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Tubulogenesis is essential for the formation and function of internal organs. One such organ is the trachea, which allows gas exchange between the external environment and the lungs. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying tracheal tube development remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the potassium channel KCNJ13 is a critical modulator of tracheal tubulogenesis. We identify Kcnj13 in an ethylnitrosourea forward genetic screen for regulators of mouse respiratory organ development. Kcnj13 mutants exhibit a shorter trachea as well as defective smooth muscle (SM) cell alignment and polarity. KCNJ13 is essential to maintain ion homeostasis in tracheal SM cells, which is required for actin polymerization. This process appears to be mediated, at least in part, through activation of the actin regulator AKT, as pharmacological increase of AKT phosphorylation ameliorates the Kcnj13-mutant trachea phenotypes. These results provide insight into the role of ion homeostasis in cytoskeletal organization during tubulogenesis.
Eine fachübergreifende Zusammenarbeit von Fachleuten aus den Bereichen Makrophyten, Makrozoobenthos und Ornithologie hat am Bodensee zum ersten Mal das Beziehungsgefüge zwischen limnischen Nahrungsressourcen der Flachwasserzone und deren Hauptprädatoren, den Wasservögeln, aufgezeigt und die hohe Dynamik in diesem Ökosystem beleuchtet. Hierfür wurden bei dieser Untersuchung Stellen am Bodensee ausgewählt, die geeignet waren, um den Einfluss der Wasservögel auf Makrophyten beziehungsweise auf Dreikantmuscheln (Dreissena polymorpha PALLAS) zu untersuchen. Wasservögel wurden in halbmo-natlichem Abstand zwischen September und März quantifiziert und deren Aktivität abge-schätzt. Diese Erfassung wurde tags und nachts mit einem Infrarotgerät oder einem Restlichtverstärker durchgeführt. Die Beprobung von Makrophyten erfolgte über das gesamte Winterhalbjahr in 3 Tiefenstufen (-1, -1,5 und -2 m) bezogen auf die Mittelwasserlinie (MW, Pegel Konstanz = 361 cm) und wurde am Bodensee zum ersten Mal durchge-führt. Die Characeen-Vegetation im flacheren Litoralbereich des Zeller Sees war bis Dezember schon stark von Wasservögeln genutzt worden, während die tieferen Zonen erst nach der Vereisungsperiode im Februar und März abgeweidet wurden. Ferner zeigte die zum Ende des Winters noch vorhandene Biomasse in Fraßschutzkäfigen, dass der Seneszenzpro-zess am Biomasseverlust offensichtlich nur einen geringen Anteil hat. Bis in -2 m Wasser-tiefe wurde die vorhandene Characeen-Biomasse von den Wasservögeln fast vollständig als Nahrungsressource genutzt. In Iznang verknappten die Ressourcen in -1 m Tiefe frü-her als in Gundholzen. Die Vögel wichen aber nicht nach Gundholzen aus, wo noch genügend Nahrung in dieser Tiefenstufe vorhanden war, sondern sie erschlossen zunächst am selben Ort die tieferen Bereiche. Dies belegt eine Bevorzugung bestimmter Nahrungsgründe. Während der Untersuchungen im Dezem-ber 2001 wurden hier 10.000 Kolbenenten festgestellt, die wesentlich zur Reduktion der dortigen Chara-Bestände beitrugen. Aber im Gegensatz zu den Kolbenenten, die im Februar zahlenmäßig gering vertreten waren, schöpften die Blässhühner die aufgrund des gefallenen Wasserstandes leicht erreichbaren Chara-Rasen noch weiter ab. Die limnologischen Untersuchungen der Dreikantmuscheln erfolgten in vier Tiefenstufen (-1, -3, -7 und -11 m) unter dem Mittleren Niedrigwasserstand (MNW, Pegel Konstanz = 264 cm). Die Probennahmen fanden an allen Stellen vor (September), während (Januar) und nach der Prädation (März) durch Wasservögel statt.
New results from the energy scan programme of NA49, in particular kaon production at 30 AGeV and phi production at 40 and 80 AGeV are presented. The K+/pi+ ratio shows a pronounced maximum at 30 AGeV; the kaon slope parameters are constant at SPS energies. Both findings support the scenario of a phase transition at about 30 AGeV beam energy. The phi/pi ratio increases smoothly with beam energy, showing an energy dependence similar to K-/pi-. The measured particle yields can be reproduced by a hadron gas model, with chemical freeze-out parameters on a smooth curve in the T-muB plane. The transverse spectra can be understood as resulting from a rapidly expanding, locally equilibrated source. No evidence for an earlier kinetic decoupling of heavy hyperons is found.
