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Language
- English (35)
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Keywords
- Atmospheric chemistry (2)
- B-slope (1)
- Biogeochemistry (1)
- CLOUD experiment (1)
- Charm quark spatial diffusion coefficient (1)
- Coalescence (1)
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Hygroscopicity of nanoparticles produced from homogeneous
nucleation in the CLOUD experiments
(2016)
Kim, Jaeseok ; Ahlm, Lars ; Yli-Juuti, Taina ; Lawler, Michael Joseph ; Keskinen, Helmi ; Tröstl, Jasmin ; Schobesberger, Siegfried ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; Amorim, Antonio ; Bianchi, Federico ; Donahue, Neil McPherson ; Flagan, Richard C. ; Hakala, Jani ; Heinritzi, Martin ; Jokinen, Tuija ; Kürten, Christoph Andreas ; Laaksonen, Ari ; Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Miettinen, Pasi ; Petäjä, Tuukka ; Rissanen, Matti P. ; Rondo, Linda ; Sengupta, Kamalika ; Simon, Mario ; Tomé, Antonio ; Williamson, Christina ; Wimmer, Daniela ; Winkler, Paul M. ; Ehrhart, Sebastian ; Ye, Penglin ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Curtius, Joachim ; Baltensperger, Urs ; Kulmala, Markku ; Lehtinen, Kari E. J. ; Smith, James N. ; Riipinen, Ilona ; Virtanen, Annele
Sulfuric acid, amines and oxidized organics have been found to be important compounds in the nucleation and initial growth of atmospheric particles. Because of the challenges involved in determining the chemical composition of objects with very small mass, however, the properties of the freshly nucleated particles and the detailed pathways of their formation processes are still not clear. In this study, we focus on a challenging size range, i.e., particles that have grown to diameters of 10 and 15 nm following nucleation, and measure their water uptake. Water uptake is useful information for indirectly obtaining chemical composition of aerosol particles. We use a nanometer-hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (nano-HTDMA) at subsaturated conditions (ca. 90 % relative humidity at 293 K) to measure the hygroscopicity of particles during the seventh Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD7) campaign performed at CERN in 2012. In CLOUD7, the hygroscopicity of nucleated nanoparticles was measured in the presence of sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid–dimethylamine, and sulfuric acid–organics derived from α-pinene oxidation. The hygroscopicity parameter κ decreased with increasing particle size, indicating decreasing acidity of particles. No clear effect of the sulfuric acid concentration on the hygroscopicity of 10 nm particles produced from sulfuric acid and dimethylamine was observed, whereas the hygroscopicity of 15 nm particles sharply decreased with decreasing sulfuric acid concentrations. In particular, when the concentration of sulfuric acid was 5.1 × 106 molecules cm−3 in the gas phase, and the dimethylamine mixing ratio was 11.8 ppt, the measured κ of 15 nm particles was 0.31 ± 0.01: close to the value reported for dimethylaminium sulfate (DMAS) (κDMAS ∼ 0.28). Furthermore, the difference in κ between sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid–imethylamine experiments increased with increasing particle size. The κ values of particles in the presence of sulfuric acid and organics were much smaller than those of particles in the presence of sulfuric acid and dimethylamine. This suggests that the organics produced from α-pinene ozonolysis play a significant role in particle growth even at 10 nm sizes.
