Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (17)
Language
- English (17)
Has Fulltext
- yes (17)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (17)
Keywords
- Quark-Gluon-Plasma (3)
- Anisotropie (1)
- Boltzmann equation (1)
- Cluster Hadronization (1)
- Collective Flow (1)
- Color Glass Condensate (1)
- Colour (1)
- Correlations (1)
- Exotic Hadrons (1)
- Exotische Hadronen (1)
Institute
- Physik (17)
In this work we study the non-equilibrium dynamics of a quark-gluon plasma, as created in heavy-ion collisions. We investigate how big of a role plasma instabilities can play in the isotropization and equilibration of a quark-gluon plasma. In particular, we determine, among other things, how much collisions between the particles can reduce the growth rate of unstable modes. This is done both in a model calculation using the hard-loop approximation, as well as in a real-time lattice simulation combining both classical Yang-Mills-fields as well as inter-particle collisions. The new extended version of the simulation is also used to investigate jet transport in isotropic media, leading to a cutoff-independent result for the transport coefficient $hat{q}$. The precise determination of such transport coefficients is essential, since they can provide important information about the medium created in heavy-ion collisions. In anisotropic media, the effect of instabilities on jet transport is studied, leading to a possible explanation for the experimental observation that high-energy jets traversing the plasma perpendicular to the beam axis experience much stronger broadening in rapidity than in azimuth. The investigation of collective modes in the hard-loop limit is extended to fermionic modes, which are shown to be all stable. Finally, we study the possibility of using high energy photon production as a tool to experimentally determine the anisotropy of the created system. Knowledge of the degree of local momentum-space anisotropy reached in a heavy-ion collision is essential for the study of instabilities and their role for isotropization and thermalization, because their growth rate depends strongly on the anisotropy.
The chiral phase transition of Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD) is investigated with the help of the linear-sigma model and a numerical transport simulation. The scope are non-equilibrium and critical effects of the different type of orders of the transition. Additionally, a mathematical and numerical method is developed which allows to simulate a particle-wave duality and non-continuous interactions, even for classical systems.
In this thesis we work on the theoretical description of relativistic heavy-ion collisions, focussing on electromagnetic probes. We present mainly four topics: electric conductivity and diffusion properties of the hot plasma and hadronic matter, response of the quark-gluon plasma to external magnetic fields, direct photon production in the quark-gluon plasma and a study about initial and final state effects in small systems. The latter topic aims, i.a., at a better understanding of the initial state, which is crucial for electromagnetic probes. In all research areas we make use of the Boltzmann transport equation, whereby the presented methods provide analytical and numerical solutions. We pay particular attention to the construction of complete leading order photon production processes in numerical transport simulations of the quark-gluon plasma.
To begin with, our findings are the complete conserved charge diffusion matrix and electric conductivity. Those properties are important ingredients, e.g., for future simulations of baryon rich collisions. Next, we find that the influence of external magnetic fields to the QGP dynamics is not quantifiable in observables.
We present results for a variety of direct photon observables and we can partly explain experimental data. We emphasize the importance of the chemical composition and non-equilibrium nature of the medium to the direct photon puzzle. Lastly, we observe the interesting dynamic behavior of azimuthal correlations in small systems and identify signatures of the initial state in final observables. This will also be of interest for more precise simulations of electromagnetic probes and allows for various future studies.
In this thesis, Hanbury-Brown-Twiss (HBT) interferometry is used together with the Ultrarelativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) to analyse the time and space structure of heavy-ion collisions.
The first chapter after the introduction gives an overview of the different types of models used in the field of heavy-ion collisions and a introduction of the UrQMD model in more detail. The next chapter explains the basics of Hanbury-Brown-Twiss correlations, including azimuthally sensitive HBT (asHBT).
