Universitätspublikationen
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (13707)
- Part of Periodical (3487)
- Doctoral Thesis (3329)
- Contribution to a Periodical (2163)
- Book (2107)
- Working Paper (1888)
- Preprint (1719)
- Review (1064)
- Report (909)
- Conference Proceeding (699)
Language
- English (17438)
- German (14009)
- Portuguese (231)
- Spanish (123)
- Italian (66)
- French (64)
- Multiple languages (64)
- Turkish (12)
- Ukrainian (10)
- slo (7)
Keywords
- Deutschland (132)
- COVID-19 (98)
- inflammation (96)
- Financial Institutions (92)
- ECB (69)
- Capital Markets Union (67)
- SARS-CoV-2 (64)
- Financial Markets (61)
- Adorno (58)
- Banking Regulation (52)
Institute
- Medizin (6676)
- Präsidium (5132)
- Physik (3540)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (2298)
- Gesellschaftswissenschaften (2021)
- Biowissenschaften (1767)
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS) (1669)
- Sustainable Architecture for Finance in Europe (SAFE) (1403)
- Biochemie und Chemie (1400)
- Informatik (1393)
- Center for Financial Studies (CFS) (1264)
- Rechtswissenschaft (1059)
- Neuere Philologien (821)
- House of Finance (HoF) (805)
- Exzellenzcluster Die Herausbildung normativer Ordnungen (735)
- Geschichtswissenschaften (726)
- Geowissenschaften (688)
- Biochemie, Chemie und Pharmazie (674)
- Philosophie (570)
- Kulturwissenschaften (531)
- Psychologie (482)
- E-Finance Lab e.V. (436)
- Universitätsbibliothek (422)
- Institut für Ökologie, Evolution und Diversität (405)
- Institut für Sozialforschung (IFS) (394)
- Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft (394)
- Erziehungswissenschaften (377)
- Institut für Wirtschaft, Arbeit, und Kultur (IWAK) (368)
- Pharmazie (335)
- Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaften (312)
- Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum (BiK-F) (292)
- Evangelische Theologie (275)
- Geographie (241)
- Psychologie und Sportwissenschaften (224)
- Geowissenschaften / Geographie (218)
- Sportwissenschaften (217)
- Institute for Monetary and Financial Stability (IMFS) (205)
- Informatik und Mathematik (204)
- Institut für sozial-ökologische Forschung (ISOE) (197)
- Mathematik (193)
- Exzellenzcluster Makromolekulare Komplexe (173)
- MPI für Biophysik (168)
- Sprachwissenschaften (159)
- MPI für Hirnforschung (134)
- Georg-Speyer-Haus (130)
- Sonderforschungsbereiche / Forschungskollegs (126)
- Buchmann Institut für Molekulare Lebenswissenschaften (BMLS) (108)
- Zentrum für Biomolekulare Magnetische Resonanz (BMRZ) (105)
- Ernst Strüngmann Institut (95)
- Zentrum für Arzneimittelforschung, Entwicklung und Sicherheit (ZAFES) (93)
- Philosophie und Geschichtswissenschaften (80)
- Institute for Law and Finance (ILF) (68)
- Katholische Theologie (64)
- Cornelia Goethe Centrum für Frauenstudien und die Erforschung der Geschlechterverhältnisse (CGC) (59)
- Deutsches Institut für Internationale Pädagogische Forschung (DIPF) (55)
- Foundation of Law and Finance (50)
- Hessische Stiftung für Friedens- und Konfliktforschung (HSFK) (48)
- MPI für empirische Ästhetik (44)
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Ostasienstudien (IZO) (40)
- ELEMENTS (37)
- Gleichstellungsbüro (36)
- Fachübergreifend (35)
- Frobenius Institut (33)
- Europäische Akademie der Arbeit in der Universität Frankfurt am Main (32)
- Zentrum für Weiterbildung (31)
- Starker Start ins Studium: Qualitätspakt Lehre (30)
- Extern (29)
- Hochschulrechenzentrum (27)
- Zentrum für Interdisziplinäre Afrikaforschung (ZIAF) (26)
- LOEWE-Schwerpunkt Außergerichtliche und gerichtliche Konfliktlösung (25)
- studiumdigitale (25)
- Sigmund-Freud Institut – Forschungsinstitut fur Psychoanalyse und ihre Anwendungen (19)
- Universität des 3. Lebensalters e.V. (19)
- Akademie für Bildungsforschung und Lehrerbildung (bisher: Zentrum für Lehrerbildung und Schul- und Unterrichtsforschung) (18)
- Exzellenzcluster Herz-Lungen-System (18)
- Center for Membrane Proteomics (CMP) (17)
- Museum Giersch der Goethe Universität (17)
- Forschungskolleg Humanwissenschaften (16)
- Centre for Drug Research (15)
- Zentrum für Nordamerika-Forschung (ZENAF) (15)
- Center for Scientific Computing (CSC) (11)
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Neurowissenschaften Frankfurt (IZNF) (9)
- keine Angabe Institut (9)
- LOEWE-Schwerpunkt für Integrative Pilzforschung (8)
- Forschungszentrum Historische Geisteswissenschaften (FHG) (7)
- Fritz Bauer Institut (7)
- Helmholtz International Center for FAIR (7)
- DFG-Forschergruppen (6)
- Goethe-Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen (G-CSC) (6)
- Zentrum für Hochschulsport (ZfH) (6)
- Internationales Studienzentrum (4)
- Frankfurt MathFinance Institute (FMFI) (3)
- Institut für Religionsphilosophische Forschung (3)
- Schreibzentrum (3)
- Zentrale Einrichtung (3)
- (2)
- Akademie für Bildungsforschung und Lehrkräftebildung (2)
- Institut für Bienenkunde (2)
- Wilhelm-Merton-Zentrum (2)
- Diagnostic Center of Acute Leukemia (1)
- Exzellenzcluster (1)
- Fachübergreifende Einrichtungen (1)
- Forschungscluster (1)
- GRADE - Goethe Research Academy for Early Career Researchers (1)
- Katholische Hochschulgemeinde (KHG) (1)
- SFB 268 (1)
- Zentrum zur Erforschung der Frühen Neuzeit (Renaissance-Institut) (1)
- keine Angabe Fachbereich (1)
In prokaryotes, RNA thermometers regulate a number of heat shock and virulence genes. These temperature sensitive RNA elements are usually located in the 5'-untranslated regions of the regulated genes. They repress translation initiation by base pairing to the Shine–Dalgarno sequence at low temperatures. We investigated the thermodynamic stability of the temperature labile hairpin 2 of the Salmonella fourU RNA thermometer over a broad temperature range and determined free energy, enthalpy and entropy values for the base-pair opening of individual nucleobases by measuring the temperature dependence of the imino proton exchange rates via NMR spectroscopy. Exchange rates were analyzed for the wild-type (wt) RNA and the A8C mutant. The wt RNA was found to be stabilized by the extraordinarily stable G14–C25 base pair. The mismatch base pair in the wt RNA thermometer (A8–G31) is responsible for the smaller cooperativity of the unfolding transition in the wt RNA. Enthalpy and entropy values for the base-pair opening events exhibit linear correlation for both RNAs. The slopes of these correlations coincide with the melting points of the RNAs determined by CD spectroscopy. RNA unfolding occurs at a temperature where all nucleobases have equal thermodynamic stabilities. Our results are in agreement with a consecutive zipper-type unfolding mechanism in which the stacking interaction is responsible for the observed cooperativity. Furthermore, remote effects of the A8C mutation affecting the stability of nucleobase G14 could be identified. According to our analysis we deduce that this effect is most probably transduced via the hydration shell of the RNA.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Auswirkungen von Feldenkrais-Bewegungsübungen auf ein Klientel, dass aus freien Stücken an Feldenkraiskursen eines niedergelassenen Feldenkraislehrers teilnimmt, wobei insbesondere gesundheitliche und psychosomatische Aspekte betrachtet werden. Feldenkrais formulierte die theoretischen Grundlagen der Methodik auf einem breiten wissenschaftlichen Fundament verschiedener Fachrichtungen, wie Medizin, Neurobiologie, Psychologie, Physik, Systemtheorie und Anthropologie und lieferte damit eine Erklärung, wie die von ihm entwickelte Bewegungsmethodik Ein uss auf die Entwicklung und die Lernfähigkeit eines jeden Individuums nehmen kann. Der Mensch wird dabei, im Gegensatz zur dualistischen Sichtweise, die in der klassischen Schulmedizin vorherrscht, als ein Ganzes gesehen, in dem die Bereiche Körper und Seele nicht zu trennen sind. Die moderne Neurobiologie bestätigt mit der Anwendung neuer Messmethoden, wie dem funktionellen Magnetresonanztomogramm bedeutende Aussagen der Theorie von Feldenkrais. Systemtheorie und Konstruktivismus sind dabei grundlegend für den feldenkrais'schen Denkansatz und für die heutige Psychosomatik, wie sie unter anderem von von Uexküll beschrieben wird. Der Mensch wird hier als autopoietisches System betrachtet, welches sich selbst ständig reguliert. Somit kann er sich wechselnden Umweltein flüssen anpassen und ist zur Selbstheilung fähig, worin Feldenkraislehrer, respektive Psychotherapeuten ihn unterstützen können. Zunehmend suchen Menschen zur Förderung der persönlichen Weiterentwicklung, wie gleichzeitig zur Bewältigung gesundheitlicher und insbesondere psychosomatischer Probleme Feldenkraiskurse auf. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden in der Praxis eines niedergelassenen Feldenkraislehrers die Kursteilnehmer vor- und direkt nach der Teilnahme an zehn Feldenkraisstunden, sowie im Langzeitverlauf zu den Auswirkungen befragt. Die 82 erwachsenen Probanden der Studie waren zu 2/3 weiblich, bei einem Durchschnittsalter von 46 Jahren. Die Stichprobe glich in ihrem psychosomatischen Beschwerdestatus der durchschnittlichen Allgemeinbevölkerung, wohingegen ein überdurchschnittlich hohes Schulbildungs- und Berufsausbildungsniveau vorlag. Die Motivation der Kursteilnehmer lag gleichermaßen im Wunsch, die Fähigkeit der Körperwahrnehmung und die Beweglichkeit zu steigern, wie verschiedene Beschwerden und Erkrankungen zu verbessern. Anhand zweier standardisierter psychometrischer Fragebögen, dem Giessener Beschwerdebogen und der Symptom-Checkliste SCL-90-R konnte eine signifikante Verbesserung psychosomatischer und somit gesundheitlicher Beschwerden direkt nach dem Kurs, wie auch im Langzeitverlauf ein halbes Jahr nach Kursende beschrieben werden. Dazu zählen im Einzelnen Gliederschmerzen, Herzbeschwerden, Somatisierungstendenz, Zwanghaftigkeit, Depressivität, Aggressivität und die grundsätzliche psychische Belastung. Mithilfe des neu entwickelten Selbsteinschätzungsfragebogens des Verfassers ergaben sich weitere Hinweise auf die positiven Langzeitauswirkungen nicht nur im seelischen Bereich, sondern in weiteren zentralen Bereichen menschlichen Handelns, namentlich dem Wahrnehmungsbereich, dem kognitiven Bereich und der Beweglichkeit. Die Verbesserungen betrafen mehrere Lebensbereiche, den privaten, wie auch den beruflichen Bereich. Die Sicherheit der Feldenkraismethode gegenüber dem Auftreten unerwünschter Nebenwirkungen wurde ebenfalls dokumentiert. Anhand kontrollierter randomisierter Folgestudien sollten die Ergebnisse abgesichert werden. Der kreative Wissensaustausch von Neurobiologen mit moderner Messtechnik und wissenschaftlich arbeitenden Feldenkraislehrern, die zur Entwicklung spezieller Messmethodik einen Beitrag leisten können, kann zu neuen Erkenntnissen auf den Gebieten des Lernverhaltens, der Reifung und der Gesundheit des Menschen führen.
