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Background. There is growing public and scientific concern about the occurrence of anthropogenic chemicals in the aquatic environment. Surface and groundwater serve as main drinking water resource. Especially in metropolitan areas these water reservoirs are impacted by organic pollutants predominantly originating from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents. The impact of wastewater derived anthropogenic chemicals is therefore related to environmental and human health concerns. In order to lower the potential environmental and human health risk from wastewater associated pollutants, strategies for enhanced pollutant removal are applicable in a medium-term perspective. Ozonation and powdered activated carbon treatment are the two advanced wastewater treatment technologies, which are technically mature as well as economically feasible for the application in large-scale wastewater treatment plants. While powdered activated carbon removes substances by adsorption, ozonation degrades a parent compound into oxidation products. Most of the available research has been done at lab-scale while onsite ecotoxicity tests and chemical analyses are rare.
Objectives. For a comparative evaluation of advanced wastewater treatments' potential to alter toxicity, a broad spectrum of ecotoxicological data need to be collected. The focus has been set on three major objectives: A) Evaluation of the endocrine activity; B) Evaluation of the unspecific toxicity; C) Evaluation of genotoxicity and mutagenicity.
Methods. The advanced treatment methods, ozonation and powdered activated carbon treatment of secondary wastewater effluents, – each equipped with subsequent sand filtration as additional post treatment step – were ecotoxico-logically characterized at a pilot-scale WWTP. For process control the elimination of 35 selected pharmaceuticals was identified by chemical analyses using HPLC-MS/MS.
The endocrine activity ((anti-)estrogenic, (anti-)androgenic, dioxin-like activity)) was characterized by yeast-based in vitro bioassays and cytotoxicity by cell based assays. Genotoxicity and mutagenicity was assessed using umuC'assay and Ames assay, respectively. All in vitro assays were performed using extracts of the wastewater samples. In vivo toxicity was assessed with the fish early life stage test with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Ozonation was additionally assessed at a full-scale WWTP with in-vitro tests on endocrine activity and cytotoxicity and in vivo toxicity tests using five aquatic model organisms: Lemna minor, Daphnia magna, Chironomus riparius, Lumbriculus variegatus, Potamopyrgus antipodarum.
Results. In conventional activated sludge treated effluents the residual estrogenicity, antiandrogenicity, aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonistic activity and cytotoxicity were considerably reduced while antiestrogenicity was increased by both advanced treatment technologies. Ozonation led to an increase in genotoxic effects detected with Ames assay and with single cell gel electrophoresis of rainbow trout erythrocytes. Furthermore, mortality of rainbow trout was increased and reproduction of L. variegatus was decreased. Sand filtration lessened the genotoxic effects and adjusted reproduction of L. variegatus and mortality of rainbow trout to a similar level as conventional treatment.
Conclusions. This work demonstrates that conventional activated sludge treatment induces in vitro and in vivo toxicity. Advanced wastewater treatment combined with subsequent sand filtration can reduce in vitro and in vivo toxicity. An observed increase of endocrine activity after advanced wastewater treatment is an indication for different removal efficiencies of chemicals causing agonistic or antagonistic activity, respectively. Ozonation of wastewater generates ecotoxicity, which is largely removed by subsequent sand filtration. After a comprehensive investigation and after assurance of the removal of adverse effects, advanced treatment technologies could have beneficial effects on the ecological quality of the receiving water.