Results section:
4. Charged Multiplicities from UrQMD
5. Formation time via HBT from pp collisions at LHC
6. HBT analysis of Pb+Pb collisions at LHC energies
7. HBT scaling with particle multiplicity
8. Compressibility from event-by-event HBT
9. Tilt in non-central collisions
10. Shape analysis of strongly-interacting systems
11. Measuring a twisted emission geometry
This thesis covers the standard integrated HBT analyses, extracting the Pratt-Bertsch radii, at LHC energies. The analyses at these energies showed a too soft expansion in UrQMD probably related to the absence of a partonic phase in UrQMD. The most promising results in this thesis at these energies are the restriction of the formation time to a value smaller than 0.8 fm/c and furthermore, the results from the asHBT analyses. In simulations of non-central heavy-ion collisions at energies of Elab= 6, 8 and 30 AGeV the validity of the formulae to calculate the tilt angle via asHBT has been checked numerically, even for the case of non-Gaussian, flowing sources. On this basis has been developed and test in the course of this thesis that allows to measure a scale dependent tilt angle experimentally. The signal should be strongest at FAIR energies.
Diese Dissertation stellt die systematische Einbeziehung von Eichkorrekturen in die Theorie der thermischen Leptogenese vor, welche eine Erklärung für die Frage nach dem Ursprung der Materie in unserem Universum bereitstellt.
Geht man vom weithin anerkannten Urknallmodell aus, so müsste hierbei zu gleichen Teilen Materie sowie Antimaterie entstanden sein. Aufgrund von Annihilationsprozessen sollte demnach die gesamte Materie zerstrahlt sein und ein leeres Universum zurückbleiben. Da dies aber nicht der Fall ist, stellt sich die Frage, wie das Ungleichgewicht zwischen Materie und Antimaterie entstehen konnte. Der Wert der Asymmetrie lässt sich mit Hilfe von Experimenten sehr genau bestimmen. Für eine systematische theoretische Beschreibung dieser Problematik stellte A. Sacharow drei Bedingungen auf: 1. die Verletzung der Baryonenzahl, 2. die Verletzung der Invarianz von Ladungskonjugation C sowie der Zusammensetzung von Ladungskonjugation und Parität CP sowie 3. eine Abweichung vom thermischen Gleichgewicht.
Da das Urknallmodell und das Standardmodell der Teilchenphysik nicht in der Lage sind, diese Asymmetrie zu beschreiben, beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Dissertation mit der Theorie der thermischen Leptogenese, welche statt von einer ursprünglichen Baryonenasymmetrie von einer Leptonenasymmetrie ausgeht. Zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt wird diese dann mittels Sphaleron-Prozesse, welche die Baryonenzahl verletzen, in eine Baryonenasymmetrie übertragen. Hierzu werden neue Teilchen zum Standardmodell hinzugefügt: schwere Majorana-Neutrinos. Diese zerfallen im thermischen Nichtgleichgewicht CP-verletzend in die bekannten Standardmodell-Leptonen und Higgs-Teilchen.
In dieser Arbeit wird eine hierarchische Anordnung der drei schweren Neutrinomassen betrachtet. Dies hat zur Folge, dass zwei der drei Majorana-Neutrinos ausintegriert werden können und eine effektive Theorie aufgestellt werden kann. Dieses Modell wird auch vanilla leptogenesis genannt und im Folgenden verwendet.
Die Dissertation ist wie folgt gegliedert. Die einleitenden Betrachtungen sind Gegenstand der Kapitel 1 und 2. Dort werden weiterhin andere Modelle zur Lösung des Problems der Baryonenasymmetrie kurz vorgestellt. Die thermische Leptogenese wird eingeführt und der See-saw-Mechanismus sowie die CP-Asymmetrie genauer beschrieben. Am Ende des Kapitels wird der klassische Ansatz für Leptogenese über Boltzmann Gleichungen präsentiert.
In Kapitel 3 werden die Grundlagen für Quantenfeldtheorien im Nichtgleichgewicht eingeführt. Die wichtigsten Definitionen im Falle des thermischen Gleichgewichts werden gegeben, anschließend findet sich die Verallgemeinerung auf Nichtgleichgewichtszustände. Die Bewegungsgleichungen, die sogenannten Kadanoff-Baym-Gleichungen, werden im Folgenden sowohl für skalare Teilchen als auch für Fermionen gelöst.
