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In the strong coupling and heavy quark mass regime, lattice QCD dimensionally reduces to effective theories of Polyakov loops depending on the parameters of the original Wilson action β,κ and Nτ. We apply coarse graining techniques to such theories in 1d and 2d, corresponding to lattice QCD at finite temperature and non-zero chemical potential in 1+1d and 2+1d, respectively. In 1d the method is applied to the effective theories up to O(κ4). Using the transfer matrix, the recursion relations are solved analytically. The thermodynamic limit is taken for some observables. Afterwards, continuum extrapolation is performed numerically and results are discussed. In 2d the coarse graining method is applied in the pure gauge and static quark limit. Running couplings are obtained and the fixed points of the transformations are discussed. Finally, the critical coupling of the deconfinement transition is determined in both limits. Agreement to about 12% with Monte Carlo results of 2+1d Yang-Mills theory from the literature is observed.
Quenched QCD at zero baryonic chemical potential undergoes a first-order deconfinement phase transition at a critical temperature Tc, which is related to the spontaneous breaking of the global center symmetry. Including heavy, dynamical quarks breaks the center symmetry explicitly and weakens the first-order phase transition. For decreasing quark masses the first-order phase transition turns into a smooth crossover at a Z2-critical point. The critical quark mass corresponding to this point has been examined with Nf=2 Wilson fermions for several Nτ in a recent study within our group. For comparison, we also locate the critical point with Nf=2 staggered fermions on Nτ=8 lattices. For this purpose we perform Monte Carlo simulations for several quark mass values and various aspect ratios in order to extrapolate to the thermodynamic limit. The critical mass is obtained by fitting to a finite size scaling formula of the kurtosis of the Polyakov loop. Our results indicate large discretization effects, requiring simulations on lattices with Nτ>8.
The direct study of transcription or DNA–protein-binding events, requires imaging of individual genes at molecular resolution. Electron microscopy (EM) can show local detail of the genome. However, direct visualization and analysis of specific individual genes is currently not feasible as they cannot be unambiguously localized in the crowded, landmark-free environment of the nucleus. Here, we present a method for the genomic insertion of gene clusters that can be localized and imaged together with their associated protein complexes in the EM. The method uses CRISPR/Cas9 technology to incorporate several genes of interest near the 35S rRNA gene, which is a frequently occurring, easy-to-identify genomic locus within the nucleolus that can be used as a landmark in micrographs. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate the incorporation of the locus-native gene RDN5 and the locus-foreign gene HSX1. This led to a greater than 7-fold enrichment of RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes associated with the genes within the field of view, allowing for a significant increase in the analysis yield. This method thereby allows for the insertion and direct visualization of gene clusters for a range of analyses, such as changes in gene activity upon alteration of cellular or external factors.
Die vorliegende Arbeit präsentiert Forschungsarbeiten basierend auf nanoskopischen Oberflächenmessungen an plasmonischen Metaoberflächen und zweidimensionalen Materialien, insbesondere dem halbleitenden Übergangsmetal-Dichalcogenid (TMDC) WS_2. Die Thesis ist in sieben Kapitel untergegliedert. Die Einleitung vermittelt einen Überblick über die treibenden Kräfte hinter der Forschung im Bereich der Nanophotonik an zweidimensionalen Materialsystemen. Die Untersuchung der Licht-Materie-Wechselwirkung an dünnen Materialgrenzflächen zieht sich als roter Faden durch die gesamte Arbeit.
Das zweite Kapitel beschreibt den experimentellen Aufbau, der für die Durchführung der nanoskopischen Messungen in dieser Arbeit implementiert wurde. Es werden theoretische Grundlagen, das Messprinzip und die Implementierung des optischen Rasternahfeldmikroskops (s-SNOM) skizziert. Außerdem wird ein Strom-Spannungs-Rasterkraftmikroskop (c-AFM) im Kontaktmodus genutzt, um elektrische Ströme auf mikroskopischen zweidimensionalen TMDC-Terrassen zu messen. In den darauffolgenden vier Kapiteln werden die Beiträge dieser Arbeit zur Untersuchung der Licht-Materie-Wechselwirkung auf der Nanoskala aus verschiedenen Perspektiven vorgestellt. Jedes Kapitel enthält eine kurze Einleitung, einen Theorieteil, Messdaten oder Simulationsergebnisse sowie eine Analyse; vervollständigt durch einen Schlussteil.
Die zentrale Arbeit an einer metallischen Metaoberfläche aus elliptischen Goldscheiben wird in Kapitel 3 vorgestellt. Der zugehörige Theorieteil führt in das Konzept von Oberflächen-Plasmon-Polaritonen (SPP) ein, das für den Forschungsbereich der Plasmonik im Allgemeinen wesentlich ist. Verschiedene Methoden zur Berechnung der Dispersionsrelation dieser Oberflächenmoden an ein- und mehrschichtigen Grenzflächen werden auf die untersuchte Metaoberflächenprobe angewendet. Das Modell sagt drei verschiedene Moden voraus, die sich an der Grenzfläche ausbreiten. Eine teil-gebundene ins Substrat abstrahlende Oberflächenmode sowie zwei vergrabene stark gebundene anisotrope Moden. Eine auf der Probe platzierte Nanokugel aus Silizium wird als radiale Anregungsquelle verwendet.
