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A number of recent studies regress a "narratively" identified measure of a macroeconomic shock directly on an outcome variable. In this note, we argue that this approach can be viewed as the reduced-form regression of an instrumental variable approach in which the narrative time series is used as an instrument for an endogenous series of interest. This motivates evaluating the validity of narrative measures through the lens of a randomized experiment. We apply our framework to four recently constructed narrative measures of tax shocks by Romer and Romer (2010), Cloyne (2013), and Mertens and Ravn (2012). All of them turn out to be weak instruments for observable measures of taxes. After correcting for weak instruments, we find that using any of the considered narrative tax measures as an instrument for cyclically adjusted tax revenues yields tax multiplier estimates that are indistinguishable from zero. We conclude that the literature currently understates the uncertainty associated with quantifying the tax multiplier.
Théry, Clotilde ; Witwer, Kenneth W. ; Aikawa, Elena ; Alcaraz, Maria Jose ; Anderson, Johnathon D. ; Andriantsitohaina, Ramaroson ; Antoniou, Anna ; Arab, Tanina ; Archer, Fabienne ; Atkin-Smith, Georgia K. ; Ayre, D. Craig ; Bach, Jean-Marie ; Bachurski, Daniel ; Baharvand, Hossein ; Balaj, Leonora ; Baldacchino, Shawn ; Bauer, Natalie N. ; Baxter, Amy A. ; Bebawy, Mary ; Beckham, Carla ; Zavec, Apolonija Bedina ; Benmoussa, Abderrahim ; Berardi, Anna C. ; Bergese, Paolo ; Bielska, Ewa ; Blenkiron, Cherie ; Bobis-Wozowicz, Sylwia ; Boilard, Eric ; Boireau, Wilfrid ; Bongiovanni, Antonella ; Borràs, Francesc E. ; Bosch, Steffi ; Boulanger, Chantal M. ; Breakefield, Xandra ; Breglio, Andrew M. ; Brennan, Meadhbh Aín ; Brigstock, David R. ; Brisson, Alain ; Broekman, Marike L. D. ; Bromberg, Jacqueline F. ; Bryl-Gorecka, Paulina ; Buch, Shilpa ; Buck, Amy H. ; Burger, Dylan ; Busatto, Sara ; Buschmann, Dominik ; Bussolati, Benedetta ; Buzás, Edit I. ; Byrd, James Bryan ; Camussi, Giovanni ; Carter, David R. F. ; Caruso, Sarah ; Chamley, Lawrence W. ; Chang, Yu-Ting ; Chen, Chihchen ; Chen, Shuai ; Cheng, Lesley ; Chin, Andrew R. ; Clayton, Aled ; Clerici, Stefano P. ; Cocks, Alex ; Cocucci, Emanuele ; Coffey, Robert J. ; Cordeiro-da-Silva, Anabela ; Couch, Yvonne ; Coumans, Frank A. W. ; Coyle, Beth ; Crescitelli, Rossella ; Criado, Miria Ferreira ; D’Souza-Schorey, Crislyn ; Das, Saumya ; Chaudhuri, Amrita Datta ; de-Candia, Paola ; De Santana, Eliezer F. ; De Wever, Olivier ; del Portillo, Hernando A. ; Demaret, Tanguy ; Deville, Sarah ; Devitt, Andrew ; Dhondt, Bert ; Di Vizio, Dolores ; Dieterich, Lothar C. ; Dolo, Vincenza ; Dominguez Rubio, Ana Paula ; Dominici, Massimo ; Dourado, Mauricio R. ; Driedonks, Tom A. P. ; Duarte, Filipe V. ; Duncan, Heather M. ; Eichenberger, Ramon Marc ; Ekström, Karin ; El Andaloussi, Samir ; Elie-Caille, Celine ; Erdbrügger, Uta ; Falcón-Pérez, Juan M. ; Fatima, Farah ; Fish, Jason E. ; Flores-Bellver, Miguel ; Försönits, András ; Frelet-Barrand, Annie ; Fricke, Fabia ; Fuhrmann, Gregor ; Gabrielsson, Susanne ; Gámez-Valero, Ana ; Gardiner, Chris ; Gärtner, Kathrin ; Gaudin, Raphael ; Gho, Yong Song ; Giebel, Bernd ; Gilbert, Caroline ; Gimona, Mario ; Giusti, Ilaria ; Goberdhan, Deborah C. I. ; Görgens, André ; Gorski, Sharon M. ; Greening, David W. ; Groß, Julia Christina ; Gualerzi, Alice ; Gupta, Gopal N. ; Gustafson, Dakota ; Handberg, Aase ; Haraszti, Réka Ágnes ; Harrison, Paul ; Hegyesi, Hargita ; Hendrix, An ; Hill, Andrew F. ; Hochberg, Fred H. ; Hoffmann, Karl F. ; Holder, Beth ; Holthofer, Harry ; Hosseinkhani, Baharak ; Hu, Guoku ; Huang, Yiyao ; Huber, Veronica ; Hunt, Stuart ; Ibrahim, Ahmed Gamal-Eldin ; Ikezu, Tsuneya ; Inal, Jameel M. ; Isin, Mustafa ; Ivanova, Alena ; Jackson, Hannah K. ; Jacobsen, Soren ; Jay, Steven M. ; Jayachandran, Muthuvel ; Jenster, Guido ; Jiang, Lanzhou ; Johnson, Suzanne M. ; Jones, Jennifer C. ; Jong, Ambrose ; Jovanovic-Talisman, Tijana ; Jung, Stephanie ; Kalluri, Raghu ; Kano, Shin-ichi ; Kaur, Sukhbir ; Kawamura, Yumi ; Keller, Evan T. ; Khamari, Delaram ; Khomyakova, Elena ; Khvorova, Anastasia ; Kierulf, Peter ; Kim, Kwang Pyo ; Kislinger, Thomas ; Klingeborn, Mikael ; Klinke, David J. ; Kornek, Miroslaw ; Kosanović, Maja M. ; Kovács, Árpád Ferenc ; Krämer-Albers, Eva-Maria ; Krasemann, Susanne ; Krause, Mirja ; Kurochkin, Igor V. ; Kusuma, Gina D. ; Kuypers, Sören ; Laitinen, Saara ; Langevin, Scott M. ; Languino, Lucia R. ; Lannigan, Joanne ; Lässer, Cecilia ; Laurent, Louise C. ; Lavieu, Gregory ; Lázaro-Ibáñez, Elisa ; Le Lay, Soazig ; Lee, Myung-Shin ; Lee, Yi Xin Fiona ; Lemos, Debora S. ; Lenassi, Metka ; Leszczynska, Aleksandra ; Li, Isaac T. S. ; Liao, Ke ; Libregts, Sten F. ; Ligeti, Erzsebet ; Lim, Rebecca ; Lim, Sai Kiang ; Linē, Aija ; Linnemannstöns, Karen ; Llorente, Alicia ; Lombard, Catherine Ann ; Lorenowicz, Magdalena J. ; Lörincz, Ákos M. ; Lötvall, Jan ; Lovett, Jason ; Lowry, Michelle C. ; Loyer, Xavier ; Lu, Quan ; Lukomska, Barbara ; Lunavat, Taral Rameshchand ; Maas, Sybren L. N. ; Malhi, Harmeet ; Marcilla, Antonio ; Mariani, Jacopo ; Mariscal, Javier ; Martens-Uzunova, Elena S. ; Martin-Jaular, Lorena ; Martinez, M. Carmen ; Martins, Vilma Regina ; Mathieu, Mathilde ; Mathivanan, Suresh ; Maugeri, Marco ; McGinnis, Lynda K. ; McVey, Mark J. ; Meckes, David G. ; Meehan, Katie ; Mertens, Inge ; Minciacchi, Valentina R. ; Möller, Andreas ; Møller Jørgensen, Malene ; Morales-Kastresana, Aizea ; Morhayim, Jess ; Mullier, François ; Muraca, Maurizio ; Musante, Luca ; Mussack, Veronika ; Muth, Dillon C. ; Myburgh, Kathryn H. ; Najrana, Tanbir ; Nawaz, Muhammad ; Nazarenko, Irina ; Nejsum, Peter ; Neri, Christian ; Neri, Tommaso ; Nieuwland, Rienk ; Nimrichter, Leonardo ; Nolan, John P. ; Nolte-’t Hoen, Esther N. M. ; Hooten, Nicole