Das vergangene Jahr hat uns ein neues Schuldverschreibungsgesetz beschert. Dadurch wurde das alte „Gesetz betreffend die gemeinsamen Rechte der Besitzer von Schuldverschreibungen“ vom 14. 12. 1899 abgelöst, dem praktisch keine große Bedeutung zukam. Einen Vorläufer haben diese Gesetze im preußischen Schuldverschreibungsgesetz, das Friedrich Wilhelm III. am 17. 6. 1833 für die preußische Monarchie in Kraft gesetzt hat. Dieses Gesetz, das bisher selbst in historischen Darstellungen des Schuldverschreibungsrechts kaum gewürdigt wird, ist aus mehreren Gründen von Interesse. Zum einen hatte die zeitgenössische Geldtheorie die Bedeutung des Papiergeldes und die angemessene Rolle des Staates bei der Schöpfung von Papiergeld und der Kontrolle der Geldmenge noch nicht erfaßt. Verschiedene Konzepte wurden erörtert und waren auch in der Praxis der Staaten anzutreffen. Noten privater Zettelbanken waren ebenso im Umlauf wie staatliche Schatzanweisungen und Schuldverschreibungen ohne und mit Gold- oder Silberdeckung. Mit dem Schuldverschreibungsgesetz von 1833 unterwarf Preußen die Emission von Schuldverschreibungen einschließlich der Noten privater Banken einer Genehmigungspflicht. Parallel hierzu findet sich eine auf wenige Einzelfälle beschränkte Bewilligung an „staatsnahe“ Banken, Banknoten auszugeben, die von staatlichen Stellen als Zahlungsmittel angenommen werden oder mit denen Steuerschulden beglichen werden mußten. Mit diesen parallelen Maßnahmen hat die Staatsführung Preußens im Vormärz den in der Literatur debattierten und politisch vielfach befürworteten Weg eines Wettbewerbs privater Papiergeldemittenten („Zettelbanken“) verworfen. Letzten Endes hat sie sich damit das Emissionsmonopol nicht nur für Metallgeld, sondern auch für Papiergeld und die Steuerung der Geldmenge aus papiergeldähnlichen privaten Banknoten gesichert. Ein weiterer leitender Gesichtspunkt bei der Abfassung des Schuldverschreibungsgesetzes war die Lenkung des privaten Anlagekapitals. Preußen wollte im Wettbewerb mit ausländischen Staaten um anlagesuchendes Kapital nicht ins Hintertreffen geraten und unterstellte deshalb auch die Emission und den Umlauf ausländischer Schuldverschreibungen im Inland der Genehmigungspflicht. Schließlich enthält das Schuldverschreibungsgesetz von 1833 auch privatrechtliche Vorschriften zum Schutz der Investoren. Obwohl seit langem Inhaberpapiere im Umlauf waren und sich auch das preußische ALR von 1794 mit Einzelfragen der Übertragung solcher Papiere, ihrer Vindikation, Amortisation und Funktion als Zahlungsmittel befaßt hatte,5 war bis dahin kein konsistentes Konzept entwickelt worden, das eine überzeugende und bruchfreie Lösung der praktisch auftretenden Fragen zur Rechtsstellung der Beteiligten – Aussteller, erster Nehmer und spätere Investoren – gestattet hätte. Auch das Schuldverschreibungsgesetz von 1833 stellt insoweit nur eine weitere Zwischenetappe dar, die in der Entwicklung dieser Finanzierungsinstrumente erreicht wurde. Die vorliegende Studie versucht, die angedeuteten Linien nachzuzeichnen.
Die Einschaltung einer zentralen Gegenpartei in den Handel mit Derivaten erfüllt zahlreiche wirtschaftliche Funktionen. Neben der Reduktion des Kontrahentenausfallrisikos und systemischer Risiken wird das durch das Erfordernis angemessener Eigenkapitalunterlegung gebundene Eigenkapital bestmöglich freigehalten. Letztlich kann mit ihr auch ein Frühwarnsystem zur Vorbeugung ungewollter Marktentwicklungen implementiert werden. Bei der Frage nach der rechtlichen Konstruktion des Handels mit Derivaten mittels zentraler Gegenpartei sind börslicher und außerbörslicher Handel zu trennen. Im börslichen Derivatehandel kommen die Rechtsgeschäfte zwischen CM und zentraler Gegenpartei durch Angebot und Annahme i.S. der §§ 145 ff. BGB zustande. Das Angebot des CM 1 liegt in der Eingabe der Order in das EDV-System. Das Angebot ist hinreichend bestimmt. Auch handelt CM 1 mit Rechtsbindungswillen. Allerdings besteht ein vertraglich vereinbartes Rücktrittsrecht bis zum Zeitpunkt des Matching. Das Angebot geht der zentralen Gegenpartei zu, indem CM 2 dieses als Passivvertreterin der zentralen Gegenpartei zur Kenntnis nimmt. Die Annahme durch die zentrale Gegenpartei erfolgt antizipiert durch Abschluss der Clearing-Vereinbarung. Ist ein NCM beteiligt, kommt zudem ein Parallelkontrakt zwischen CM und NCM zustande. Da die Ordereingabe des NCM zu zwei Vertragsschlüssen führt, gibt es zum einen ein eigenes Angebot gegenüber dem CM ab, welches antizipiert durch Abschluss der NCM-CM-Vereinbarung angenommen wird. Zum anderen gibt es ein Angebot im Namen des CM gegenüber der zentralen Gegenpartei ab. Der Vertragsschluss entspricht dem zwischen CM und zentraler Gegenpartei. Im OTC-Handel wird das Rechtsgeschäft zunächst zwischen den CM oder den RK geschlossen. Dann wird das Geschäft im Wege der abstrakten Novation aufgespalten. Dadurch wird die zentrale Gegenpartei jeweils Vertragspartner eines CM. Die Novation erhält ihre spezielle Ausprägung durch die CB-Eurex. Der Abschluss der neuen Schuldverhältnisse erfolgt durch Abgabe eines eigenen Angebotes der CM, das durch den anerkannten Anbieter als bloßer Bote an die zentrale Gegenpartei übermittelt wird. Die Annahme erfolgt durch Abschluss der Clearing-Vereinbarung. Ist ein RK involviert, kommt ebenfalls ein Parallelkontrakt zustande. Das Zustandekommen der beiden Rechtsgeschäfte findet auf die gleiche Weise wie im börslichen Handel statt. Das Clearing verläuft für den börslichen und außerbörslichen Derivatehandel gleich. Zunächst werden die fälligen Forderungen und Verbindlichkeiten verrechnet (Netting).208 Diesbezüglich schließen die Clearing-Stelle und das jeweilige CM durch Abschluss der Clearing-Vereinbarung einen Aufrechnungsvertrag zur Begründung einer einseitigen Aufrechnungsbefugnis zugunsten der Eurex Clearing AG. Eine Nettingvereinbarung kann auch im Verhältnis CM und NCM bzw. RK geschlossen werden. Eine Pflicht dazu besteht aber nicht. Die nicht verrechneten fälligen Forderungen und Verbindlichkeiten werden durch Barausgleich oder durch Übereignung von Wertpapieren, Wertrechten oder Wertpapieren im Treuhandgiroverkehr, erfüllt. Die Übereignung von Wertpapieren findet nach sachenrechtlichen Grundsätzen statt. Die dingliche Einigung zwischen CM 1 und CM 2 liegt in der Erstellung der Ist-Lieferliste durch die Eurex Clearing AG, die dabei als Aktiv- und Passivvertreter der beteiligten CMs handelt. Die dingliche Einigung erfolgt unter aufschiebender Bedingung. Die Übergabe der Wertpapiere findet durch Umstellung des Besitzmittlungsverhältnisses nach § 929 S. 1 BGB statt. Die Übertragung von Wertrechten oder Wertpapieren im Treuhandgiroverkehr finden nach den schuldrechtlichen Regelungen zur Aufrechnung (§§ 398 ff. BGB) statt. Dazu tritt CM 1 zunächst den Lieferanspruch gegenüber der Wertpapiersammelbank an die Eurex Clearing AG ab. Diese erwirbt den Lieferanspruch jedoch nur treuhänderisch durch Abschluss eines eigennützigen Treuhandverhältnisses. Erst in einem zweiten Schritt tritt die Eurex Clearing AG den Lieferanspruch unter aufschiebender Bedingung an CM 2 ab, was durch die Erteilung entsprechender Gutschriften nach außen erkennbar wird. Nicht fällige Derivategeschäfte werden saldiert. Ein dabei verbleibender Saldo an offenen Verbindlichkeiten ist durch Sicherheiten zu unterlegen. Im Hinblick auf die Funktionswahrung der Clearing-Stelle sind diese bei Sicherheiten in Wertpapieren und Wertrechten ausnahmslos als Pfandrechte zu qualifizieren.
Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation war es, die Dynamik des Retinalchromophors in archaealen, bakteriellen sowie eukaryotischen Retinalproteinen zeitaufgelöst zu untersuchen und so Informationen über die unterschiedlichen lichtgesteuerten zyklischen Reaktionen zu erhalten. Für das bakterielle Proteorhodopsin (PR) wurde die Primärdynamik im sichtbaren Spektralbereich unter D2O-Bedingungen bei unterschiedlichen pD-Werten untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass das isomerisierte K-Photoprodukt mit zwei Zeitkonstanten im Bereich von 1 ps und 20 ps gebildet wird. Der Vergleich mit Messungen in H2O erlaubte es den kinetischen Isotopeneffekt für die Deaktivierung des S1-Zustandes zu berechnen. Die Ergebnisse weisen dabei auf unterschiedliche Wasserstoffbrückenmuster unter sauren und alkalischen Bedingungen hin. Um diesem Resultat weiter nachzugehen, wurde die D97N-Mutante untersucht, bei der der primäre Protonenakzeptors ungeladen vorliegt. Die gefundene Primärdynamik von PR D97N läuft nur unwesentlich langsamer ab als die des Wildtyp-Proteins bei pD 6,4. Um weitergehende Einsichten in die Primärdynamik von PR zu erlangen, wurden am Wildtyp-Protein sowie der D97N-Mutante transiente Absorptionsmessungen im Bereich der C=C- und C=N-Schwingung des Retinals durchgeführt. Es stellte sich heraus, dass die Quantenausbeute der K-Bildung unabhängig vom pD-Wert ist. In einem weiteren Schritt wurde der Einfluss des hochkonservierten His-75 auf die Isomerisierungsdynamik untersucht. Hierfür wurden die Mutanten H75N und H75M verwendet. Die Kurzzeitmessungen lassen keinen ausgeprägten Einfluss auf die Isomerisierungsdynamik erkennen. Auch der nachfolgende Teil des Photozyklus war im Blickpunkt dieser Arbeit. Die Tieftemperaturstudien im sichtbaren Spektralbereich erlaubten das in kinetischen Messungen nicht beobachtete M-Intermediat des sauren Photozyklus nachzuweisen. Um strukturelle Einblicke in den Photozyklus zu erlangen und die am Pumpvorgang beteiligten Aminosäuren zu identifizieren, wurden nachfolgend Tieftemperaturuntersuchungen im infraroten Spektralbereich durchgeführt. Die Implementierung eines Faserspektrometers in den Strahlengang des FTIR-Aufbaus erlaubte hierbei die simultane Aufnahme der lichtinduzierten Änderungen der Bandenposition im sichtbaren Spektralbereich und der Änderungen der Proteinstruktur sowie der Seitenketten. Für den M-Zustand bei pH 5,1 konnte gezeigt werden, dass auch hier eine Aspartat- oder Glutamat-Seitenkette als Protonenakzeptor fungiert. Weiterhin konnte dargelegt werden, dass der Photozyklus von PR nicht nur vom pKa-Wert des Protonen-akzeptors Asp-97 abhängt, sondern von einem Zusammenspiel mehrerer pH-abhängiger Gleichgewichte, da schon kleinste Änderungen des pH-Werts im Bereich des pKa großen Einfluss auf die beobachteten Differenzspektren sowie die Dynamik haben. Auch für das in jüngster Vergangenheit zur optogenetischen Kontrolle neuronaler Netze eingesetzte eukaryotische Retinalprotein Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR-2) wurden umfangreiche Photozyklusstudien durchgeführt. Mit Hilfe von transienter Absorptionsspektroskopie im Sichtbaren sowie der Fluoreszenz-aufkonvertierung konnte gezeigt werden, dass der angeregte Zustand monoexponentiell mit 0,4 ps zerfällt. Die Reaktion setzt sich mit einem Kühlprozess und kleineren Änderungen der Linienbreite des K-Photoprodukts fort. Durch die schnelle Deaktivierung des angeregten Zustands war es zudem möglich die direkten Auswirkungen der Retinalisomerisierung auf die Proteinumgebung zu beobachten. Die Vielzahl ausgeprägter Differenzbanden zeigte hierbei, dass neben der schnellen Isomerisierung auch der Energietransfer der im Retinal gespeicherten Überschussenergie an das Protein sehr effizient ist. Über Blitzlichtphotolyseexperimente konnte die Langzeitdynamik des ChR-2-Photozyklus erstmals mit einer sub-µs-Zeitauflösung charakterisiert werden. Neben der für Retinalproteine typischen Abfolge von blau- und rot-verschobenen Intermediaten, ist der Photozyklus mit einer Dauer von etwa 5 s signifikant langsamer als der gemeinhin schon langsame Zyklus der sensorischen Retinalproteine. Um die Aktivierungs-barrieren des ChR-2-Photozyklus zu untersuchen, wurden weiterhin temperaturabhängige Messungen durchgeführt. Diese ergaben, dass der Photozyklus durch entropische Faktoren bestimmt wird. In einem letzten Ansatzpunkt wurde die Imidazol-Abhängigkeit der Langzeitdynamik des ChR-2-Photozyklus untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass die Dynamik um die De- und Reprotonierung stark von diesem externen Donor beeinflusst wird. Es wurde jedoch nicht nur eine Beschleunigung der Reprotonierungsreaktion beobachtet, sondern auch der molekulare Mechanismus scheint sich nach Zugabe von Imidazol geändert zu haben. Diese Effekte können am ehesten durch eine Verstärkung des Histidin-Donor-Effekts durch das strukturell verwandte Imidazol erklärt werden. Genau dieser Einfluss externer Donor-Moleküle stand ebenfalls in einer Kurzzeit-Studie archaealer Retinalproteine im Fokus. Vorausgegangene Studien konnten zeigen, dass die Zugabe von Azid-Anionen die Isomerisierungsdynamik sowie den nachfolgenden spektral stillen Übergang der Protonenakzeptor-mutante von SRII D75N beeinflusst. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellte heraus, dass dieser Effekt ein einzigartiges Merkmal dieser Mutante ist. Abschließend wurde überdies die Bedeutung des in der Zelle in 2:2-Stöchiometrie beobachteten Transducerkomplexes auf die Primärreaktion von SRII untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass dieser keinen Einfluss auf die Isomerisierungsdynamik aufweist, was eine wichtige Information bezüglich der Signalweitergabe sensorischer Retinalproteine ist.
Obwohl zahlreiche zelluläre Funktionen von RNAs in direktem Zusammenhang mit Proteinen stehen, wurde auch eine Vielzahl von, unter anderem regulatorischen, RNA-Motiven identifiziert, die ihre Funktion ohne eine initiale Beteiligung von Proteinen ausüben. Das detaillierte Verständnis der zu Grunde liegenden Regulationsmechanismen beinhaltet die Charakterisierung von beteiligten RNA-Architekturen und deren funktionaler Stabilitäten, von dynamischen Aspekten der RNA-Faltungsprozesse sowie die Korrelation dieser Charakteristika mit zellulären Funktionen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden strukturelle, thermodynamische und kinetische Aspekte der Ligand-bindenden Guanin Riboswitch-RNA Aptamerdomäne des xpt-pbuX Operons aus B. subtilis und eines Cofaktor-abhängigen katalytischen RNA-Motivs, des 'Adenin-abhängigen Hairpin Ribozyms', untersucht. ...
