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The neutron sensitivity of the C6D6 detector setup used at n_TOF facility for capture measurements has been studied by means of detailed GEANT4 simulations. A realistic software replica of the entire n_TOF experimental hall, including the neutron beam line, sample, detector supports and the walls of the experimental area has been implemented in the simulations. The simulations have been analyzed in the same manner as experimental data, in particular by applying the Pulse Height Weighting Technique. The simulations have been validated against a measurement of the neutron background performed with a natC sample, showing an excellent agreement above 1 keV. At lower energies, an additional component in the measured natC yield has been discovered, which prevents the use of natC data for neutron background estimates at neutron energies below a few hundred eV. The origin and time structure of the neutron background have been derived from the simulations. Examples of the neutron background for two different samples are demonstrating the important role of accurate simulations of the neutron background in capture cross-section measurements.
The neutron capture cross section of 58Ni was measured at the neutron time of flight facility n_TOF at CERN, from 27 meV to 400 keV neutron energy. Special care has been taken to identify all the possible sources of background, with the so-called neutron background obtained for the first time using high-precision GEANT4 simulations. The energy range up to 122 keV was treated as the resolved resonance region, where 51 resonances were identified and analyzed by a multilevel R-matrix code SAMMY. Above 122 keV the code SESH was used in analyzing the unresolved resonance region of the capture yield. Maxwellian averaged cross sections were calculated in the temperature range of kT = 5 – 100 keV, and their astrophysical implications were investigated.
Unter Web-based Trainings (WBTs) versteht man multimediale, interaktive und thematisch abgeschlossene Lerneinheiten in einem Browser. Seit der Entstehung des Internets in den 1990er Jahren sind diese ein wichtiger und etablierter Baustein bei der Konzeption und Entwicklung von eLearning-Szenarien. Diese Lerneinheiten werden üblicherweise von Lehrenden mit entsprechenden Autorensystemen erstellt. In selteneren Fällen handelt es sich bei deren Umsetzungen um individuell programmierte Einzellösungen. Betrachtet man WBTs aus der Sicht der Lernenden, dann lässt sich feststellen, dass zunehmend auch nicht explizit als Lerneinheiten erstellte Inhalte genutzt werden, die jedoch genau den Bedürfnissen des jeweiligen Lernenden entsprechen (im Rahmen des informellen und selbstgesteuerten Lernens). Zum einen liegt das an der zunehmenden Verfügbarkeit und Vielfalt von „alternativen Lerninhalten“ im Internet generell (freie Lizenzen und innovative Autorentools). Zum anderen aber auch an der Möglichkeit, diese Inhalte von überall aus und zu jeder Zeit einfach finden zu können (mobiles Internet, Suchmaschinen und Sprachassistenten) bzw. eingeordnet und empfohlen zu bekommen (Empfehlungssysteme und soziale Medien).
Aus dieser Veränderung heraus ergibt sich im Rahmen dieser Dissertation die zentrale Fragestellung, ob das Konzept eines dedizierten WBT-Autorensystems den neuen Anforderungen von frei verfügbaren, interaktiven Lerninhalten (Khan Academy, YouTube und Wikipedia) und einer Vielzahl ständig wachsender und kostenfreier Autorentools für beliebige Web-Inhalte (H5P, PowToon oder Pageflow) überhaupt noch gerecht wird und wo in diesem Fall genau die Alleinstellungsmerkmale eines WBTs liegen?
Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage beschäftigt sich die Arbeit grundlegend mit dem Begriff „Web-based Training“, den über die Zeit geänderten Rahmenbedingungen und den daraus resultierenden Implikationen für die Entwicklung von WBT-Autorensystemen. Mittels des gewählten Design-based Research (DBR)-Ansatzes konnte durch kontinuierliche Zyklen von Gestaltung, Durchführung, Analyse und Re-Design am Beispiel mehrerer eLearning-Projekte der Begriff WBT neudefininiert bzw. reinterpretiert werden, so dass sich der Fokus der Definition auf das konzentriert, was WBTs im Vergleich zu anderen Inhalten und Funktionen im Internet im Kern unterscheidet: dem Lehr-/Lernaspekt (nachfolgend Web-based Training 2.0 (WBT 2.0)).
Basierend auf dieser Neudefinition konnten vier Kernfunktionalitäten ausgearbeitet werden, die die zuvor genannten Herausforderungen adressieren und in Form eines Design Frameworks detailliert beschreiben. Untersucht und entwickelt wurden die unterschiedlichen Aspekte und Funktionen der WBTs 2.0 anhand der iterativen „Meso-Zyklen“ des DBR-Ansatzes, wobei jedes der darin durchgeführten Projekte auch eigene Ergebnisse mit sich bringt, welche jeweils unter didaktischen und vor allem aber technischen Gesichtspunkten erörtert wurden. Die dadurch gewonnenen Erkenntnisse flossen jeweils in den Entwicklungsprozess der LernBar ein („Makro-Zyklus“), ein im Rahmen dieser Arbeit und von studiumdigitale, der zentralen eLearning-Einrichtung der Goethe-Universität, entwickeltes WBT-Autorensystem. Dabei wurden die Entwicklungen kontinuierlich unter Einbezug von Nutzerfeedbacks (jährliche Anwendertreffen, Schulungen, Befragungen, Support) überprüft und weiterentwickelt.
Abschließend endet der letzte Entwicklungszyklus des DBR-Ansatzes mit der Konzeption und Umsetzung von drei WBT 2.0-Systemkomponenten, wodurch sich flexibel beliebige Web-Inhalte mit entsprechenden WBT 2.0-Funktionalitäten erweitern lassen, um auch im Kontext von offenen Lehr-/Lernprozessen durchgeführte Aktivitäten transparent, nachvollziehbar und somit überprüfbar zu machen (Constructive Alignment).