Kapitel 4 stellt die Notwendigkeit der Einbeziehung von Eichkorrekturen im Kontext der thermischen Leptogenese vor. Durch die Definition einer Leptonenzahlmatrix lässt sich die Asymmetrie durch die Kadanoff-Baym Gleichung für Leptonen umschreiben. Da der Vergleich von Boltzmann und Kadanoff-Baym Gleichungen im letzten Teil dieses Kapitels Unterschiede im Zeitverhalten zeigt, werden im Kadanoff-Baym Ansatz thermische Standardmodell-Breiten des Higgsfeldes und der Leptonen per Hand eingeführt. Mit dieser naiven Erweiterung erhält man ein gleiches Verhalten für die Leptonenzahlmatrix, lokal in der Zeit wie die Lösung der Boltzmann Gleichung. Eine systematische Einführung von Standardmodellkorrekturen für thermische Leptogenese ist daher unumgänglich, weshalb im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation von Grund auf Eichkorrekturen der Diagramme, die zur Asymmetrie führen, berücksichtigt werden.
Die vier für diese Arbeit wichtigen Skalenbereich bedingen zwei Resummationsschemata, Hard Thermal Loop (HTL) und Collinear Thermal Loop (CTL), welche in Kapitel 5 vorgestellt werden. Dies führt schließlich auf zwei Differenzialgleichungen für die Berechnung der thermischen Produktionsrate des Majorana-Neutrinos, welche in Kapitel 6 numerisch weiter ausgewertet werden.
In Kapitel 7 erfolgt zunächst eine naive Berechnung aller eichkorrigierter 3-Schleifen-Diagramme, die zu den beiden die Asymmetrie verursachenden Diagrammen gehören. Da eine einfache Berechnung der 3-Schleifen-Diagramme nicht ausreicht, wird an dieser Stelle ein neues, zylindrisches Diagramm eingeführt, welches alle wichtigen Beiträge, insbesondere die HTL- und CTL-resummierten, enthält. Am Ende des Kapitels findet sich der erste geschlossene Ausdruck für die eichkorrigierte Leptonenzahlmatrix in führender Ordnung in allen Kopplungen.
Abschließend gibt es eine kurze Zusammenfassung und einen Ausblick in Kapitel 8. In dieser Dissertation findet sich zum ersten Mal ein systematischer Zugang zur Berücksichtigung aller Eichwechselwirkungen in der Theorie der thermischen Leptogenese. Ein geschlossener Ausdruck für die eichkorrigierte Leptonenasymmetrie konnte vorgestellt werden.
In the work presented herein the microscopic transport model BAMPS (Boltzmann Approach to Multi-Parton Scatterings) is applied to simulate the time evolution of the hot partonic medium that is created in Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and in Pb+Pb collisions at the recently started Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The study is especially focused on the investigation of the nuclear modification factor R_{AA}, that quantifies the suppression of particle yields at large transverse momentum with respect to a scaled proton+proton reference, and the simultaneous description of the collective properties of the medium in terms of the elliptic flow v_{2} within a common framework.
In this work the main emphasis is put on the investigation of relativistic shock waves and Mach cones in hot and dense matter using the microscopic transport model BAMPS, based on the relativistic Boltzmann equation. Using this kinetic approach we study the complete transition from ideal-fluid behavior to free streaming. This includes shock-wave formation in a simplified (1+1)-dimensional setup as well as the investigation of Mach-cone formation induced by supersonic projectiles and/or jets in (2+1)- and (3+1)-dimensional static and expanding systems. We further address the question whether jet-medium interactions inducing Mach cones can contribute to a double-peak structure observed in two-particle correlations in heavy-ion collision experiments. Furthermore, BAMPS is used as a benchmark to compare kinetic theory to several relativistic hydrodynamic theories in order to verify their accuracy and to find their limitations.