In den vergangenen Jahren wurden zahlreiche Stoffe als Photosensibilisatoren evaluiert, deren photodynamische Aktivität gegenüber den Pioniersubstanzen deutlich verbessert werden konnte. Vielen dieser Moleküle blieb jedoch aufgrund ihrer ungünstigen physikochemischen Eigenschaften oder der auftretenden Toxizität die Marktreife versagt. Nanopartikuläre Trägersysteme sind geeignet, Verträglichkeit und Effektivität der Photodynamischen Therapie zu verbessern sowie die Selektivität bei der Behandlung bestimmter Tumorspezies deutlich zu erhöhen. Um dieses Prinzip auf verschiedene Photosensibilisatoren anwenden zu können, wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit Nanopartikel aus humanem Serumalbumin (HSA) durch Desolvatation hergestellt und die adsorptive, die inkorporative sowie die kovalente Bindung an das Trägersystem untersucht. ...
Resting egg banks of microcrustaceans have been used to reconstruct the evolutionary and ecological history of species. However, recent studies provided evidence for a discrepancy between dormant propagules in the sediment and the planktonic population. This pattern raises two questions: First, what is the value of data on resting egg banks for population dynamics over time and second, which component of the reproductive cycle causes the observed inconsistency? In our study we focussed on the second question by comparing the taxon composition of a resting egg bank with the reproductive success of ex-ephippial hatchlings. Species and interspecific hybrid identification of dormant and hatched stages was achieved through the application of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of an internal transcribed spacer region. We found no significant deviation between the proportion of hatched Daphnia galeata, D. galeata x hyalina and D. hyalina individuals and the observed taxon composition of the resting egg bank. However, species and hybrids differed in their mode and relative success of reproduction. We conclude that the components of reproductive success in Daphnia contribute differentially to the fitness of species and interspecific hybrids. The discrepancy between resting egg banks and "active" planktonic populations results not from differential hatching of species but from the reproductive success of ex-ephippial females and the timing and frequency of sexual reproduction of the different taxa.
Introduction: Acute lung injury (ALI) is an inflammatory disorder of pulmonary or extrapulmonary origin. We have previously demonstrated that netrin-1 dampens murine ALI, and in an attempt to advance this finding into future clinical practice we evaluated whether netrin-1 would reduce alveolar inflammation during porcine ALI. Methods: This was a controlled in vivo experimental study in pigs. We induced ALI through lipoploysaccharide (LPS) infusion (50 micro g/kg) for 2 hours. Following this, we exposed animals to either vehicle, intravenous netrin-1 (netrin-1 i.v.) or inhaled netrin-1 (netrin-1 inh.). Serum samples and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were obtained to determine levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1beta, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 at baseline and 6 hours following treatment. Myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) and protein levels were determined in the BAL, and tissue samples were obtained for histological evaluation. Finally, animals were scanned with spiral CT. Results: Following LPS infusion, animals developed acute pulmonary injury. Serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were significantly reduced in the netrin-1 i.v. group. BAL demonstrated significantly reduced cytokine levels 6 hours post-netrin-1 treatment (TNF-alpha: vehicle 633 ± 172 pg/ml, netrin-1 i.v. 84 ± 5 pg/ml, netrin-1 inh. 168 ± 74 pg/ml; both P < 0.05). MPO activity and protein content were significantly reduced in BAL samples from netrin-1-treated animals. Histological sections confirmed reduced inflammatory changes in the netrin-1-treated animals. Computed tomography corroborated reduced pulmonary damage in both netrin-1-treated groups. Conclusions: We conclude that treatment with the endogenous anti-inflammatory protein netrin-1 reduces pulmonary inflammation during the initial stages of ALI and should be pursued as a future therapeutic option.
Ziel des Seminars war, sportmedizinische und präventivmedizinische Aspekte zu Fitness und Wellness zu präsentieren und hierbei insbesondere auf die historische Entwicklung der Sportmedizin einzugehen sowie Techniken und Wirkungen verschiedener Massageformen und ganzheitliche asiatische Gesundheitsansätze und Bewegungskünste zu erörtern.
The goal of this project is to develop a framework for a cell that takes in consideration its internal structure, using an agent-based approach. In this framework, a cell was simulated as many sub-particles interacting to each other. This sub-particles can, in principle, represent any internal structure from the cell (organelles, etc). In the model discussed here, two types of sub-particles were used: membrane sub-particles and cytosolic elements. A kinetic and dynamic Delaunay triangulation was used in order to define the neighborhood relations between the sub-particles. However, it was soon noted that the relations defined by the Delaunay triangulation were not suitable to define the interactions between membrane sub-particles. The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer, and does not present any long range interactions between their sub-particles. This means that the membrane particles should not be able to interact in a long range. Instead, their interactions should be confined to the two-dimensional surface supposedly formed by the membrane. A method to select, from the original three-dimensional triangulations, connections restricted to the two-dimensional surface formed by the cell membrane was then developed. The algorithm uses as starting point the three-dimensional Delaunay triangulation involving both internal and membrane sub-particles. From this triangulation, only the subset of connections between membrane sub-particles was considered. Since the cell is full of internal particles, the collection of the membrane particles' connections will resemble the surface to be obtained, even though it will still have many connections that do not belong to the restricted triangulation on the surface. This "thick surface" was called a quasi-surface. The following step was to refine the quasi-surface, cutting out some of the connections so that the ones left made a proper surface triangulation with the membrane points. For that, the quasi-surface was separated in clusters. Clusters are defined as areas on the quasi-surface that are not yet properly triangulated on a two-dimensional surface. Each of the clusters was then re-triangulated independently, using re-triangulation methods also developed during this work. The interactions between cytosolic elements was given by a Lennard-Jones potential, as well as the interactions between cytosolic elements and membrane particles. Between only membrane particles, the interactions were given by an elastic interaction. For each particle, the equation of motion was written. The algorithm chosen to solve the equations of motion was the Verlet algorithm. Since the cytosol can be approximated as a gel, it is reasonable to suppose that the sub-cellular particles are moving in an overdamped environment. Therefore, an overdamped approximation was used for all interactions. Additionally, an adaptive algorithm was used in order to define the size of the time step used in each interaction. After the method to re-triangulate the membrane points was implemented, the time needed to re-triangulate a single cluster was studied, followed by an analysis on how the time needed to re-triangulate each point in a cluster varied with the cluster size. The frequency of appearance for each cluster size was also compared, as this information is necessary to guarantee that the total time needed by to re-triangulate a cell is convergent. At last, the total time spent re-triangulating a surface was plotted, as well as a scaling for the total re-triangulation time with the variation. Even though there is still a lot to be done, the work presented here is an important step on the way to the main goal of this project: to create an agent-based framework that not only allows the simulation of any sub-cellular structure of interest but also provides meaningful interaction relations to particles belonging to the cell membrane.
Contents vii Acknowledgements ix Translator’s Note xi Foreword to the 2009 Edition Steffen Böhm and Campbell Jones xiii Foreword xvii 1 The struggle against liberalism in the totalitarian view of the state 1 2 The concept of essence 31 3 The affirmative character of culture 65 4 Philosophy and critical theory 99 5 On hedonism 119 6 Industrialization and capitalism in the work of Max Weber 151 7 Love mystified: A critique of Norman O. Brown 171 8 Aggressiveness in advanced industrial societies 187 Notes 203 Chapter 1 originally published in German in Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, vol. III (1934). Chapter 2 originally published in German in Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, vol. V (1936). Chapter 3 originally published in German in Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, vol. VI (1937). Chapter 4 originally published in German in Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, vol. VI (1937). Chapter 5 originally published in German in Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, vol. VII (1938). Chapter 6 first published in German in Max Weber und die Soziologie heute (1964). This translation is based on a revised form of the essay first published in German in Kultur in Gesellschaft (1965). Chapter 7 (‘Love Mystified’) was first published in Commentary, February 1967. Norman O. Brown’s response (‘A reply to Herbert Marcuse’) was published in Commentary in March 1967. Chapter 8 printed first in Negations (Allen Lane/Penguin Press, 1968).
During a 4-week run in October–November 2006, a pilot experiment was performed at the CERN Proton Synchrotron in preparation for the Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) experiment, whose aim is to study the possible influence of cosmic rays on clouds. The purpose of the pilot experiment was firstly to carry out exploratory measurements of the effect of ionising particle radiation on aerosol formation from trace H2SO4 vapour and secondly to provide technical input for the CLOUD design. A total of 44 nucleation bursts were produced and recorded, with formation rates of particles above the 3 nm detection threshold of between 0.1 and 100 cm -3 s -1, and growth rates between 2 and 37 nm h -1. The corresponding H2O concentrations were typically around 106 cm -3 or less. The experimentally-measured formation rates and htwosofour concentrations are comparable to those found in the atmosphere, supporting the idea that sulphuric acid is involved in the nucleation of atmospheric aerosols. However, sulphuric acid alone is not able to explain the observed rapid growth rates, which suggests the presence of additional trace vapours in the aerosol chamber, whose identity is unknown. By analysing the charged fraction, a few of the aerosol bursts appear to have a contribution from ion-induced nucleation and ion-ion recombination to form neutral clusters. Some indications were also found for the accelerator beam timing and intensity to influence the aerosol particle formation rate at the highest experimental SO2 concentrations of 6 ppb, although none was found at lower concentrations. Overall, the exploratory measurements provide suggestive evidence for ion-induced nucleation or ion-ion recombination as sources of aerosol particles. However in order to quantify the conditions under which ion processes become significant, improvements are needed in controlling the experimental variables and in the reproducibility of the experiments. Finally, concerning technical aspects, the most important lessons for the CLOUD design include the stringent requirement of internal cleanliness of the aerosol chamber, as well as maintenance of extremely stable temperatures (variations below 0.1 °C)
Aging of biological systems ultimately leads to death of the individual. In humans, organ failure as the result of functional impairments after stroke, cardio-vascular disease, tumor development, neurodegeneration and other diseases are certainly crucial in bringing life to an end. But what happens in individuals with no obvious disease or disorders?