Somit bietet diese Forschungsarbeit einen interdisziplinären, nutzerzentrierten und in der Praxis erprobten Ansatz für die Umsetzung und den Einsatz von WBTs im Kontext offener Lehr-/Lernprozesse. Dabei verschiebt sich der bisherige Fokus von der reinen Medienproduktion hin zu einem ganzheitlichen Ansatz, bei dem der Lehr-/Lernaspekt im Vordergrund steht (Lernbedarf erkennen, decken und überprüfen). Entscheidend ist dabei, dass zum Decken eines Lernbedarfs sämtliche zur Verfügung stehenden Ressourcen des Internets genutzt werden können, wobei WBTs 2.0 dazu lediglich den didaktischen Prozess definieren und diesen für die Lehrenden und Lernende transparent und zugänglich machen.
WBTs 2.0 profitieren dadurch zukünftig von der zunehmenden Vielfalt und Verfügbarkeit von Inhalten und Funktionen im Internet und ermöglichen es, den Entwicklern von WBT 2.0-Autorensystemen sich auf das Wesentliche zu konzentrieren: den Lehr-/Lernprozess.
The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (“MISEV”) guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these “MISEV2014” guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.
Neutron-induced fission cross sections of isotopes involved in the nuclear fuel cycle are vital for the design and safe operation of advanced nuclear systems. Such experimental data can also provide additional constraints for the adjustment of nuclear model parameters used in the evaluation process, resulting in the further development of fission models. In the present work, the 237Np(n,f) cross section was studied at the EAR2 vertical beam-line at CERN's n_TOF facility, over a wide range of neutron energies, from meV to MeV, using the time-of-flight technique and a set-up based on Micromegas detectors, in an attempt to provide accurate experimental data. Preliminary results in the 200 keV – 14 MeV neutron energy range as well as the experimental procedure, including a description of the facility and the data handling and analysis, will be presented.
The accurate knowledge of the neutron-induced fission cross-sections of actinides and other isotopes involved in the nuclear fuel cycle is essential for the design of advanced nuclear systems, such as Generation-IV nuclear reactors. Such experimental data can also provide the necessary feedback for the adjustment of nuclear model parameters used in the evaluation process, resulting in the further development of nuclear fission models. In the present work, the 240Pu(n,f) cross-section was measured at CERN's n_TOF facility relative to the well-known 235U(n,f) cross section, over a wide range of neutron energies, from meV to almost MeV, using the time-of-flight technique and a set-up based on Micromegas detectors. This measurement was the first experiment to be performed at n_TOF's new experimental area (EAR-2), which offers a significantly higher neutron flux compared to the already existing experimental area (EAR-1). Preliminary results as well as the experimental procedure, including a description of the facility and the data handling and analysis, are presented.
The 33S(n,α)30Si cross section measurement, using 10B(n,α) as reference, at the n_TOF Experimental Area 2 (EAR2) facility at CERN is presented. Data from 0.01 eV to 100 keV are provided and, for the first time, the cross section is measured in the range from 0.01 eV to 10 keV. These data may be used for a future evaluation of the cross section because present evaluations exhibit large discrepancies. The 33S(n,α)30Si reaction is of interest in medical physics because of its possible use as a cooperative target to boron in Neutron Capture Therapy (NCT).
The aim of this work is to provide a precise and accurate measurement of the 238U(n,γ) reaction cross section in the energy region from 1 eV to 700 keV. This reaction is of fundamental importance for the design calculations of nuclear reactors, governing the behavior of the reactor core. In particular, fast reactors, which are experiencing a growing interest for their ability to burn radioactive waste, operate in the high energy region of the neutron spectrum. In this energy region most recent evaluations disagree due to inconsistencies in the existing measurements of up to 15%. In addition, the assessment of nuclear data uncertainty performed for innovative reactor systems shows that the uncertainty in the radiative capture cross section of 238U should be further reduced to 1–3% in the energy region from 20 eV to 25 keV. To this purpose, addressed by the Nuclear Energy Agency as a priority nuclear data need, complementary experiments, one at the GELINA and two at the n_TOF facility, were proposed and carried out within the 7th Framework Project ANDES of the European Commission. The results of one of these 238U(n,γ) measurements performed at the n_TOF CERN facility are presented in this work. The γ-ray cascade following the radiative neutron capture has been detected exploiting a setup of two C6D6 liquid scintillators. Resonance parameters obtained from this work are on average in excellent agreement with the ones reported in evaluated libraries. In the unresolved resonance region, this work yields a cross section in agreement with evaluated libraries up to 80 keV, while for higher energies our results are significantly higher.
The radiative capture cross section of 238U is very important for the developing of new reactor technologies and the safety of existing ones. Here the preliminary results of the 238U(n,γ) cross section measurement performed at n_TOF with C6D6 scintillation detectors are presented, paying particular attention to data reduction and background subtraction.
High precision measurement of the radiative capture cross section of 238U at the n_TOF CERN facility
(2017)
The importance of improving the accuracy on the capture cross-section of 238U has been addressed by the Nuclear Energy Agency, since its uncertainty significantly affects the uncertainties of key design parameters for both fast and thermal nuclear reactors. Within the 7th framework programme ANDES of the European Commission three different measurements have been carried out with the aim of providing the 238U(n,γ) cross-section with an accuracy which varies from 1 to 5%, depending on the energy range. Hereby the final results of the measurement performed at the n_TOF CERN facility in a wide energy range from 1 eV to 700 keV will be presented.