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Institute
- Physik (3598) (remove)
Neutron star binaries and their associated gravitational wave signal facilitate precision tests of General Relativity. Any deviation of the detected gravitational waveform from General Relativity would therefore be a smoking gun signature of new physics, in the form of additional forces, dark matter particles, or extra gravitational degrees of freedom. To be able to probe new theories, precise knowledge of the expected waveform is required. In our work, we consider a generic setup by augmenting General Relativity with an additional, massive scalar field. We then compute the inspiral dynamics of a binary system by employing an effective field theoretical approach, while giving a detailed introduction to the computational framework. Finally, we derive the modified gravitational waveform at next-to-leading order. As a consequence of our model-agnostic approach, our results are readily adaptable to a plethora of new physics scenarios, including modified gravity theories and scalar dark matter models.
During infection the SARS-CoV-2 virus fuses its viral envelope with cellular membranes of its human host. The viral spike (S) protein mediates both the initial contact with the host cell and the subsequent membrane fusion. Proteolytic cleavage of S at the S2′ site exposes its fusion peptide (FP) as the new N-terminus. By binding to the host membrane, the FP anchors the virus to the host cell. The reorganization of S2 between virus and host then pulls the two membranes together. Here we use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the two core functions of the SARS-CoV-2 FP: to attach quickly to cellular membranes and to form an anchor strong enough to withstand the mechanical force during membrane fusion. In eight 10 μs long MD simulations of FP in proximity to endosomal and plasma membranes, we find that FP binds spontaneously to the membranes and that binding proceeds predominantly by insertion of two short amphipathic helices into the membrane interface. Connected via a flexible linker, the two helices can bind the membrane independently, yet binding of one promotes the binding of the other by tethering it close to the target membrane. By simulating mechanical pulling forces acting on the C-terminus of the FP, we then show that the bound FP can bear forces up to 250 pN before detaching from the membrane. This detachment force is more than 10-fold higher than an estimate of the force required to pull host and viral membranes together for fusion. We identify a fully conserved disulfide bridge in the FP as a major factor for the high mechanical stability of the FP membrane anchor. We conclude, first, that the sequential binding of two short amphipathic helices allows the SARS-CoV-2 FP to insert quickly into the target membrane, before the virion is swept away after shedding the S1 domain connecting it to the host cell receptor. Second, we conclude that the double attachment and the conserved disulfide bridge establish the strong anchoring required for subsequent membrane fusion. Multiple distinct membrane-anchoring elements ensure high avidity and high mechanical strength of FP–membrane binding.
During infection the SARS-CoV-2 virus fuses its viral envelope with cellular membranes of its human host. Initial contact with the host cell and membrane fusion are both mediated by the viral spike (S) protein. Proteolytic cleavage of S at the S2′ site exposes its 40 amino acid long fusion peptide (FP). Binding of the FP to the host membrane anchors the S2 domain of S in both the viral and the host membrane. The reorganization of S2 then pulls the two membranes together. Here we use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the two core functions of the SARS-CoV-2 FP: to attach quickly to cellular membranes and to form an anchor strong enough to withstand the mechanical force during membrane fusion. In eight 10 μs-long MD simulations of FP in proximity to endosomal and plasma membranes, we find that FP binds spontaneously to the membranes and that binding proceeds predominantly by insertion of two short amphipathic helices into the membrane interface. Connected via a flexible linker, the two helices can bind the membrane independently, yet binding of one promotes the binding of the other by tethering it close to the target membrane. By simulating mechanical pulling forces acting on the C-terminus of the FP we then show that the bound FP can bear forces up to 250 pN before detaching from the membrane. This detachment force is more than ten-fold higher than an estimate of the force required to pull host and viral membranes together for fusion. We identify a fully conserved disulfide bridge in the FP as a major factor for the high mechanical stability of the FP membrane anchor. We conclude, first, that the sequential binding of two short amphipathic helices allows the SARS-CoV-2 FP to insert quickly into the target membrane, before the virion is swept away after shedding the S1 domain connecting it to the host cell receptor. Second, we conclude that the double attachment and the conserved disulfide bridge establish the strong anchoring required for subsequent membrane fusion. Multiple distinct membrane-anchoring elements ensure high avidity and high mechanical strength of FP-membrane binding.
The electrical and computational properties of neurons in our brains are determined by a rich repertoire of membrane-spanning ion channels and elaborate dendritic trees. However, the precise reason for this inherent complexity remains unknown. Here, we generated large stochastic populations of biophysically realistic hippocampal granule cell models comparing those with all 15 ion channels to their reduced but functional counterparts containing only 5 ion channels. Strikingly, valid parameter combinations in the full models were more frequent and more stable in the face of perturbations to channel expression levels. Scaling up the numbers of ion channels artificially in the reduced models recovered these advantages confirming the key contribution of the actual number of ion channel types. We conclude that the diversity of ion channels gives a neuron greater flexibility and robustness to achieve target excitability.
Recent calculations applying statistical mechanics indicate that in a setting with compactified large extra dimensions a black hole might evolve into a (quasi-)stable state with mass close to the new fundamental scale Mf. Black holes and therefore their relics might be produced at the LHC in the case of extra-dimensional topologies. In this energy regime, Hawking's evaporation scenario is modified due to energy conservation and quantum effects. We reanalyse the evaporation of small black holes including the quantisation of the emitted radiation due to the finite surface of the black hole. It is found that observable stable black hole relics with masses ∼1–3Mf would form which could be identified by a delayed single jet with a corresponding hard momentum kick to the relic and by ionisation, e.g., in a TPC.