PaMTH1 is an O-methyltransferase catalysing the methylation of vicinal hydroxyl groups of polyphenols. The protein accumulates during ageing of Podospora anserina in both the cytosol and in the mitochondrial matrix. The construction and characterisation of a PaMth1 deletion strain provided additional evidence about the function of the protein in the protection against metal induced oxidative stress. Deletion of PaMth1 was found to lead to a decreased resistance against exogenous oxidative stress and to a shortened lifespan suggesting a role of PaMTH1 as a longevity assurance factor in a new molecular pathway involved in lifespan control. Key words: Podospora anserina, knock-out, reactive oxygen species, flavonoids, ageing, O-methyltransferase
In previous investigations an impact of cellular copper homeostasis on ageing of the ascomycete Podospora anserina has been demonstrated. Here we provide new data indicating that mitochondria play a major role in this process. Determination of copper in the cytosolic fraction using total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis and eGfp reporter gene studies indicate an age-related increase of cytosolic copper levels. We show that components of the mitochondrial matrix (i.e. eGFP targeted to mitochondria) become released from the organelle during ageing. Decreasing the accessibility of mitochondrial copper in P. anserina via targeting a copper metallothionein to the mitochondrial matrix was found to result in a switch from a copper-dependent cytochrome-c oxidase to a copper-independent alternative oxidase type of respiration and results in lifespan extension. In addition, we demonstrate that increased copper concentrations in the culture medium lead to the appearance of senescence biomarkers in human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs). Significantly, expression of copper-regulated genes is induced during in vitro ageing in medium devoid of excess copper suggesting that cytosolic copper levels also increase during senescence of HDFs. These data suggest that the identified molecular pathway of age-dependent copper dynamics may not be restricted to P. anserina but may be conserved from lower eukaryotes to humans.
Plasticity resembling spike-timing dependent synaptic plasticity: the evidence in human cortex
(2010)
Spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) has been studied extensively in a variety of animal models during the past decade but whether it can be studied at the systems level of the human cortex has been a matter of debate. Only recently newly developed non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have made it possible to induce and assess timing dependent plasticity in conscious human subjects. This review will present a critical synopsis of these experiments, which suggest that several of the principal characteristics and molecular mechanisms of TMS-induced plasticity correspond to those of STDP as studied at a cellular level. TMS combined with a second phasic stimulation modality can induce bidirectional long-lasting changes in the excitability of the stimulated cortex, whose polarity depends on the order of the associated stimulus-evoked events within a critical time window of tens of milliseconds. Pharmacological evidence suggests an NMDA receptor mediated form of synaptic plasticity. Studies in human motor cortex demonstrated that motor learning significantly modulates TMS-induced timing dependent plasticity, and, conversely, may be modulated bidirectionally by prior TMS-induced plasticity, providing circumstantial evidence that long-term potentiation-like mechanisms may be involved in motor learning. In summary, convergent evidence is being accumulated for the contention that it is now possible to induce STDP-like changes in the intact human central nervous system by means of TMS to study and interfere with synaptic plasticity in neural circuits in the context of behavior such as learning and memory. Keywords: spike-timing dependent plasticity, long-term potentiation, long-term depression, paired associative stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, human, cortex, translational neuroscience
In order to quantitatively analyse the chemical and dynamical evolution of the polar vortex it has proven extremely useful to work with coordinate systems that follow the vortex flow. We propose here a two-dimensional quasi-Lagrangian coordinate system {X i, delta X i}, based on the mixing ratio of a long-lived stratospheric trace gas i, and its systematic use with i = N2O, in order to describe the structure of a well-developed Antarctic polar vortex. In the coordinate system {X i, delta X i} the mixing ratio X i is the vertical coordinate and delta X i = X i(theta) - X i vort(theta) is the meridional coordinate (X i vort(theta) being a vertical reference profile in the vortex core). The quasi-Lagrangian coordinates {X i, delta X i} persist for much longer time than standard isentropic coordinates, potential temperature theta and equivalent latitude Phi e, do not require explicit reference to geographic space, and can be derived directly from high-resolution in situ measurements. They are therefore well-suited for studying the evolution of the Antarctic polar vortex throughout the polar winter with respect to the relevant chemical and microphysical processes. By using the introduced coordinate system {X N2O, delta X N2O} we analyze the well-developed Antarctic vortex investigated during the APE-GAIA (Airborne Polar Experiment – Geophysica Aircraft in Antarctica – 1999) campaign (Carli et al., 2000). A criterion, which uses the local in-situ measurements of X i=X i(theta) and attributes the inner vortex edge to a rapid change (delta-step) in the meridional profile of the mixing ratio X i, is developed to determine the (Antarctic) inner vortex edge. In turn, we suggest that the outer vortex edge of a well-developed Antarctic vortex can be attributed to the position of a local minimum of the X H2O gradient in the polar vortex area. For a well-developed Antarctic vortex, the delta X N2O-parametrization of tracer-tracer relationships allows to distinguish the tracer inter-relationships in the vortex core, vortex boundary region and surf zone and to examine their meridional variation throughout these regions. This is illustrated by analyzing the tracer-tracer relationships X i : X N2O obtained from the in-situ data of the APE-GAIA campaign for i = CFC-11, CFC-12, H-1211 and SF6. A number of solitary anomalous points in the CFC-11 : N2O correlation, observed in the Antarctic vortex core, are interpreted in terms of small-scale cross-isentropic dispersion.
Potentiation of glycine-gated NR1/NR3A NMDA receptors relieves Ca2+-dependent outward rectification
(2010)
Glycine has diverse functions within the mammalian central nervous system. It inhibits postsynaptic neurons via strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors (GlyRs) and enhances neuronal excitation through co-activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Classical Ca2+-permeable NMDA receptors are composed of glycine-binding NR1 and glutamate-binding NR2 subunits, and hence require both glutamate and glycine for efficient activation. In contrast, recombinant receptors composed of NR1 and the glycine binding NR3A and/or NR3B subunits lack glutamate binding sites and can be activated by glycine alone. Therefore these receptors are also named “excitatory glycine receptors”. Co-application of antagonists of the NR1 glycine-binding site or of the divalent cation Zn2+ markedly enhances the glycine responses of these receptors. To gain further insight into the properties of these glycine-gated NMDA receptors, we investigated their current-voltage (I–V) dependence. Whole-cell current-voltage relations of glycine currents recorded from NR1/NR3B and NR1/NR3A/NR3B expressing oocytes were found to be linear under our recording conditions. In contrast, NR1/NR3A receptors displayed a strong outwardly rectifying I–V relation. Interestingly, the voltage-dependent inward current block was abolished in the presence of NR1 antagonists, Zn2+ or a combination of both. Further analysis revealed that Ca2+ (1.8 mM) present in our recording solutions was responsible for the voltage-dependent inhibition of ion flux through NR1/NR3A receptors. Since physiological concentrations of the divalent cation Mg2+ did not affect the I–V dependence, our data suggest that relief of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ block of NR1/NR3A receptors by Zn2+ may be important for the regulation of excitatory glycinergic transmission, according to the Mg2+-block of conventional NR1/NR2 NMDA receptors. Keywords: NMDA receptor, excitatory glycine receptor, voltage block, NR3 subunit, supralinear potentiation, Zn2+, NR1 antagonist, ligand-binding domain
Although models based on independent component analysis (ICA) have been successful in explaining various properties of sensory coding in the cortex, it remains unclear how networks of spiking neurons using realistic plasticity rules can realize such computation. Here, we propose a biologically plausible mechanism for ICA-like learning with spiking neurons. Our model combines spike-timing dependent plasticity and synaptic scaling with an intrinsic plasticity rule that regulates neuronal excitability to maximize information transmission. We show that a stochastically spiking neuron learns one independent component for inputs encoded either as rates or using spike-spike correlations. Furthermore, different independent components can be recovered, when the activity of different neurons is decorrelated by adaptive lateral inhibition.
