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Plants, fungi and algae are important components of global biodiversity and are fundamental to all ecosystems. They are the basis for human well-being, providing food, materials and medicines. Specimens of all three groups of organisms are accommodated in herbaria, where they are commonly referred to as botanical specimens.The large number of specimens in herbaria provides an ample, permanent and continuously improving knowledge base on these organisms and an indispensable source for the analysis of the distribution of species in space and time critical for current and future research relating to global biodiversity. In order to make full use of this resource, a research infrastructure has to be built that grants comprehensive and free access to the information in herbaria and botanical collections in general. This can be achieved through digitization of the botanical objects and associated data.The botanical research community can count on a long-standing tradition of collaboration among institutions and individuals. It agreed on data standards and standard services even before the advent of computerization and information networking, an example being the Index Herbariorum as a global registry of herbaria helping towards the unique identification of specimens cited in the literature.In the spirit of this collaborative history, 51 representatives from 30 institutions advocate to start the digitization of botanical collections with the overall wall-to-wall digitization of the flat objects stored in German herbaria. Germany has 70 herbaria holding almost 23 million specimens according to a national survey carried out in 2019. 87% of these specimens are not yet digitized. Experiences from other countries like France, the Netherlands, Finland, the US and Australia show that herbaria can be comprehensively and cost-efficiently digitized in a relatively short time due to established workflows and protocols for the high-throughput digitization of flat objects.Most of the herbaria are part of a university (34), fewer belong to municipal museums (10) or state museums (8), six herbaria belong to institutions also supported by federal funds such as Leibniz institutes, and four belong to non-governmental organizations. A common data infrastructure must therefore integrate different kinds of institutions.Making full use of the data gained by digitization requires the set-up of a digital infrastructure for storage, archiving, content indexing and networking as well as standardized access for the scientific use of digital objects. A standards-based portfolio of technical components has already been developed and successfully tested by the Biodiversity Informatics Community over the last two decades, comprising among others access protocols, collection databases, portals, tools for semantic enrichment and annotation, international networking, storage and archiving in accordance with international standards. This was achieved through the funding by national and international programs and initiatives, which also paved the road for the German contribution to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).Herbaria constitute a large part of the German botanical collections that also comprise living collections in botanical gardens and seed banks, DNA- and tissue samples, specimens preserved in fluids or on microscope slides and more. Once the herbaria are digitized, these resources can be integrated, adding to the value of the overall research infrastructure. The community has agreed on tasks that are shared between the herbaria, as the German GBIF model already successfully demonstrates.We have compiled nine scientific use cases of immediate societal relevance for an integrated infrastructure of botanical collections. They address accelerated biodiversity discovery and research, biomonitoring and conservation planning, biodiversity modelling, the generation of trait information, automated image recognition by artificial intelligence, automated pathogen detection, contextualization by interlinking objects, enabling provenance research, as well as education, outreach and citizen science.We propose to start this initiative now in order to valorize German botanical collections as a vital part of a worldwide biodiversity data pool.
Purpose of the study: There is a clinical need for antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens that simplify dosing and make adherence easier for specific patient groups such as former intravenous drug users (IVDU) receiving opiate substitution. Availability of tenofovir DF (TDF) and other once-daily (OD) agents could offer a viable OD regimen. The 3OD study was designed to evaluate the use of OD HAART in IVDU patients.
Methods: 3OD was a single-arm, multicentre, 48-weeks trial to assess efficacy, tolerability and adherence to a OD TDF-containing HAART regimen in former IVDU patients receiving opiate substitution. Of 67 patients enrolled, 27 were antiretroviral treatment naïve, 10 were virologically suppressed (<400 copies/mL), and 30 were re-starting HAART without prior virological failure. Opiate substitution was adjusted according to subject symptoms of opiate overdosing or withdrawal. Various methods were used to assess adherence: besides pill count, patients were asked to fill in a MASRI (Medication Adherence Self-Report Inventory) questionnaire and an electronic log pad diary. Calculation of adherence by pill count assumed that unreturned pills had been taken by the subjects.
Summary of results: Overall, 55% (n = 37, ITT, M = F) of patients had viral load <400 copies/mL at week 48. Using an ITT, M = E analysis, 90% (37/41) of patients reached undetectable VL (<400 copies/mL), 56% (23/41 patients) had plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations <50 copies/mL at week 48. Only 30 patients (45%) completed the full study and the follow-up period. In 51% of patients, TDF adherence was >100% using pill count. MASRI showed adherence rates of 80–100% in 83–85% of patients; however, 15 patients never entered any data. Diary data were entered by 57 patients; diary data were entered for fewer days than patients received treatment (mean difference 113 days, calculated from treatment start and stop dates).
Conclusion: TDF in combination with other OD antiretrovirals in former IVDU patients showed comparable efficacy to that seen in the average HIV-1 infected population. However, measurement of adherence to self-administered HAART via pill count, MASRI or diary may be misleading in this population.