Tröstl, Jasmin ; Chuang, Wayne K. ; Gordon, Hamish ; Heinritzi, Martin ; Yan, Chao ; Molteni, Ugo ; Ahlm, Lars ; Frege, Carla ; Bianchi, Federico ; Wagner, Robert ; Simon, Mario ; Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Williamson, Christina ; Craven, Jill ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; Adamov, Alexey ; Almeida, Joao ; Bernhammer, Anne-Kathrin ; Breitenlechner, Martin ; Brilke, Sophia ; Dias, Antonio ; Ehrhart, Sebastian ; Flagan, Richard C. ; Franchin, Alessandro ; Fuchs, Claudia ; Guida, Roberto ; Gysel, Martin ; Hansel, Armin ; Hoyle, Christopher Robert ; Jokinen, Tuija ; Junninen, Heikki ; Kangasluoma, Juha ; Keskinen, Helmi ; Kim, Jaeseok ; Krapf, Manuel ; Kürten, Christoph Andreas ; Laaksonen, Ari ; Lawler, Michael Joseph ; Leiminger, Markus ; Mathot, Serge ; Möhler, Ottmar ; Nieminen, Tuomo ; Onnela, Antti ; Petäjä, Tuukka ; Piel, Felix ; Miettinen, Pasi ; Rissanen, Matti P. ; Rondo, Linda ; Sarnela, Nina ; Schobesberger, Siegfried ; Sengupta, Kamalika ; Sipilä, Mikko ; Smith, James N. ; Steiner, Gerhard ; Tomé, Antonio ; Virtanen, Annele ; Wagner, Andrea Christine ; Weingartner, Ernest ; Wimmer, Daniela ; Winkler, Paul M. ; Ye, Penglin ; Carslaw, Kenneth S. ; Curtius, Joachim ; Dommen, Josef ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Kulmala, Markku ; Riipinen, Ilona ; Worsnop, Douglas R. ; Donahue, Neil McPherson ; Baltensperger, Urs
About half of present-day cloud condensation nuclei originate from atmospheric nucleation, frequently appearing as a burst of new particles near midday1. Atmospheric observations show that the growth rate of new particles often accelerates when the diameter of the particles is between one and ten nanometres2,3. In this critical size range, new particles are most likely to be lost by coagulation with pre-existing particles4, thereby failing to form new cloud condensation nuclei that are typically 50 to 100 nanometres across. Sulfuric acid vapour is often involved in nucleation but is too scarce to explain most subsequent growth5,6, leaving organic vapours as the most plausible alternative, at least in the planetary boundary layer7,8,9,10. Although recent studies11,12,13 predict that low-volatility organic vapours contribute during initial growth, direct evidence has been lacking. The accelerating growth may result from increased photolytic production of condensable organic species in the afternoon2, and the presence of a possible Kelvin (curvature) effect, which inhibits organic vapour condensation on the smallest particles (the nano-Köhler theory)2,14, has so far remained ambiguous. Here we present experiments performed in a large chamber under atmospheric conditions that investigate the role of organic vapours in the initial growth of nucleated organic particles in the absence of inorganic acids and bases such as sulfuric acid or ammonia and amines, respectively. Using data from the same set of experiments, it has been shown15 that organic vapours alone can drive nucleation. We focus on the growth of nucleated particles and find that the organic vapours that drive initial growth have extremely low volatilities (saturation concentration less than 10−4.5 micrograms per cubic metre). As the particles increase in size and the Kelvin barrier falls, subsequent growth is primarily due to more abundant organic vapours of slightly higher volatility (saturation concentrations of 10−4.5 to 10−0.5 micrograms per cubic metre). We present a particle growth model that quantitatively reproduces our measurements. Furthermore, we implement a parameterization of the first steps of growth in a global aerosol model and find that concentrations of atmospheric cloud concentration nuclei can change substantially in response, that is, by up to 50 per cent in comparison with previously assumed growth rate parameterizations.
Stolzenburg, Dominik ; Fischer, Lukas ; Vogel, Alexander L. ; Heinritzi, Martin ; Schervish, Meredith ; Simon, Mario ; Wagner, Andrea Christine ; Dada, Lubna ; Ahonen, Lauri R. ; Amorim, Antonio ; Baccarini, Andrea ; Bauer, Paulus Salomon ; Baumgartner, Bernhard ; Bergen, Anton ; Bianchi, Federico ; Breitenlechner, Martin ; Brilke, Sophia ; Buenrostro Mazon, Stephany ; Chen, Dexian ; Dias, Antonio ; Draper, Danielle C. ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; El Haddad, Imad ; Finkenzeller, Henning ; Frege, Carla ; Fuchs, Claudia ; Garmash, Olga ; Gordon, Hamish ; He, Xucheng ; Helm, Johanna ; Hofbauer, Victoria ; Hoyle, Christopher Robert ; Kim, Changhyuk ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Kontkanen, Jenni ; Kürten, Christoph Andreas ; Lampilahti, Janne ; Lawler, Michael Joseph ; Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Leiminger, Markus ; Mai, Huajun ; Mathot, Serge ; Mentler, Bernhard ; Molteni, Ugo ; Nie, Wei ; Nieminen, Tuomo ; Nowak, John B. ; Ojdanic, Andrea ; Onnela, Antti ; Passananti, Monica ; Petäjä, Tuukka ; Quéléver, Lauriane L. J. ; Rissanen, Matti P. ; Sarnela, Nina ; Schallhart, Simon ; Tauber, Christian ; Tomé, Antonio ; Wagner, Robert ; Wang, Mingyi ; Weitz, Lena ; Wimmer, Daniela ; Xiao, Mao ; Yan, Chao ; Ye, Penglin ; Zha, Qiaozhi ; Baltensperger, Urs ; Curtius, Joachim ; Dommen, Josef ; Flagan, Richard C. ; Kulmala, Markku ; Smith, James N. ; Worsnop, Douglas R. ; Hansel, Armin ; Donahue, Neil McPherson ; Winkler, Paul M.