Der Vergleich mit s-SNOM-Nahfeldbildern zeigt, dass nur die schwach gebundene geführte Modenresonanz ausreichend angeregt wurde, um durch s-SNOM-Bildgebung nachgewiesen werden zu können. Die schwache Oberflächenbindung erklärt die scheinbar isotrope Ausbreitung auf der anisotropen Oberfläche. Die Beobachtung der verbleibenden stark eingegrenzten anisotropen vergrabenen Moden würde eine verbesserte tiefenempfindliche Auflösung des Systems erfordern, die im Prinzip für Schichtdicken von 20 nm möglich sein sollte. Darüber hinaus wirft die Beobachtung die Frage auf, ob die durch Impuls- und Modenvolumenanpassung der Nanokugel gegebene Anregungseffizienz einen ausreichenden Anregungsquerschnitt erzeugt, um nachweisbare vergrabene SPP-Moden zu erzeugen.
In Kapitel 4 wird die Idee der Visualisierung vergrabener elektrischer Felder mit s-SNOM fortgesetzt. Hier wird es auf die Untersuchung von WS_2 angewendet, einem zweidimensionalen TMDC-Material, welches Photolumineszenz zeigt. Durch die Strukturierung des Galliumphosphid-Substrats unter der hängenden Monolage, die von einer dünnen Schicht aus hBN getragen wird, wird die Photolumineszenzausbeute um den Faktor 10 erhöht. Dies wird durch den Entwurf einer lateralen DBR-Mikrokavität mit zusätzlich optimierter vertikaler Tiefe erreicht, die in das Substrat geätzt wurde.
Die hochauflösende Abbildung der elektrischen Feldverteilung im Resonator wird durch den Einsatz von s-SNOM ermöglicht, um die Verbesserung der Einkopplung durch diese beiden Ansätze zu bewerten. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass die laterale Struktur überwiegend zur verstärkten Photolumineszenzausbeute beiträgt, während für die Einkopplung keine offensichtliche Verstärkung auf die vertikale Strukturoptimierung zurückgeführt werden konnte.
Das zweidimensionale Material WS_2 wird in Kapitel 5 erneut mit Hilfe von c-AFM untersucht. Unterschiedlich dicke Multilagen auf Graphen und Gold dienen als Tunnelbarrieren für vertikale Ströme zwischen Substrat und leitender c-AFM-Messpitze. Die Daten können mit einem Fowler-Nordheim-Modell mit Parametern für die Tunnelbreite und Schottky-Barrierenhöhen der beiden Grenzflächen erklärt werden. Die Messungen zeigen jedoch eine schwache Reproduzierbarkeit, was eine detailliertere Zusammenfassung der relevanten Fehlerquellen erfordert. In der Schlussfolgerung des Kapitels werden mehrere Schlüsselaspekte vorgeschlagen, die bei künftigen Messungen berücksichtigt werden sollten. Entscheidend ist, dass c-AFM sehr empfindlich auf die Adsorption von Wasserfilmen an der Probenoberfläche reagiert, worunter WS_2-Oberflächen unter Umgebungsbedingungen leiden...
NeuLAND (New Large-Area Neutron Detector) is the next-generation neutron detector for the R3B (Reactions with Relativistic Radioactive Beams) experiment at FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research). NeuLAND detects neutrons with energies from 100 to 1000 MeV, featuring a high detection efficiency, a high spatial and time resolution, and a large multi-neutron reconstruction efficiency. This is achieved by a highly granular design of organic scintillators: 3000 individual submodules with a size of 5 × 5 × 250 cm3 are arranged in 30 double planes with 100 submodules each, providing an active area of 250 × 250 cm2 and a total depth of 3 m. The spatial resolution due to the granularity together with a time resolution of 150 ps ensures high-resolution capabilities. In conjunction with calorimetric properties, a multi-neutron reconstruction efficiency of 50% to 70% for four-neutron events will be achieved, depending on both the emission scenario and the boundary conditions allowed for the reconstruction method. We present in this paper the final design of the detector as well as results from test measurements and simulations on which this design is based.