Die Brutbestände des Rotschenkels nehmen in weiten Teilen Europas stark ab, während die des Wattenmeeres stabil sind bzw. lange Zeit waren. Verschiedene Studien legen jedoch nahe, dass die Reproduktion des Rotschenkels im Wattenmeer räumlich stark variiert. Ziel der in den Jahren 2004 bis 2006 durchgeführten telemetrischen Untersuchungen von Küken des Rotschenkels auf der Insel Wangerooge und im Petersgroden am Festland war, erstmalig den Bruterfolg dieser Art zu beziffern, die bisher vorläufige Einschätzung einer räumlich stark variierenden Reproduktion zu verifizieren sowie Modelle künftiger Bestandsverläufe zu entwerfen. Aufgrund geringerer Gelege-Prädation erzielten die Vögel auf Wangerooge einen sehr viel höheren Schlupferfolg (2005/06: 64 bzw. 93 % der Gelege) als im Petersgroden (2004 bis 2006: 4 bis 15 %). Abgesehen von witterungsbedingten Totalverlusten im Jahre 2004 am Festland, lag die Mortalität nicht-flügger Küken in beiden Gebieten bei 70-80 %. Der Bruterfolg in den Jahren 2005 und 2006 wird auf 0,51 bzw. 1,0 Küken pro Brutpaar auf Wangerooge und auf konstant 0,15 Küken/Brutpaar am Festland geschätzt. Bei bisherigen Schätzungen (Literaturwerte) jährlicher Mortalitätsraten von 35 (Subadulte) bzw. 25 % (Adulte) wären diese Bruterfolge bei Weitem nicht ausreichend, um den untersuchten Festlandsbestand langfristig zu erhalten. Auf Wangerooge dagegen würden zumindest zeitweise mehr Jungvögel produziert als für die Erhaltung des regionalen Bestandes notwendig sind. Die bisherige Annahme einer räumlich variierenden Reproduktion von Rotschenkeln im Wattenmeer konnte mit diesen Ergebnissen bestätigt werden. Ob die gefundenen Bruterfolge zur Erklärung der gegenwärtigen Bestandsdynamik des Rotschenkels im Wattenmeer ausreichen, bleibt allerdings weiterhin fraglich. Die Notwendigkeit eines integrierten Populationsmonitorings wird vor diesem Hintergrund diskutiert. Die nicht-flüggen Küken waren in beiden Untersuchungsgebieten sehr ortstreu. Sie entfernten sich in den ersten Lebenswochen durchschnittlich maximal knapp 200 m vom ursprünglichen Neststandort und nutzten dabei eine Fläche von durchschnittlich etwa 0,4 ha. Die Raumnutzung von Rotschenkel-Familien legt nahe, dass der Bruterfolg der Vögel auch nach dem Schlupf der Küken noch potentiell stark durch die landwirtschaftliche Nutzung gefährdet ist, insbesondere durch Mahd. Die hier vorgelegte Untersuchung unterstreicht die Vermutung, dass landwirtschaftliche Nutzung ein ungeeignetes Mittel des Habitatmanagements für Brutvögel der Salzrasen darstellt.
Objective: Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has markedly increased survival and quality of life in people living with HIV. With the advent of new treatment options, including single-tablet regimens, durability and efficacy of first-line cART regimens are evolving.
Methods: We analyzed data from the prospective multicenter German Clinical Surveillance of HIV Disease (ClinSurv) cohort of the Robert-Koch Institute. Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were run to examine the factors associated with treatment modification. Recovery after treatment initiation was analyzed comparing pre-cART viral load and CD4+ T-cell counts with follow-up data.
Results: We included 8788 patients who initiated cART between 2005 and 2017. The sample population was predominantly male (n = 7040; 80.1%), of whom 4470 (63.5%) were reporting sex with men as the transmission risk factor. Overall, 4210 (47.9%) patients modified their first-line cART after a median time of 63 months (IQR 59–66). Regimens containing integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) were associated with significantly lower rates of treatment modification (adjusted hazard ratio 0.44; 95% CI 0.39–0.50) compared to protease inhibitor (PI)-based regimens. We found a decreased durability of first-line cART significantly associated with being female, a low CD4+ T-cell count, cART initiation in the later period (2011–2017), being on a multi-tablet regimen (MTR).
Conclusions: Drug class and MTRs are significantly associated with treatment modification. INSTI-based regimens showed to be superior compared to PI-based regimens in terms of durability.
Correction to: Infection (2020) 48:723–733 https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01469-6. The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. In this article the authors Dirk Schürmann at affiliation Charité, University Medicine, Berlin, Olaf Degen at affiliation University Clinic Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg and Heinz-August Horst at affiliation University Hospital Schleswig–Holstein, Kiel, Germany were missing from the author list. The original article has been corrected.