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In ihrer Einleitung geht Caroline Fischer zunächst auf den Begriff 'Intermedia' ein, der auf den Fluxuskünstler Dick Higgins zurückgehe und vor allem das Aufbrechen klassischer künstlerischer Ausdrucksmedien zugunsten neuer artistischer Erfahrungen und Gestaltungsräume bezeichne, die sich etwa schon in Duchamps 'ready-mades' anzeige. Zugleich sei Higgins' Begriff eine Entlehnung des britischen Romantikers T. S. Coleridge, wodurch ein spätestens seit der Romantik merklicher Wunsch nach Überschreitung künstlerisch-medialer Grenzen kenntlich werde. Zusammen mit dem nur wenig später durch Kristeva begründeten und von Genette systematisch ausgearbeiteten Begriff der Intertextualität seien somit die Grundlagen für den Begriff Intermedialität geschaffen, dessen Ursprung Fischer in einem Aufsatz des deutschen Slavisten Aage A. Hansen- Löve von 1983 verortet. Der Begriff der Intermedialität antworte damit auf die Notwendigkeit, neuen Medien und neuen Formen künstlerischer Gestaltung (z. B. happening) theoretisch gerecht zu werden. Angesichts eines inflationären und definitorisch oftmals unscharfen Gebrauchs von "Intermedialität" sollen die neun versammelten Beiträge eine präzisierende Arbeit am Begriff leisten und für künftige Arbeiten handhabbare Analysewerkzeuge bereitstellen.
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a highly heritable neuropsychiatric disease characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. BD shows substantial clinical and genetic overlap with other psychiatric disorders, in particular schizophrenia (SCZ). The genes underlying this etiological overlap remain largely unknown. A recent SCZ genome wide association study (GWAS) by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium identified 128 independent genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The present study investigated whether these SCZ-associated SNPs also contribute to BD development through the performance of association testing in a large BD GWAS dataset (9747 patients, 14278 controls). After re-imputation and correction for sample overlap, 22 of 107 investigated SCZ SNPs showed nominal association with BD. The number of shared SCZ-BD SNPs was significantly higher than expected (p = 1.46x10-8). This provides further evidence that SCZ-associated loci contribute to the development of BD. Two SNPs remained significant after Bonferroni correction. The most strongly associated SNP was located near TRANK1, which is a reported genome-wide significant risk gene for BD. Pathway analyses for all shared SCZ-BD SNPs revealed 25 nominally enriched gene-sets, which showed partial overlap in terms of the underlying genes. The enriched gene-sets included calcium- and glutamate signaling, neuropathic pain signaling in dorsal horn neurons, and calmodulin binding. The present data provide further insights into shared risk loci and disease-associated pathways for BD and SCZ. This may suggest new research directions for the treatment and prevention of these two major psychiatric disorders.
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a genetically complex mental illness characterized by severe oscillations of mood and behavior. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk loci that together account for a small portion of the heritability. To identify additional risk loci, we performed a two-stage meta-analysis of >9 million genetic variants in 9,784 bipolar disorder patients and 30,471 controls, the largest GWAS of BD to date. In this study, to increase power we used ~2,000 lithium-treated cases with a long-term diagnosis of BD from the Consortium on Lithium Genetics, excess controls, and analytic methods optimized for markers on the Xchromosome. In addition to four known loci, results revealed genome-wide significant associations at two novel loci: an intergenic region on 9p21.3 (rs12553324, p = 5.87×10-9; odds ratio = 1.12) and markers within ERBB2 (rs2517959, p = 4.53×10-9; odds ratio = 1.13). No significant X-chromosome associations were detected and X-linked markers explained very little BD heritability. The results add to a growing list of common autosomal variants involved in BD and illustrate the power of comparing well-characterized cases to an excess of controls in GWAS.