The vector U bosons, or so-called “dark photons,” are one of the possible candidates for the dark matter mediators. They are supposed to interact with the standard matter via a “vector portal” due to the Uð1Þ − Uð1Þ0 symmetry group mixing which might make them visible in particle and heavy-ion experiments. While there is no confirmed observation of dark photons, the detailed analysis of different experimental data allows to estimate the upper limit for the kinetic mixing parameter ϵ2 depending on the mass MU of U bosons which is also unknown. In this study we present theoretical constraints on the upper limit of ϵ2ðMUÞ in the mass range MU ≤ 0.6 GeV from the comparison of the calculated dilepton spectra with the experimental data from the HADES collaboration at SIS18 energies where the dark photons are not observed. Our analysis is based on the microscopic Parton-Hadron-String Dynamics (PHSD) transport
approach which reproduces well the measured dilepton spectra in p þ p, p þ A and A þ A collisions. Additionally to the different dilepton channels originating from interactions and decays of ordinary matter particles (mesons and baryons), we incorporate the decay of hypothetical U bosons to dileptons, U → eþe−, where the U bosons themselves are produced by the Dalitz decay of pions π0 → γU, η mesons η → γU and Delta resonances Δ → NU. Our analysis can help to estimate the requested accuracy for future experimental searches of “light” dark photons by dilepton experiments.
Hypermassive hybrid stars (HMHS) are extreme astrophysical objects that could be produced in the merger of a binary system of compact stars. In contrast to their purely hadronic counterparts, hypermassive neutron stars (HMNS), these highly differentially rotating objects contain deconfined strange quark matter in their slowly rotating inner region. HMHS and HMNS are both mestastable configurations and can survive only shortly after the merger before collapsing to rotating black holes. The appearance of the phase transition from hadronic to quark matter in the interior region of the HMHS and its conjunction with the emitted GW will be addressed in this article by focussing on a specific case study of the delayed phase-transition scenario that takes place during the post-merger evolution of the remnant. The complicated dynamics of the collapse from the HMNS to the more compact HMHS will be analysed in detail. In particular, we will show that the interplay between the spatial density/temperature distributions and the rotational profiles in the interior of the wobbling HMHS after the collapse generates a high-temperature shell within the hadron-quark mixed phase region of the remnant.
Quasi-universal behavior of the threshold mass in unequal-mass, spinning binary neutron star mergers
(2021)
The lifetime of the remnant produced by the merger of two neutron stars can provide a wealth of information on the equation of state of nuclear matter and on the processes leading to the electromagnetic counterpart. Hence, it is essential to determine when this lifetime is the shortest, corresponding to when the remnant has a mass equal to the threshold mass, Mth, to prompt collapse to a black hole. We report on the results of more than 360 simulations of merging neutron-star binaries covering 40 different configurations differing in mass ratio and spin of the primary. Using this data, we have derived a quasi-universal relation for Mth and expressed its dependence on the mass ratio and spin of the binary. The new expression recovers the results of Koeppel et al. for equal-mass, irrotational binaries and reveals that Mth can increase (decrease) by 5% (10%) for binaries that have spins aligned (antialigned) with the orbital angular momentum and provides evidence for a nonmonotonic dependence of Mth on the mass asymmetry in the system. Finally, we extend to unequal masses and spinning binaries the lower limits that can be set on the stellar radii once a neutron star binary is detected, illustrating how the merger of an unequal-mass, rapidly spinning binary can significantly constrain the allowed values of the stellar radii.
Neutron-induced cross sections of short-lived nuclei are highly relevant in many domains such as fundamental nuclear physics, astrophysics and applications in nuclear technology. In particular, these cross sections are essential for understanding the synthesis of elements via the s- and r stellar processes. However, the measurement of such cross sections with current techniques is very difficult or even impossible, because of the difficulties to produce and handle the necessary amounts of radioactive nuclei. Reaching the nuclei of interest is only possible by inverting the reaction kinematics with radioactive beams.
In this contribution we present a project for indirectly determining neutron cross sections via the surrogate-reaction method. This project is based on the measurement of transfer- or inelastic-scattering-induced decay probabilities in inverse kinematics at storage rings. The measured probabilities are then used to tune nuclear-reaction models that will provide much more accurate predictions of the desired neutron cross sections. We also discuss a very ambitious, long-term project to directly measure neutron cross sections in inverse kinematics. It consists in the combination of a radioactive beam facility, an ion storage ring and a spallation neutron source.
The SU(3) pure gauge theory exhibits a first-order thermal deconfinement transition due to spontaneous breaking of its global Z3 center symmetry. When heavy dynamical quarks are added, this symmetry is broken explicitly and the transition weakens with decreasing quark mass until it disappears at a critical point. We compute the critical hopping parameter and the associated pion mass for lattice QCD with Nf=2 degenerate standard Wilson fermions on Nτ∈{6,8,10} lattices, corresponding to lattice spacings a=0.12 fm, a=0.09 fm, a=0.07 fm, respectively. Significant cutoff effects are observed, with the first-order region growing as the lattice gets finer. While current lattices are still too coarse for a continuum extrapolation, we estimate mcπ≈4 GeV with a remaining systematic error of ∼20%. Our results allow us to assess the accuracy of the leading-order and next-to-leading-order hopping expanded fermion determinant used in the literature for various purposes. We also provide a detailed investigation of the statistics required for this type of calculation, which is useful for similar investigations of the chiral transition.