This thesis presents a model for the dynamical description of deconfined quark matter created in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions, treating quarks and antiquarks as classical point particles subject to a colour-dependent, Cornell-type potential interaction. The model provides a dynamical handle for hadronization via the recombination of quarks and antiquarks in colour neutral clusters. Gluons are not included explicitly in the model,but are described in an effective manner by the means of the potential interaction. The model includes four different quark flavours (up, down, strange and charm) and uses current masses for the quarks. The dynamical evolution of a system of colour charges subject to the Hamiltonian equations of motion of the model yields the formation of colour neutral clusters of quarks and antiquarks, which are subject only to a small remaining interaction, the strong interquark potential notwithstanding. These clusters can be mapped onto hadrons and hadronic resonances. Thus, the model allows a dynamical description of quarks degrees of freedom in heavy ion collisions, including a recombination scheme for hadronization. The thermal properties of the model turn pout to be very satisfying. The model shows a transition from a confining phase to a deconfined phase with rising temperature, going hand in hand with a softest point in the equation of state and a rise of energy density and pressure to the Stefan-Boltzmann limit of a gas of quarks and antiquarks. Moreover, the potential interaction is screened in the deconfined phase. For the dynamical description of ultra-relativistic heavy ion collision, the qMD model is coupled to UrQMD as a generator for its initial conditions. In this way, a fully dynamical description of the expansion and hadronization of the fireball created in such collisions can be achieved. Non-equilibrium aspects of the expansion dynamics and hadronization by recombination of quarks and antiquarks are discussed in detail, and a comparison with experimental data of collisions at the CERN-SPS is presented. The big advantage of the qMD model is the possibility to study cluster formation, including exotic clusters, and fluctuations in a dynamical manner. As an example, event-by-event fluctuations in electric charge are studied. Such fluctuations have been proposed as a clear criterion to distinguish a deconfined system from a hadrons gas. However, experimental data show hadron gas fluctuation measures even at RHIC, where deconfinement is taken for granted. We will see how the dynamics of quark recombination washes out the quark-gluon plasma signal in the fluctuation criterion. Moreover, we will discuss briefly the problem of entropy at recombination. In a second application, the formation of exotic hadronic clusters, larger than usual mesons and baryons, is studied. Such clusters could provide new measures for the thermalization and homogenization of a deconfined gas of colour charges. Moreover, number estimates for exotic clusters from recombination are considerably lower than corresponding predictions from thermal models, providing a clear difference between statistical hadronization and hadronization via quark recombination. A detailed analysis is provided for pentaquark candidates such as the Theta-Plus. It turns out that the distribution of exotic states over strangeness, isospin, and spin could provide a sensitive measure for thermalization and decorrelation in the deconfined quark phase, if it could be measured.
Neutron stars are unique laboratories for the investigation of the high density properties of bulk matter. In this work, the astrophysical constraints for a phase transition from hadronic matter to deconfined quark matter are examined thoroughly. A scheme for relating known astrophysical observables such as mass, radius and tidal deformability to the parameter space of such a transition is devised and applied to the set of data currently available.
In order to span a wide parameter space, a highly parameterizable relativistic mean field equation in compliance with chiral effective field theory results is used, where the stiffness of the equation of state can be varied via the effective mass at saturation density. The phase transitions are modelled using a Maxwell construction and assumed to be of first order, with a constant speed of sound quark matter model. The resulting equations of state are analyzed and divided into four categories, which can be used to constrain the parameter space that allows phase transition. It is highlighted, that a subset of this parameter space would even be detectable without the need of higher precision measurements. A phase transition at high densities is shown to be particularly promising in this regard. Finally, the groundwork is laid to apply the equation of state used in this work for supernova or merger simulations, by extending it to non-zero temperatures.
In this thesis hard probes are studied in the partonic transport model BAMPS (Boltzmann Approach to MultiParton Scatterings). Employing Monte Carlo techniques, this model describes the 3+1 dimensional evolution of the quark gluon plasma phase in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions by propagating all particles in space and time and carrying out their collisions according to the Boltzmann equation. Since hard probes are produced in hard processes with a large momentum transfer, the value of the running coupling is small and their interactions should be describable within perturbative QCD (pQCD). This work focuses on open heavy flavor, but also addresses the suppression of light parton jets, in particular to highlight differences due to the mass. For light partons, radiative processes are the dominant contribution to their energy loss. For heavy quarks, we show that also binary interactions with a running coupling and an improved Debye screening matched to hard-thermal-loop calculations play an important role. Furthermore, the impact of the mass in radiative interactions, prominently named the dead cone effect, and the interplay with the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal (LPM) effect are studied in great detail. Since the transport model BAMPS has access to all medium properties and the space time information of heavy quarks, it is the ideal tool to study the dissociation and regeneration of J/psi mesons, which is also investigated in this thesis.