In this Letter we derive the gravity field equations by varying the action for an ultraviolet complete quantum gravity. Then we consider the case of a static source term and we determine an exact black hole solution. As a result we find a regular spacetime geometry: in place of the conventional curvature singularity extreme energy fluctuations of the gravitational field at small length scales provide an effective cosmological constant in a region locally described in terms of a de Sitter space. We show that the new metric coincides with the noncommutative geometry inspired Schwarzschild black hole. Indeed, we show that the ultraviolet complete quantum gravity, generated by ordinary matter is the dual theory of ordinary Einstein gravity coupled to a noncommutative smeared matter. In other words we obtain further insights about that quantum gravity mechanism which improves Einstein gravity in the vicinity of curvature singularities. This corroborates all the existing literature in the physics and phenomenology of noncommutative black holes.
Bose-Einstein correlations of charged kaons were measured near mid-rapidity in central Pb+Pb collisions at 158 A GeV by the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS. Source radii were extracted using the Yano-Koonin-Podgoretsky and Bertsch-Pratt parameterizations. The results are compared to published pion data. The measured m_perp dependence for kaons and pions is consistent with collective transverse expansion of the source and a freeze-out time of about 9.5 fm.
Die HBT-Interferometrie bietet über die Analyse von Bose-Einstein-Korrelationen geladener Pionen die Möglichkeit, Raumzeit-Dimensionen von Kern-Kern-Reaktionen zu vermessen. Dadurch kann das Ausfrierverhalten der in diesen Reaktionen enstehenden teilchenemittierenden Quelle untersucht werden. Die so gewonnenen Informationen tragen zu einem Verständnis der in den Kollisionen ablaufenden Prozesse und somit zu Erkenntnissen über Kernmaterie unter extremen Bedingungen bei. Von besonderem Interesse ist dabei die Beobachtung der Ausbildung eines QGP-Zustandes. Hierfür sind systematische Studien von verschiedenen Kollisionssystemen und -energien von großer Bedeutung.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde eine Analyse von Bose-Einstein-Korrelationen in Pb-Au-Kollisionen bei einer Strahlenergie von 80A GeV durchgeführt. Die hier analysierten Daten wurden mit dem CERES-Detektor am SPS-Beschleuniger des CERN aufgenommen. Diese Analyse stellt eine erneute Untersuchung des Datensatzes unter Verwendung einer verbesserten Kalibrierungsprozedur für den CERES-Detektor dar. Infolgedessen konnte eine Verringerung der systematischen Unsicherheiten erreicht werden. Die neuen Ergebnisse stimmen mit den von der CERES-Kollaboration bereits publizierten HBT-Ergebnissen zufriedenstellend überein. Der Vergleich mit den Ergebnissen des NA49-Experiments, dass Pb-Pb-Kollisionen bei gleicher Strahlenergie unter dem Aspekt der HBT-Interferometrie untersucht hat, zeigt ebenfalls eine Übereinstimmung.
Durch diese Konsistenz und die Minimierung der systematischen Unsicherheiten im Bereich der SPS-Energien wird nun die Interpretation des Ausfrierverhaltens der Quelle besser ermöglicht: In dieser Arbeit wurde eine universelle Ausfrierbedingung von Pionen bei unterschiedlichen Schwerpunktsenergien und für verschiedene Kollisionssysteme untersucht. Diesbezügliche Observablen sind das mittels HBT-Radien bestimmte Ausfriervolumen und die mittlere freie Weglänge von Pionen zum Zeitpunkt des Ausfrierens der Quelle.
Bei dieser Untersuchung in Abhängigkeit von der Schwerpunktsenergie der Kollision zeichnet sich ein Minimum des Ausfriervolumens bei hohen AGS- und niedrigen SPS-Energien ab. Zusätzlich ergibt sich für die mittlere freie Weglänge ein ebenfalls nicht monotones Verhalten in diesem Energiebereich. Aus der dort vergrößerten Weglänge lässt sich auf eine erhöhte Emissiondauer der teilchenemittierenden Quelle gegenüber anderen Energien schließen. Die Emissionsdauer spielt in Verbindung mit dem Nachweis eines QGP-Zustandes eine wichtige Rolle. Ob die beschriebenen Beobachtungen durch ein Ausbilden dieses Zustandes oder auf Grund von anderen unbekannten Mechanismen hervorgerufen werden, kann abschließend noch nicht beurteilt werden. Denn verbleibende systematischen Unsicherheiten bei niedrigen Schwerpunktsenergien lassen derzeit keine weiteren Interpretationen zu. Insbesondere betrifft dies die noch bestehende Diskrepanz der Ergebnisse zwischen CERES und NA49 für eine Strahlenergie von 40A GeV. Daher ist eine Reanalyse der Daten von CERES bei dieser Strahlenergie von Bedeutung. Ebenso würde eine erneute systematische Messung im AGS-Energiebereich weitere grundlegende Interpretationen ermöglichen.
In Zukunft werden am RHIC-Beschleuniger des BNL in den USA und im Rahmen des FAIR-Projektes an der GSI bei Darmstadt Experimente in dieser Energieregion durchgeführt werden. Möglicherweise kann dann anhand dieser Messung ein universelles Ausfrierkriterium für Pionen sowie der Grund für ein verändertes Systemverhalten bei bestimmten Energien festgestellt werden.