Nucleation and growth of aerosol particles from atmospheric vapors constitutes a major source of global cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The fraction of newly formed particles that reaches CCN sizes is highly sensitive to particle growth rates, especially for particle sizes <10 nm, where coagulation losses to larger aerosol particles are greatest. Recent results show that some oxidation products from biogenic volatile organic compounds are major contributors to particle formation and initial growth. However, whether oxidized organics contribute to particle growth over the broad span of tropospheric temperatures remains an open question, and quantitative mass balance for organic growth has yet to be demonstrated at any temperature. Here, in experiments performed under atmospheric conditions in the Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), we show that rapid growth of organic particles occurs over the range from −25 ∘C to 25 ∘C. The lower extent of autoxidation at reduced temperatures is compensated by the decreased volatility of all oxidized molecules. This is confirmed by particle-phase composition measurements, showing enhanced uptake of relatively less oxygenated products at cold temperatures. We can reproduce the measured growth rates using an aerosol growth model based entirely on the experimentally measured gas-phase spectra of oxidized organic molecules obtained from two complementary mass spectrometers. We show that the growth rates are sensitive to particle curvature, explaining widespread atmospheric observations that particle growth rates increase in the single-digit-nanometer size range. Our results demonstrate that organic vapors can contribute to particle growth over a wide range of tropospheric temperatures from molecular cluster sizes onward.
Lehtipalo, Katrianne ; Rondo, Linda ; Kontkanen, Jenni ; Schobesberger, Siegfried ; Jokinen, Tuija ; Sarnela, Nina ; Kürten, Christoph Andreas ; Ehrhart, Sebastian ; Franchin, Alessandro ; Nieminen, Tuomo ; Riccobono, Francesco ; Sipilä, Mikko ; Yli-Juuti, Taina ; Duplissy, Jonathan ; Adamov, Alexey ; Ahlm, Lars ; Almeida, Joao ; Amorim, Antonio ; Bianchi, Federico ; Breitenlechner, Martin ; Dommen, Josef ; Downard, Andrew ; Dunne, Eimear M. ; Flagan, Richard C. ; Guida, Roberto ; Hakala, Jani ; Hansel, Armin ; Jud, Werner ; Kangasluoma, Juha ; Kerminen, Veli-Matti ; Keskinen, Helmi ; Kim, Jaeseok ; Kirkby, Jasper ; Kupc, Agnieszka ; Kupiainen-Määttä, Oona ; Laaksonen, Ari ; Lawler, Michael Joseph ; Leiminger, Markus ; Mathot, Serge ; Olenius, Tinja ; Ortega, Ismael K. ; Onnela, Antti ; Petäjä, Tuukka ; Praplan, Arnaud Patrick ; Rissanen, Matti P. ; Ruuskanen, Taina ; Santos, Filipe Duarte ; Schallhart, Simon ; Schnitzhofer, Ralf ; Simon, Mario ; Smith, James N. ; Tröstl, Jasmin ; Tsagkogeorgas, Georgios ; Tomé, Antonio ; Vaattovaara, Petri ; Vehkamäki, Hanna ; Vrtala, Aron ; Wagner, Paul E. ; Williamson, Christina ; Wimmer, Daniela ; Winkler, Paul M. ; Virtanen, Annele ; Donahue, Neil McPherson ; Carslaw, Kenneth S. ; Baltensperger, Urs ; Riipinen, Ilona ; Curtius, Joachim ; Worsnop, Douglas R. ; Kulmala, Markku
The growth of freshly formed aerosol particles can be the bottleneck in their survival to cloud condensation nuclei. It is therefore crucial to understand how particles grow in the atmosphere. Insufficient experimental data has impeded a profound understanding of nano-particle growth under atmospheric conditions. Here we study nano-particle growth in the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoors Droplets) chamber, starting from the formation of molecular clusters. We present measured growth rates at sub-3 nm sizes with different atmospherically relevant concentrations of sulphuric acid, water, ammonia and dimethylamine. We find that atmospheric ions and small acid-base clusters, which are not generally accounted for in the measurement of sulphuric acid vapour, can participate in the growth process, leading to enhanced growth rates. The availability of compounds capable of stabilizing sulphuric acid clusters governs the magnitude of these effects and thus the exact growth mechanism. We bring these observations into a coherent framework and discuss their significance in the atmosphere.