Understanding the dynamics of recurrent neural networks is crucial for explaining how the brain processes information. In the neocortex, a range of different plasticity mechanisms are shaping recurrent networks into effective information processing circuits that learn appropriate representations for time-varying sensory stimuli. However, it has been difficult to mimic these abilities in artificial neural network models. Here we introduce SORN, a self-organizing recurrent network. It combines three distinct forms of local plasticity to learn spatio-temporal patterns in its input while maintaining its dynamics in a healthy regime suitable for learning. The SORN learns to encode information in the form of trajectories through its high-dimensional state space reminiscent of recent biological findings on cortical coding. All three forms of plasticity are shown to be essential for the network's success. Keywords: synaptic plasticity, intrinsic plasticity, recurrent neural networks, reservoir computing, time series prediction
We examined whether positive transfer of cognitive training, which so far has been observed for individual tests only, also generalizes to cognitive abilities, thereby carrying greater promise for improving everyday intellectual competence in adulthood and old age. In the COGITO Study, 101 younger and 103 older adults practiced six tests of perceptual speed (PS), three tests of working memory (WM), and three tests of episodic memory (EM) for over 100 daily 1-h sessions. Transfer assessment included multiple tests of PS, WM, EM, and reasoning. In both age groups, reliable positive transfer was found not only for individual tests but also for cognitive abilities, represented as latent factors. Furthermore, the pattern of correlations between latent change factors of practiced and latent change factors of transfer tasks indicates systematic relations at the level of broad abilities, making the interpretation of effects as resulting from unspecific increases in motivation or self-concept less likely. Keywords: cognitive training, cognitive abilities, transfer, latent factors, working memory
Disruptive behaviour disorders are reflected by a great variety of symptoms ranging from impulsive-hot tempered quarrels to purposeful and goal directed acts of cruelty. A growing body of data indicates that there are neurobiological factors that increase the risk for developing disruptive behaviour disorders. In this review, we give a broad overview of recent studies investigating physiological, neural, genetic factors, and specific neurotransmitter systems. We also discuss the impact of psychosocial risk and consider the effects of gene-environment interactions. Due to the heterogeneity of disruptive behaviour disorders, it is concluded that specific subtypes of disruptive behaviour should be considered both in terms their biological basis and in regard to specific treatment needs.
Die Arbeit untersucht die Herstellung und ökonomische Umsetzung von "ethnischem Anderssein" in sog. Kultur-Kochkursen in Frankfurt am Main. In den beforschten Kultur-Kochkursen vermitteln ethnisch markierte KochkursleiterInnen "ihre Küche und Kultur" einem (multikulturalistisch) interessiertem Publikum. Die Arbeit fokussiert auf die performative Herstellung, Umsetzung und Repräsentation von (vermarktbarem) ethnischen Andersseins durch die KochkursleiterInnen in der Kochkurssituation und überprüft die Annahme, dass Ethnizität primär durch (Selbst-)Othering – die Betonung von unüberbrückbarer, essentieller kultureller Differenz – vermarktet wird. Die Befunde, welche auf Internetrecherchen, teilnehmenden Beobachtungen und narrativen Interviews basieren, zeigen, dass die organisierenden Institutionen die Kulturkochkurse zwar mit dem Verweis auf Authentizität, Tradition und Andersartigkeit bewerben, die Kultur-KochkursleiterInnen selbst in der Kochkurssituation allerdings kein kulturalistisches, exotisierendes und Differenz betonendes Ethnizitätskonzept perfomieren, sondern vielmehr Dynamik, Vielfalt und Vermischungen artikulieren, praktizieren und stark positiv konnotieren.
Leben bedeutet eine fortdauernde Anpassung an Umweltbedingungen durch ein hoch entwickeltes Informationsverarbeitungssystem. Diese Anpassung wird durch das neuroendokrine und autonome Nervensystem gewährleistet. Eine tages- und jahreszeitliche Organisation des neuroendokrinen und autonomen Systems findet durch das Photoneuroendokrine System (PNS) statt. Erst in jüngster Zeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass neben peptidergen Substanzen auch lipiderge Signalmoleküle des Endocannabinoidsystems eine essentielle Rolle bei der interzelluären Kommunikation spielen. Hierbei zählen Anandamid (AEA) und 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) zu den umfassend erforschten Endocannabinoiden. ...
Diese Arbeit untersuchte die Epidemiologie und den Einfluss verschiedener Faktoren (Grunderkrankung, empirische Therapie, Schweregrad der Sepsis und Erreger mit Resistenz) auf das Überleben von Patienten mit Septikämien. Die häufigsten Grunderkrankungen dieses Kollektivs waren Leukämien (33%), solide Neoplasien (14%) sowie kardiale Vorerkrankungen (14%). Knapp die Hälfte der Patienten erwarb die Septikämie im Krankenhaus (47%). ...
Tubular carbonate concretions of up to 1 m in length and perpendicular to bedding, occur abundantly in the Upper Pliensbachian (upper Amaltheus margaritatus Zone, Gibbosus Subzone) in outcrops (Fontaneilles section) in the vicinity of Rivière-sûr-Tarn, southern France. Stable isotope analyses of these concretions show negative delta 13C values that decrease from the rim to the center from - 18.8‰ to - 25.7‰ (V-PDB), but normal marine delta 18 O values (- 1.8‰). Carbon isotope analyses of Late Pliensbachian bulk carbonate (matrix) samples from the Fontaneilles section show clearly decreasing C-isotope values across the A. margaritatus Zone, from +1‰ to - 3‰ (V-PDB). Isotope analyses of coeval belemnite rostra do not document such a negative C-isotope trend with values remaining stable around +2‰ (V-PDB). Computer tomographic (CT) scanning of the tubular concretions show multiple canals that are lined or filled entirely with pyrite. Previously, the formation of these concretions with one, two, or more central tubes, has been ascribed to the activity of an enigmatic organism, possibly with annelid or arthropod affinities, known asTisoa siphonalis. Our results suggest tisoan structures are abiogenic. Based on our geochemical analyses and sedimentological observations we suggest that these concretions formed as a combination of the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and sulfate reduction within the sediment. Fluids rich in methane and/or hydrocarbons likely altered local bulk rock carbon isotope records, but did not affect the global carbon cycle. Interestingly, Tisoa siphonalis has been described from many locations in the Grands Causses Basin in southern France, and from northern France and Luxemburg, always occurring at the same stratigraphic level. Upper Pliensbachian authigenic carbonates thus possibly cover an area of many thousand square kilometers. Greatly reduced sedimentation rates are needed to explain the stabilization of the sulfate-methane transition zone in the sedimentary column in order for the tubular concretions to form. Late Pliensbachian cooling, reducing run-off, and/or the influx of colder water and more vigorous circulation could be responsible for a halt in sedimentation. At the same time (thermogenic) methane may have destabilized during a major phase of Late Pliensbachian sea level fall. As such Tisoa siphonalis is more than a geological curiosity, and its further study could prove pivotal in understanding Early Jurassic paleoenvironmental change.
Background: Abnormalities of 11q23 involving the MLL gene are found in approximately 10% of human leukemias. To date, nearly 100 different chromosome bands have been described in rearrangements involving 11q23 and 64 fusion genes have been cloned and characterized at the molecular level. In this work we present the identification of a novel MLL fusion partner in a pediatric patient with de novo biphenotypic acute leukemia. Methods: Cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), molecular studies (RT-PCR and LDI-PCR), and bioinformatic sequence analysis were used to characterize the CT45A2 gene as novel MLL fusion partner in pediatric acute leukemia. Results: Fluorescence in situ hybridization of the patient G-banded metaphases demonstrated a cryptic insertion of 11q23 in Xq26.3 involving the MLL gene. Breakpoint fusion analysis revealed that a DNA fragment of 653 kb from 11q23, containing MLL exons 1-9 in addition to 16 other 11q23 genes, was inserted into the upstream region of the CT45A2 gene located at Xq26.3. In addition, a deletion at Xq26.3 encompassing the 3' region of the DDX26B gene (exons 9-16) and the entire CT45A1 gene was identified. RNA analysis revealed the presence of a novel MLL-CT45A2 fusion transcript in which the first 9 exons of the MLL gene were fused in-frame to exon 2 of the CT45A2 gene, resulting in a spliced MLL fusion transcript with an intact open reading frame. The resulting chimeric transcript predicts a fusion protein where the N-terminus of MLL is fused to the entire open reading frame of CT45A2. Finally, we demonstrate that all breakpoint regions are rich in long repetitive motifs, namely LINE/L1 and SINE/Alu sequences, but all breakpoints were exclusively identified outside these repetitive DNA sequences. Conclusion: We have identified CT45A2 as a novel spliced MLL fusion partner in a pediatric patient with de novo biphenotypic acute leukemia, as a result of a cryptic insertion of 11q23 in Xq26.3. Since CT45A2 is the first Cancer/Testis antigen family gene found fused with MLL in acute leukemia, future studies addressing its biologic relevance for leukemogenesis are warranted.
Background: The enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) gene exerts oncogene-like activities and its (over)expression has been linked to several human malignancies. Here, we studied a possible association between EZH2 expression and prognosis in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods: EZH2 protein expression in RCC specimens was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray (TMA) containing RCC tumor tissue and corresponding normal tissue samples of 520 patients. For immunohistochemical assessment of EZH2 expression, nuclear staining quantity was evaluated using a semiquantitative score. The effect of EZH2 expression on cancer specific survival (CSS) was assessed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Results: During follow-up, 147 patients (28%) had died of their disease, median follow-up of patients still alive was 6.0 years (range 0 - 16.1 years). EZH2 nuclear staining was present in tumor cores of 411 (79%) patients. A multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that high nuclear EZH2 expression was an independent predictor of poor CSS (>25-50% vs. 0%: HR 2.72, p = 0.025) in patients suffering from non-metastatic RCC. Apart from high nuclear EZH2 expression, tumor stage and Fuhrman's grading emerged as significant prognostic markers. In metastatic disease, nuclear EZH2 expression and histopathological subtype were independent predictive parameters of poor CSS (EZH2: 1-5%: HR 2.63, p = 0.043, >5-25%: HR 3.35, p = 0.013, >25%-50%: HR 4.92, p = 0.003, all compared to 0%: HR 0.36, p = 0.025, respectively). Conclusions: This study defines EZH2 as a powerful independent unfavourable prognostic marker of CSS in patients with metastatic and non-metastatic RCC.
