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Optimierung Apolipoprotein-modifizierter Albumin-Nanopartikel zur Überwindung der Blut-Hirn-Schranke
(2007)
Das Gehirn höherer Säugetiere ist durch die Blut-Hirn-Schranke vor dem Eindringen toxischer und schädlicher Substanzen geschützt. Allerdings bildet diese Barriere auch ein Hindernis für die gezielte medikamentöse Therapie von Erkrankungen des zentralen Nervensystems wie zum Beispiel Alzheimer, Gehirntumore oder Parkinson. Leider sind nur wenige potentielle Arzneistoffe für die Therapie dieser Krankheiten in der Lage die Blut-Hirn-Schranke zu überwinden. Somit stellt die Blut-Hirn-Schranke einen limitierenden Faktor für die Arzneimitteltherapie dar. Diese Doktorarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Herstellung, Charakterisierung, in vitro und in vivo Testung Liganden-modifizierter Nanopartikel auf Proteinbasis zur Überwindung der Blut-Hirn-Schranke. Als Ligand wurde das Apolipoprotein E, ein Bestandteil von physiologisch vorkommenden HDL, VLDL und LDL-Partikel, verwendet, welches sich in vorangegangenen Untersuchungen als potentieller Ligand zum Transport von Nanopartikeln ins Gehirn erwiesen hat. Diese so mit Apolipoprotein modifizierten Nanopartikel wurden mit dem Modellarzneistoff Loperamid, einem nicht gehirngängigen Opioid, beladen. Diese Zubereitung wurde Mäusen injiziert und der analgetische Effekt mittels des Tail-Flick-Tests bestimmt. Um auch eine therapeutische Anwendung zu erzielen, wurden Apolipoprotein modifizierte Partikel beladen mit dem Zytostatikum Doxorubicin entwickelt und die chemotherapeutische Effizienz an Gehirntumor tragenden Ratten getestet.
The analysis of doxorubicin-loaded poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles in in vitro glioma models
(2005)
The use of doxorubicin for the treatment of glioma tumours would be an important approach in the chemotherapy treatment since doxorubicin is a very effective neoplastic agent. However, one problem faced by the use of doxorubicin for the treatment of brain tumours is the fact that doxorubicin is a substrate of an efflux pump protein, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which is located on the luminal side of the brain capillary endothelium and in many tumour cells, which acts pumping out of the cell such substrate, and blocking its transport into the cell. A strategy to enhance the doxorubicin delivery into the brain would be the use of nanoparticles. This work showed, that the treatment of doxorubicin bound to poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles decreased the viability of the three glioma cell lines, the GS-9L, the RG-2, and the F-98 cell lines significantly in comparison to doxorubicin in solution, indicating an improvement of the nanoparticles-bound doxorubicin transport into the cells. The modification of the nanoparticles surface with different surfactants may even enhance the delivery of the drug into the cells. Searching for an improvement of the doxorubicin internalization, the nanoparticles surface was modified using polysorbate 80, poloxamer 188 and poloxamine 908 surfactants. The poloxamer 188 and polaxamine 908 surfactant modified nanoparticles did not show a significant enhancement of the doxorubicin internalization. Contrary, the treatment of polysorbate 80 surfactant modified nanoparticles led in some cases to a significant decrease of cancer cell viability. The use of doxorubicin in the three glioma cell lines allowed the measurement of different responses towards doxorubicin treatment. The different responses were due to the entry of various amounts of doxorubicin into the glioma cells, which express the P-glycoprotein in their cellular membrane. A higher level of the P-gp expression correlated with a weaker response towards the doxorubicin treatment. The GS-9L cell line showed a significant higher level of P-gp expression than the F-98, and RG-2 cell lines, and consequently, the GS-9L cell line presented the highest resistance to doxorubicin with the highest viability values after doxorubicin treatment. Due to the fact that the transport of doxorubicin is governed by the activity of the P-gp in the studied glioma cells, the use of poloxamer 185 as a P-gp inhibitor resulted in an enhancement of the uptake as well as of the accumulation of doxorubicin into the cells. The effect of poloxamer 185 on the doxorubicin uptake was significant marked in the case of doxorubicin-resistance cells, as the GS-9L cell line. In some cases, the presence of the nanoparticles formulation showed also an influence on such uptake improvement. The use of a P-gp inhibitor in combination with chemotherapeutic agents leads to encouraging results. Because of the wide spectrum of substances acting as P-gp inhibitors, the exact inhibitory mechanisms remain still unclear. For instance in our results the evaluation of a described P-gp inhibitor, polysorbate 80 did not show an important improvement in the doxorubicin uptake in the P-gp-expressing cell line, GS-9L. On the other hand, the Polysorbate 80-Dox-PBCA nanoparticles formulation decreased in greater extend the viability of the glioma cells than the poloxamer185-Dox-PBCA nanoparticles. Although, the P-gp inhibition was undoubtedly higher in the presence of poloxamer 185, polysorbate 80 showed a main effect on the disruption of the cellular membrane, resulting in an important cellular viability decrease. It seems that poloxamer 185 presents a direct effect on the functionality of the P-gp protein, which would be of great importance in the sensitization of resistant cancer cells. The range of concentration of poloxamer 185 is very important to yield an inhibitory effect on the P-gp-mediated transport mechanism. The accumulation of Rhodamine-123 (Rho-123), a known P-gp substrate, increased in a range of concentration from 0.001 % to 0.01, whereas at 0.1 % poloxamer 185 the accumulation significantly decreased. A maximal Rho-123 accumulation was reached at 0.01 % poloxamer 185.