Noren ; O’Driscoll, Lorraine ; O’Grady, Tina ; O’Loghlen, Ana ; Ochiya, Takahiro ; Olivier, Martin ; Ortiz, Alberto ; Ortiz, Luis A. ; Osteikoetxea, Xabier ; Østergaard, Ole ; Ostrowski, Matias ; Park, Jaesung ; Pegtel, Dirk Michiel ; Peinado, Hector ; Perut, Francesca ; Pfaffl, Michael ; Phinney, Donald G. ; Pieters, Bartijn C. H. ; Pink, Ryan Charles ; Pisetsky, David S. ; Pogge von Strandmann, Elke ; Polakovicova, Iva ; Poon, Ivan K. H. ; Powell, Bonita H. ; Prada, Ilaria ; Pulliam, Lynn ; Quesenberry, Peter ; Radeghieri, Annalisa ; Raffai, Robert L. ; Raimondo, Stefania ; Rak, Janusz ; Ramirez, Marcel I. ; Raposo, Graça ; Rayyan, Morsi S. ; Regev-Rudzki, Neta ; Ricklefs, Franz Lennard ; Robbins, Paul D. ; Roberts, David D. ; Rodrigues, Silvia C. ; Rohde, Eva ; Rome, Sophie ; Rouschop, Kasper M. ; Rughetti, Aurelia ; Russell, Ashley E. ; Saá, Paula ; Sahoo, Susmita ; Salas-Huenuleo, Edison ; Sánchez, Catherine ; Saugstad, Julie A. ; Saul, Meike J. ; Schiffelers, Raymond M. ; Schneider, Raphael ; Schøyen, Tine Hiorth ; Scott, Aaron ; Shahaj, Eriomina ; Sharma, Shivani ; Shatnyeva, Olga ; Shekari, Faezeh ; Shelke, Ganesh Vilas ; Shetty, Ashok K. ; Shiba, Kiyotaka ; Siljander, Pia R.-M. ; Silva, Andreia M. ; Skowronek, Agata ; Snyder, Orman L. ; Soares, Rodrigo Pedro ; Sódar, Barbara W. ; Soekmadji, Carolina ; Sotillo, Javier ; Stahl, Philip D. ; Stoorvogel, Willem ; Stott, Shannon L. ; Strasser, Erwin F. ; Swift, Simon ; Tahara, Hidetoshi ; Tewari, Muneesh ; Timms, Kate ; Tiwari, Swasti ; Tixeira, Rochelle ; Tkach, Mercedes ; Toh, Wei Seong ; Tomasini, Richard ; Torrecilhas, Ana Claudia ; Tosar, Juan Pablo ; Toxavidis, Vasilis ; Urbanelli, Lorena ; Vader, Pieter ; Balkom, Bastiaan Wilhelmus Maria van ; Grein, Susanne G. van der ; Van Deun, Jan ; Herwijnen, Martijn J. C. van ; Van Keuren-Jensen, Kendall R. ; Niel, Guillaume van ; Royen, Martin E. van ; Wijnen, Andre J. van ; Vasconcelos, M. Helena ; Vechetti, Ivan J. ; Veit, Tiago D. ; Vella, Laura J. ; Velot, Émilie ; Verweij, Frederik ; Vestad, Beate ; Viñas, Jose Luis ; Visnovitz, Tamás ; Vukman, Krisztina V. ; Wahlgren, Jessica ; Watson, Dionysios C. ; Wauben, Marca H. M. ; Weaver, Alissa ; Webber, Jason P. ; Weber, Viktoria ; Wehman, Ann M. ; Weiss, Daniel J. ; Welsh, Joshua A. ; Wendt, Sebastian ; Wheelock, Åsa M. ; Wiener, Zoltán ; Witte, Leonie ; Wolfram, Joy ; Xagorari, Angeliki ; Xander, Patricia ; Xu, Jing ; Yan, Xiaomei ; Yáñez-Mó, María ; Yin, Hang ; Yuana, Yuana ; Zappulli, Valentina ; Zarubova, Jana ; Žėkas, Vytautas ; Zhang, Jian-ye ; Zhao, Zezhou ; Zheng, Lei ; Zheutlin, Alexander R. ; Zickler, Antje Maria ; Zimmermann, Pascale ; Zivkovic, Angela M. ; Zocco, Davide ; Zuba-Surma, Ewa K.
The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (“MISEV”) guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these “MISEV2014” guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.
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