The editorial board of Aging reviews research papers published in 2009,which they believe have or will have a significant impact on aging research.Among many others, the topics include genes that accelerate aging or incontrast promote longevity in model organisms, DNA damage responsesand telomeres, molecular mechanisms of life span extension by calorierestriction and pharmacologic interventions into aging. The emergingmessage in 2009 is that aging is not random but determined by agenetically-regulated longevity network and can be decelerated bothgenetically and pharmacologically.
Im Koalitionsvertrag von Rot-Grün heißt es am Ende einer Präambel zur „Schule der Zukunft“: „Die Diskussion darüber, wie das Schulsystem ausgestaltet werden soll, ist in Nordrhein-Westfalen sehr kontrovers und polarisiert geführt worden. Wir wollen versuchen, mit allen Fraktionen und allen beteiligten Akteurinnen und Akteuren einen Konsens in der Schulpolitik zu erzielen.“ (Koalitionsvertrag zwischen der NRWSPD und Bündnis 90/Die Grünen NRW, Juli 2010, S.7) Wie stehen die Chancen für einen solchen Konsens?
Germany’s educational system has undergone a series of transformations during the last 40 years. In recent years, marked increases in enrolment have occurred. In response, admission requirements have been relaxed and new universities have been established. Academic distance education in the former Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) was ushered in by the educational radio broadcasts around the end of the 1960s. Aside from the formation of the FernUniversität (Open University) in West Germany in 1975, there were significant developments in distance education occurring at the major universities in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). After German reunification in 1990, the new unitary state launched programs to advance the development of distance education programs at conventional universities. Germany’s campus-based universities (Präsenzuniversitäten) created various entities, including central units and consortia of universities to design and market distance education programs. Hybridisation provides the necessary prerequisites for dual mode delivery, such as basic and continuing education programs, as well as for the combination of distance and campus-based education (Präsenzstudium). Hybridisation also has also opened the door for the creation of new programs. Following an initial phase in which distance education research is expected to centralize a trend towards decentralisation is likely to follow. The German Association for Distance Education (AG-F) offers a viable research network in distance education. Two dual mode case studies are also be surveyed: The Master of Arts degree, offered by the University of Koblenz-Landau, with Library Science as the second major, and the University of Kaiserslautern, where basic education will continue to be captured within the domain of the Präsenzstudium or campus-based education. The area in which distance education is flourishing most is within the field of academic continuing education, where external experts and authors are broadening the horizon of the campus. Multimedia networks will comprise the third generation of distance education.
Filamentous fungi are of great importance in ecology, agriculture, medicine, and biotechnology. Thus, it is not surprising that genomes for more than 100 filamentous fungi have been sequenced, most of them by Sanger sequencing. While next-generation sequencing techniques have revolutionized genome resequencing, e.g. for strain comparisons, genetic mapping, or transcriptome and ChIP analyses, de novo assembly of eukaryotic genomes still presents significant hurdles, because of their large size and stretches of repetitive sequences. Filamentous fungi contain few repetitive regions in their 30–90 Mb genomes and thus are suitable candidates to test de novo genome assembly from short sequence reads. Here, we present a high-quality draft sequence of the Sordaria macrospora genome that was obtained by a combination of Illumina/Solexa and Roche/454 sequencing. Paired-end Solexa sequencing of genomic DNA to 85-fold coverage and an additional 10-fold coverage by single-end 454 sequencing resulted in ~4 Gb of DNA sequence. Reads were assembled to a 40 Mb draft version (N50 of 117 kb) with the Velvet assembler. Comparative analysis with Neurospora genomes increased the N50 to 498 kb. The S. macrospora genome contains even fewer repeat regions than its closest sequenced relative, Neurospora crassa. Comparison with genomes of other fungi showed that S. macrospora, a model organism for morphogenesis and meiosis, harbors duplications of several genes involved in self/nonself-recognition. Furthermore, S. macrospora contains more polyketide biosynthesis genes than N. crassa. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that some of these genes may have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer from a distantly related ascomycete group. Our study shows that, for typical filamentous fungi, de novo assembly of genomes from short sequence reads alone is feasible, that a mixture of Solexa and 454 sequencing substantially improves the assembly, and that the resulting data can be used for comparative studies to address basic questions of fungal biology.
If insufficiently treated, Lyme borreliosis can evolve into an inflammatory disorder affecting skin, joints, and the CNS. Early innate immunity may determine host responses targeting infection. Thus, we sought to characterize the immediate cytokine storm associated with exposure of PBMC to moderate levels of live Borrelia burgdorferi. Since Th17 cytokines are connected to host defense against extracellular bacteria, we focused on interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22. Here, we report that, despite induction of inflammatory cytokines including IL-23, IL-17 remained barely detectable in response to B. burgdorferi. In contrast, T cell-dependent expression of IL-22 became evident within 10 h of exposure to the spirochetes. This dichotomy was unrelated to interferon-gamma but to a large part dependent on caspase-1 and IL-1 bioactivity derived from monocytes. In fact, IL-1beta as a single stimulus induced IL-22 but not IL-17. Neutrophils display antibacterial activity against B. burgdorferi, particularly when opsonized by antibodies. Since neutrophilic inflammation, indicative of IL-17 bioactivity, is scarcely observed in Erythema migrans, a manifestation of skin inflammation after infection, protective and antibacterial properties of IL-22 may close this gap and serve essential functions in the initial phase of spirochete infection.
Background: Familial hemophagocytosis (FHL) is a rare disease associated with defects in proteins involved in CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity. Hyperactivation of immune cells results in a perilous, Th1-driven cytokine storm. We set out to explore the regulation of cytokines in an FHL patient who was clinically stable on low-dose immunosuppressive therapy after bone marrow transplantation over a six-month period. During this period, chimerism analyses showed that the fraction of host cells was between 1 and 10%. Both parents of the patient as well as healthy volunteers were studied for comparison. Methods/Principal Findings: Using ELISA, quantitative real-time PCR, and clinical laboratory methods, we investigated constitutive and inducible cytokines, polymorphisms, and clinical parameters in whole blood and whole blood cultures. Although routine laboratory tests were within the normal range, the chemokines IP-10 and IL-8 as well as the cytokine IL-27p28 were increased up to 10-fold under constitutive and stimulated conditions compared to healthy controls. Moreover, high levels of IFNgamma and TNFalpha were produced upon stimulation. Unexpectedly, IFNgamma induction of IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) was markedly reduced (1.6-fold vs 5-fold in controls). The patient's mother featured intermediately increased cytokine levels, whereas levels in the father were similar to those in the controls. Conclusions/Significance: Since IL-18 plays a major role in perpetuating hemophagocytosis, the failure of IFNgamma to induce IL-18BP may constitute a fundamental pathogenetic mechanism. Furthermore, increased production of IL-8 and IL-27 appears to be associated with this disease. Such dysregulation of cytokines was also found in the heterozygous parents, providing a novel insight into genotype-phenotype correlation of FHL which may encourage future research of this rare disease.
We solved the crystal structure of a novel type of c-ring isolated from Bacillus pseudofirmus OF4 at 2.5 Å, revealing a cylinder with a tridecameric stoichiometry, a central pore, and an overall shape that is distinct from those reported thus far. Within the groove of two neighboring c-subunits, the conserved glutamate of the outer helix shares the proton with a bound water molecule which itself is coordinated by three other amino acids of outer helices. Although none of the inner helices contributes to ion binding and the glutamate has no other hydrogen bonding partner than the water oxygen, the site remains in a stable, ion-locked conformation that represents the functional state present at the c-ring/membrane interface during rotation. This structure reveals a new, third type of ion coordination in ATP synthases. It appears in the ion binding site of an alkaliphile in which it represents a finely tuned adaptation of the proton affinity during the reaction cycle. Formal Correction: This article has been formally corrected to address the following errors. 1. The images for Figures S2 and S3 were incorrectly switched. The image that appears as Figure S2 should be Figure S3, and the image that appears as Figure S3 should be Figure S2. The figure legends appear in the correct order. Please view the correct... (read formal correction) 2. The images for Figures S2 and S3 were incorrectly switched. The image that appears as Figure S2 should be Figure S3, and the image that appears as Figure S3 should be Figure S2. The figure legends appear in the correct order. Please view the correct... (read formal correction)
Background: Falciparum Malaria, an infectious disease caused by the apicomplexan parasite Plasmodium falciparum, is among the leading causes of death and morbidity attributable to infectious diseases worldwide. In Gabon, Central Africa, one out of four inpatients have severe malarial anemia (SMA), a life-threatening complication if left untreated. Emerging drug resistant parasites might aggravate the situation. This case control study investigates biomarkers of enhanced hemolysis in hospitalized children with either SMA or mild malaria (MM). Methods and Findings: Ninety-one children were included, thereof 39 SMA patients. Strict inclusion criteria were chosen to exclude other causes of anemia. At diagnosis, erythrophagocytosis (a direct marker for extravascular hemolysis, EVH) was enhanced in SMA compared to MM patients (5.0 arbitrary units (AU) (interquartile range (IR): 2.2–9.6) vs. 2.1 AU (IR: 1.3–3.9), p<0.01). Furthermore, indirect markers for EVH, (i.e. serum neopterin levels, spleen size enlargement and monocyte pigment) were significantly increased in SMA patients. Markers for erythrocyte ageing, such as CD35 (complement receptor 1), CD55 (decay acceleration factor) and phosphatidylserine exposure (annexin-V-binding) were investigated by flow cytometry. In SMA patients, levels of CD35 and CD55 on the red blood cell surface were decreased and erythrocyte removal markers were increased when compared to MM or reconvalescent patients. Additionally, intravascular hemolysis (IVH) was quantified using several indirect markers (LDH, alpha-HBDH, haptoglobin and hemopexin), which all showed elevated IVH in SMA. The presence of both IVH and EVH predicted the need for blood transfusion during antimalarial treatment (odds ratio 61.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 8.9–427). Interestingly, this subpopulation is characterized by a significantly lowered reticulocyte production index (RPI, p<0.05). Conclusions: Our results show the multifactorial pathophysiology of SMA, whereby EVH and IVH play a particularly important role. We propose a model where removal of infected and non-infected erythrocytes of all ages (including reticulocytes) by EVH and IVH is a main mechanism of SMA. Further studies are underway to investigate the mechanism and extent of reticulocyte removal to identify possible interventions to reduce the risk of SMA development.