Results are presented from a search for the decays D0 -> K min pi plus and D0 bar -> K plus pi min in a sample of 3.8x10^6 central Pb-Pb events collected with a beam energy of 158A GeV by NA49 at the CERN SPS. No signal is observed. An upper limit on D0 production is derived and compared to predictions from several models.
Directed and elliptic flow of charged pions and protons in Pb + Pb collisions at 40 and 158 A GeV
(2003)
Directed and elliptic flow measurements for charged pions and protons are reported as a function of transverse momentum, rapidity, and centrality for 40 and 158A GeV Pb + Pb collisions as recorded by the NA49 detector. Both the standard method of correlating particles with an event plane, and the cumulant method of studying multiparticle correlations are used. In the standard method the directed flow is corrected for conservation of momentum. In the cumulant method elliptic flow is reconstructed from genuine 4, 6, and 8-particle correlations, showing the first unequivocal evidence for collective motion in A+A collisions at SPS energies.
Experiment NA49 at the Cern SPS uses a large acceptance detector for a systematic study of particle yields and correlations in nucleus-nucleus, nucleon-nucleus and nucleon-nucleon collisions. Preliminary results for Pb+Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 A*GeV beam energy are shown and compared to measurements at lower and higher energies.
Background: The Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) represents the key enzyme in catecholamine degradation. Recent studies suggest that the COMT rs4680 polymorphism is associated with the response to endogenous and exogenous catecholamines. There are, however, conflicting data regarding the COMT Met/Met phenotype being associated with an increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery. The aim of the current study is to prospectively investigate the impact of the COMT rs4680 polymorphism on the incidence of AKI in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
Methods: In this prospective single center cohort study consecutive patients hospitalized for elective cardiac surgery including cardiopulmonary-bypass (CPB) were screened for participation. Demographic clinical data, blood, urine and tissue samples were collected at predefined time points throughout the clinical stay. AKI was defined according to recent recommendations of the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) group. Genetic analysis was performed after patient enrolment was completed.
Results: Between April and December 2014, 150 patients were recruited. The COMT genotypes were distributed as follows: Val/Met 48.7%, Met/Met 29.3%, Val/Val 21.3%. No significant differences were found for demography, comorbidities, or operative strategy according to the underlying COMT genotype. AKI occurred in 35 patients (23.5%) of the total cohort, and no differences were evident between the COMT genotypes (20.5% Met/Met, 24.7% Val/Met, 25.0% Val/Val, p = 0.66). There were also no differences in the post-operative period, including ICU or in-hospital stay.
Conclusions: We did not find statistically significant variations in the risk for postoperative AKI, length of ICU or in-hospital stay according to the underlying COMT genotype.
In this study, we develop a technique for estimating a firm’s expected cost of equity capital derived from analyst consensus forecasts and stock prices. Building on the work of Gebhardt/Lee/-Swaminathan (2001) and Easton/Taylor/Shroff/Sougiannis (2002), our approach allows daily estimation, using only publicly available information at that date. We then estimate the expected cost of equity capital at the market, industry and individual firm level using historical German data from 1989-2002 and examine firm characteristics which are systematically related to these estimates. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of the concept in a contemporary case study for DaimlerChrysler and the European automobile industry.
Our study provides evidence on the share price reactions to the announcement of equity issues in Germany, where capital market is characterized by institutional features distinct from the U.S. market. German seasoned equity issues yield a positive market reaction which contrasts to the significant negative abnormal returns reported for the U.S. We provide evidence that these results are due to differences in both issuing characteristics and floatation methods, and in the corporate governance and ownership structures of the two countries. Our study explains much of the empirical puzzle of different market reactions to seemingly similar events across financial markets.
Dryopteris lacunosa – eine neue Art des Dryopteris-affinis-Aggregats (Dryopteridaceae, Pteridophyta)
(2011)
Eine weitere Sippe des Dryopteris-affinis-Aggregats wird als Art, D. lacunosa S. JESS., ZENNER, CH. STARK & BUJNOCH beschrieben. Sie lässt sich morphologisch von den anderen bisher beschriebenen Taxa des Aggregats unterscheiden, ist triploid und zeigt spezifische Phloroglucid- und RAPD- Bandenmuster. Bisher sind Funde aus Norditalien, Österreich, der Schweiz, Frankreich, Deutschland, Großbritannien und Irland belegt.