-sequence regarding both, the patella cartilage-to-effusion CNR (mean CNR: 232 ± 61 vs. 40 ± 16) as well as the depiction of chondral lesion (mean score: 2.83 ± 0.4 vs. 1.75 ± 0.7) with substantial inter-observer agreement in the rating of both sequences (κ = 0.76–0.89).
Conclusion: For the depiction of chondral lesions in the patellofemoral joint, the axial STIR-sequence should be chosen in preference to the axial MEDIC-sequence.
Background: Compound flaps offer the advantage of one stage defect reconstruction respecting all relevant tissues and early functional recovery by optimal vascularity of all components. Due to its specific vascular anatomy and the three-dimensional donor site, compound flaps with bone components may result in higher complication rates compared to soft tissue compound flaps. The meta-analysis summarizes the available evidence and evaluates whether bone components are a risk factor for periprocedural complications in upper extremity multidimensional defect reconstruction. Method: PubMed and Embase were searched for all publications addressing compound free flaps for upper extremity defect reconstruction with bone or soft tissue components published between January 1988 and May 2018. The methodological quality was assessed with the American Society of Plastic Surgeons Evidence Rating Scale for Therapeutic Studies. Flap loss, thrombosis rate, early infection, hematoma, seroma, as well as donor site complications were extracted and analyzed. Results: Twelve out of 1157 potentially eligible studies (evidence-III) comprising 159 patients were finally included with publication bias for all summarized complication rates. Complication rates for flaps with/ without bone components were: total flap loss 5%, 95% CI = 3%–10% (6%/5%); partial flap loss 8%, 95% CI = 5%–15%, (9%/8%); arterial/venous thrombosis 7%, 95% CI = 4%–12%, (8%/5%)/14%, 95% CI = 9%–21% (16%/6%, P < .05) with higher risk for flaps with bone components; infection 6%, 95% CI = 3%–12% (6%/6%); hematoma 6%, 95% CI = 3%–11% (6%/5%); seroma 5%, 95% CI = 3%–10% (5%/5%); dehiscence 10%, 95% CI = 6%–17% (11%/9%). Conclusion: Compound flaps for upper extremity defect reconstruction including bone components have a higher venous thrombosis rate compared to compound soft-tissue flaps.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused strains on health systems worldwide disrupting routine hospital services for all non-COVID patients. Within this retrospective study, we analyzed inpatient hospital admissions across 18 German university hospitals during the 2020 lockdown period compared to 2018. Patients admitted to hospital between January 1 and May 31, 2020 and the corresponding periods in 2018 and 2019 were included in this study. Data derived from electronic health records were collected and analyzed using the data integration center infrastructure implemented in the university hospitals that are part of the four consortia funded by the German Medical Informatics Initiative. Admissions were grouped and counted by ICD 10 chapters and specific reasons for treatment at each site. Pooled aggregated data were centrally analyzed with descriptive statistics to compare absolute and relative differences between time periods of different years. The results illustrate how care process adoptions depended on the COVID-19 epidemiological situation and the criticality of the disease. Overall inpatient hospital admissions decreased by 35% in weeks 1 to 4 and by 30.3% in weeks 5 to 8 after the lockdown announcement compared to 2018. Even hospital admissions for critical care conditions such as malignant cancer treatments were reduced. We also noted a high reduction of emergency admissions such as myocardial infarction (38.7%), whereas the reduction in stroke admissions was smaller (19.6%). In contrast, we observed a considerable reduction in admissions for non-critical clinical situations, such as hysterectomies for benign tumors (78.8%) and hip replacements due to arthrosis (82.4%). In summary, our study shows that the university hospital admission rates in Germany were substantially reduced following the national COVID-19 lockdown. These included critical care or emergency conditions in which deferral is expected to impair clinical outcomes. Future studies are needed to delineate how appropriate medical care of critically ill patients can be maintained during a pandemic.
Comprehensive landscape of active deubiquitinating enzymes profiled by advanced chemoproteomics
(2019)
Enzymes that bind and process ubiquitin, a small 76-amino-acid protein, have been recognized as pharmacological targets in oncology, immunological disorders, and neurodegeneration. Mass spectrometry technology has now reached the capacity to cover the proteome with enough depth to interrogate entire biochemical pathways including those that contain DUBs and E3 ligase substrates. We have recently characterized the breast cancer cell (MCF7) deep proteome by detecting and quantifying ~10,000 proteins, and within this data set, we can detect endogenous expression of 65 deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs), whereas matching transcriptomics detected 78 DUB mRNAs. Since enzyme activity provides another meaningful layer of information in addition to the expression levels, we have combined advanced mass spectrometry technology, pre-fractionation, and more potent/selective ubiquitin active-site probes with propargylic-based electrophiles to profile 74 DUBs including distinguishable isoforms for 5 DUBs in MCF7 crude extract material. Competition experiments with cysteine alkylating agents and pan-DUB inhibitors combined with probe labeling revealed the proportion of active cellular DUBs directly engaged with probes by label-free quantitative (LFQ) mass spectrometry. This demonstrated that USP13, 39, and 40 are non-reactive to probe, indicating restricted enzymatic activity under these cellular conditions. Our extended chemoproteomics workflow increases depth of covering the active DUBome, including isoform-specific resolution, and provides the framework for more comprehensive cell-based small-molecule DUB selectivity profiling.