Hou, Liping ; Bergen, Sarah E. ; Akula, Nirmala ; Song, Jie ; Hultman, Christina M. ; Landén, Mikael ; Adli, Mazda ; Alda, Martin ; Ardau, Raffaella ; Arias, Bárbara ; Aubry, Jean-Michel ; Backlund, Lena ; Badner, Judith A. ; Barrett, Thomas B. ; Bauer, Michael ; Baune, Bernhard T. ; Bellivier, Frank ; Benabarre Hernandez, Antonio ; Bengesser, Susanne ; Berrettini, Wade H. ; Bhattacharjee, Abesh Kumar ; Biernacka, Joanna ; Birner, Armin ; Bloss, Cinnamon S. ; Brichant-Petitjean, Clara ; Bui, Elise T. ; Byerley, William ; Cervantes, Pablo ; Chillotti, Caterina ; Cichon, Sven ; Colom, Francesc ; Coryell, William ; Craig, David W. ; Cruceanu, Cristiana ; Czerski, Piotr M. ; Davis, Tony ; Dayer, Alexandre ; Degenhardt, Franziska ; Del Zompo, Maria ; DePaulo, J. Raymond ; Edenberg, Howard J. ; Étain, Bruno ; Falkai, Peter ; Foroud, Tatiana ; Forstner, Andreas Josef ; Frisén, Louise ; Frye, Mark A. ; Fullerton, Janice M. ; Gard, Sébastien ; Garnham, Julie S. ; Gershon, Elliot S. ; Goes, Fernando S. ; Greenwood, Tiffany A. ; Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Maria ; Hauser, Joanna ; Heilbronner, Urs ; Heilmann-Heimbach, Stefanie ; Herms, Stefan ; Hipolito, Maria ; Hitturlingappa, Shashi ; Hoffmann, Per ; Hofmann, Andrea ; Jamain, Stephane ; Jiménez, Esther ; Kahn, Jean-Pierre ; Kassem, Layla ; Kelsoe, John R. ; Kittel-Schneider, Sarah ; Kliwicki, Sebastian ; Koller, Daniel L. ; König, Barbara ; Lackner, Nina ; Laje, Gonzalo ; Lang, Maren ; Lavebratt, Catharina ; Lawson, William B. ; Leboyer, Marion ; Leckband, Susan G. ; Liu, Chunyu ; Maaser, Anna ; Mahon, Pamela B. ; Maier, Wolfgang ; Maj, Mario ; Manchia, Mirko ; Martinsson, Lina ; McCarthy, Michael J. ; McElroy, Susan L. ; McInnis, Melvin G. ; McKinney, Rebecca ; Mitchell, Philip B. ; Mitjans, Marina ; Mondimore, Francis Mark ; Monteleone, Palmiero ; Mühleisen, Thomas W. ; Nievergelt, Caroline M. ; Nöthen, Markus Maria ; Novák, Tomas ; Nurnberger, John I. ; Nwulia, Evaristus A. ; Ösby, Urban ; Pfennig, Andrea ; Potash, James B. ; Propping, Peter ; Reif, Andreas ; Reininghaus, Eva ; Rice, John ; Rietschel, Marcella ; Rouleau, Guy A. ; Rybakowski, Janusz K. ; Schalling, Martin ; Scheftner, William A. ; Schofield, Peter R. ; Schork, Nicholas J. ; Schulze, Thomas Gerd ; Schumacher, Johannes ; Schweizer, Barbara W. ; Severino, Giovanni ; Shekhtman, Tatyana ; Shilling, Paul D. ; Simhandl, Christian ; Slaney, Claire M. ; Smith, Erin N. ; Squassina, Alessio ; Stamm, Thomas ; Stopkova, Pavla ; Streit, Fabian ; Strohmaier, Jana ; Szelinger, Szabolcs ; Tighe, Sarah K. ; Tortorella, Alfonso ; Turecki, Gustavo ; Vieta, Eduard ; Volkert, Julia ; Witt, Stephanie H. ; Wright, Adam ; Zandi, Peter P. ; Zhang, Peng ; Zollner, Sebastian ; McMahon, Francis J.
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a genetically complex mental illness characterized by severe oscillations of mood and behavior. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk loci that together account for a small portion of the heritability. To identify additional risk loci, we performed a two-stage meta-analysis of >9 million genetic variants in 9,784 bipolar disorder patients and 30,471 controls, the largest GWAS of BD to date. In this study, to increase power we used ~2,000 lithium-treated cases with a long-term diagnosis of BD from the Consortium on Lithium Genetics, excess controls, and analytic methods optimized for markers on the Xchromosome. In addition to four known loci, results revealed genome-wide significant associations at two novel loci: an intergenic region on 9p21.3 (rs12553324, p = 5.87×10-9; odds ratio = 1.12) and markers within ERBB2 (rs2517959, p = 4.53×10-9; odds ratio = 1.13). No significant X-chromosome associations were detected and X-linked markers explained very little BD heritability. The results add to a growing list of common autosomal variants involved in BD and illustrate the power of comparing well-characterized cases to an excess of controls in GWAS.