Proteins can be acetylated at the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal amino acid (methionine or the penultimate amino acid after methionine removal) or at the epsilon-amino group of internal lysines. In eukaryotes the majority of proteins are N-terminally acetylated, while this is extremely rare in bacteria. A variety of studies about N-terminal acetylation in archaea have been reported recently, and it was revealed that a considerable fraction of proteins is N-terminally acetylated in haloarchaea and Sulfolobus, while this does not seem to apply for methanogenic archaea. Many eukaryotic proteins are modified by differential internal acetylation, which is important for a variety of processes. Until very recently, only two bacterial proteins were known to be acetylation targets, but now 125 acetylation sites are known for E. coli. Knowledge about internal acetylation in archaea is extremely limited; only two target proteins are known, only one of which--Alba--was used to study differential acetylation. However, indications accumulate that the degree of internal acetylation of archaeal proteins might be underestimated, and differential acetylation has been shown to be essential for the viability of haloarchaea. Focused proteomic approaches are needed to get an overview of the extent of internal protein acetylation in archaea.
In this paper we discuss experimental evidence related to the structure and origin of the bosonic spectral function alpha 2F (omega) in high-temperature superconducting (HTSC) cuprates at and near optimal doping. Global properties of alpha 2F (omega), such as number and positions of peaks, are extracted by combining optics, neutron scattering, ARPES and tunnelling measurements. These methods give evidence for strong electron-phonon interaction (EPI) with 1<lambda ep <~ 3.5 in cuprates near optimal doping. We clarify how these results are in favor of the modified Migdal-Eliashberg (ME) theory for HTSC cuprates near optimal doping. In Section 2 we discuss theoretical ingredients—such as strong EPI, strong correlations—which are necessary to explain the mechanism of d-wave pairing in optimally doped cuprates. These comprise the ME theory for EPI in strongly correlated systems which give rise to the forward scattering peak. The latter is supported by the long-range part of EPI due to the weakly screened Madelung interaction in the ionic-metallic structure of layered HTSC cuprates. In this approach EPI is responsible for the strength of pairing while the residual Coulomb interaction and spin fluctuations trigger the d-wave pairing.
The pictorial art of the Church, as a spiritual product of the Christian civilisation, has continually received great influences from its ecclesiastical tradition and it was defined by its formal aesthetical standards and its iconographic preferences. A more nuanced reading of the parallels can be attained by placing the images in their visual context, which would allow a better appreciation of the meanings within. The biblical story of Adam and Eve, which is the theme of the following thesis, reflects the differentiation between the Eastern and the Western understanding of the events of the history of the holy Oikonomia, a point, which is the major ground for the development of the relative pictorial motifs. The protoplasts are the protagonists from their creation and life in paradise, the fall and expulsion until their resurrection through Christ. Their story is visualised in a number of scenes and episodes, having thus their original sin and resurrection for specific reasons centralised. This doctoral thesis attempts to collect as many parallels of the scenes is possible, trying to collate the Eastern with the Western visual approach in a deductive way, in order to reach our constructive conclusions and make available the combination of the art, theology and liturgy in the scenes of Adam and Eve in Genesis and in Resurrection (Anastasis). The reading we tried to perform was based upon the specific iconographical elements, which were worth to be commented. Our aim was to detect the direct bond between the production of art and the relevant patristic and apocryphal writings or even the theological theories, by quoting texts from the ecclesiastical literature, as well as the liturgical praxis.
Background: Current conventional vaccination approaches do not induce potent CD8 T-cell responses for fighting mostly variable viral diseases such as influenza, avian influenza viruses or HIV. Following our recent study on vaccine penetration by targeting of vaccine to human hair follicular ducts surrounded by Langerhans cells, we tested in the first randomized Phase-Ia trial based on hair follicle penetration (namely transcutaneous route) the induction of virus-specific CD8 T cell responses. Methods and Findings: We chose the inactivated influenza vaccine – a conventional licensed tetanus/influenza (TETAGRIP®) vaccine – to compare the safety and immunogenicity of transcutaneous (TC) versus IM immunization in two randomized controlled, multi-center Phase I trials including 24 healthy-volunteers and 12 HIV-infected patients. Vaccination was performed by application of inactivated influenza vaccine according to a standard protocol allowing the opening of the hair duct for the TC route or needle-injection for the IM route. We demonstrated that the safety of the two routes was similar. We showed the superiority of TC application, but not the IM route, to induce a significant increase in influenza-specific CD8 cytokine-producing cells in healthy-volunteers and in HIV-infected patients. However, these routes did not differ significantly for the induction of influenza-specific CD4 responses, and neutralizing antibodies were induced only by the IM route. The CD8 cell response is thus the major immune response observed after TC vaccination. Conclusions: This Phase Ia clinical trial (Manon05) testing an anti-influenza vaccine demonstrated that vaccines designed for antibody induction by the IM route, generate vaccine-specific CD8 T cells when administered transcutaneously. These results underline the necessity of adapting vaccination strategies to control complex infectious diseases when CD8 cellular responses are crucial. Our work opens up a key area for the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines for diseases in which CD8 cells play a crucial role.
Purpose. The aim of this prospective longitudinal clinical pilot study was the evaluation of the effect on the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) and patient-centered results of the envelope technique for Connective Tissue Graft (CTG). Methods. Sixteen patients (11 females) 24 to 71 years of age (42.6±11.1) received CTG that had been harvested from the palate and grafted using the envelope technique. Prior to and 3 months after surgery, all patients were examined clinically, completed the OHIP-G49 questionnaire, and were asked to judge the results of surgery. Results. Mean baseline recession depth of 2.5±0.8 mm was reduced by 1.2±0.9 mm (P<.001). Root coverage amounted to 48±39%. In 5 of 16 defects complete root coverage was achieved. Pain at the donor site was more pronounced than at recipient site regarding prevalence (8/6; P=.007), intensity (2.1±2.3/1.1±1.9 [visual analogue scale]; P=.016), and duration (1.4±2.3/0.8±1.4 days; P=.042). Baseline OHIP (15.7±12.1) was decreased by 3.6±8.5 three months after surgery (P=.139). Thirteen patients (81%) would undergo CTG surgery for similar reasons again. Conclusions. Root coverage using CTG according to the envelope technique provided improvement of OHIP as early as 3 months after surgery. Over all, patients were reasonably satisfied with the surgical technique and its results.
Nineteen-channel EEGs were recorded from the scalp surface of 30 healthy subjects (16 males and 14 females, mean age: 34 years, SD: 11.7 years) at rest and under trains of intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) at rates of 5, 10 and 20 Hz. Digitalized data were submitted to spectral analysis with fast fourier transformation providing the basis for the computation of global field power (GFP). For quantification, GFP values in the frequency ranges of 5, 10 and 20 Hz at rest were divided by the corresponding data obtained under IPS. All subjects showed a photic driving effect at each rate of stimulation. GFP data were normally distributed, whereas ratios from photic driving effect data showed no uniform behavior due to high interindividual variability. Suppression of alpha-power after IPS with 10 Hz was observed in about 70% of the volunteers. In contrast, ratios of alpha-power were unequivocal in all subjects: IPS at 20 Hz always led to a suppression of alpha-power. Dividing alpha-GFP with 20-Hz IPS by alpha-GFP at rest (R = a-GFPIPS/a-GFPrest) thus resulted in ratios lower than 1. We conclude that ratios from GFP data with 20-Hz IPS may provide a suitable paradigm for further investigations. Key words: EEG, Brain mapping, Intermittent photic stimulation, IPS, Global field power ratios
In this proceeding the emergence of a composite, adjoint-scalar field as an average over (trivial holonomy) calorons and anti-calorons is reviewed. This composite field acts as a background field to the dynamics of perturbative gluons, to which it is coupled via an effective, gauge invariant Lagrangian valid for temperatures above the deconfinement phase transition. Moreover a Higgs mechanism is induced by the composite field: two gluons acquire a quasi-particle thermal mass. On the phenomenological side the composite field acts as a bag pressure which shows a linear dependence on the temperature. As a result the linear rise with temperature of the trace anomaly is obtained and is compared to recent lattice studies.