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Eine in Verfassungslehre und Europarechtswissenschaft weit verbreitete Annahme lautet: "Europa muss, um eine Zukunft haben zu können, sich zu einer Geschichtsgemeinschaft entwickeln." Was man dabei übersieht: So wenig sich nationale Geschichtsgemeinschaften identifizieren lassen, so wenig wird sich eine europäische Geschichtsgemeinschaft konstituieren.
We study issues of duality in 3D field theory models over a canonical noncommutative spacetime and obtain the noncommutative extension of the self-dual model induced by the Seiberg–Witten map. We apply the dual projection technique to uncover some properties of the noncommutative Maxwell–Chern–Simons theory up to first-order in the noncommutative parameter. A duality between this theory and a model similar to the ordinary self-dual model is established. The correspondence of the basic fields is obtained and the equivalence of algebras and equations of motion are directly verified. We also comment on previous results in this subject.
Vom Terror : [Szene aus einer Montage-Fassung des Dramenfragments "Moloch" von Friedrich Hebbel]
(2004)
Szene aus einer Montage-Fassung des Dramenfragments "Moloch" von Friedrich Hebbel. Die Szene steht als Einschub zwischen dem Ersten und Zweiten Akt der Tragödie, als eine Art Interludium. Im Laufe des Stückes wechselt die Perspektive mehrmals zwischen den Schauplätzen Germanischer Wald und Rom, dem Zentrum des Imperiums. Geplant ist eine Aufführung der Gesamtbearbeitung an der Volksbühne Berlin, voraussichtlich Ende 2004.
The majority of bacterial membrane-bound NiFe-hydrogenases and formate dehydrogenases have homologous membrane-integral cytochrome b subunits. The prototypic NiFe-hydrogenase of Wolinella succinogenes (HydABC complex) catalyzes H2 oxidation by menaquinone during anaerobic respiration and contains a membrane-integral cytochrome b subunit (HydC) that carries the menaquinone reduction site. Using the crystal structure of the homologous FdnI subunit of Escherichia coli formate dehydrogenase-N as a model, the HydC protein was modified to examine residues thought to be involved in menaquinone binding. Variant HydABC complexes were produced in W. succinogenes, and several conserved HydC residues were identified that are essential for growth with H2 as electron donor and for quinone reduction by H2. Modification of HydC with a C-terminal Strep-tag II enabled one-step purification of the HydABC complex by Strep-Tactin affinity chromatography. The tagged HydC, separated from HydAB by isoelectric focusing, was shown to contain 1.9 mol of heme b/mol of HydC demonstrating that HydC ligates both heme b groups. The four histidine residues predicted as axial heme b ligands were individually replaced by alanine in Strep-tagged HydC. Replacement of either histidine ligand of the heme b group proximal to HydAB led to HydABC preparations that contained only one heme b group. This remaining heme b could be completely reduced by quinone supporting the view that the menaquinone reduction site is located near the distal heme b group. The results indicate that both heme b groups are involved in electron transport and that the architecture of the menaquinone reduction site near the cytoplasmic side of the membrane is similar to that proposed for E. coli FdnI.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major global health problem and is predicted to become the third most common cause of death by 2020. Apart from the important preventive steps of smoking cessation, there are no other specific treatments for COPD that are as effective in reversing the condition, and therefore there is a need to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms that could lead to new therapeutic strategies. The development of experimental models will help to dissect these mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level. COPD is a disease characterized by progressive airflow obstruction of the peripheral airways, associated with lung inflammation, emphysema and mucus hypersecretion. Different approaches to mimic COPD have been developed but are limited in comparison to models of allergic asthma. COPD models usually do not mimic the major features of human COPD and are commonly based on the induction of COPD-like lesions in the lungs and airways using noxious inhalants such as tobacco smoke, nitrogen dioxide, or sulfur dioxide. Depending on the duration and intensity of exposure, these noxious stimuli induce signs of chronic inflammation and airway remodelling. Emphysema can be achieved by combining such exposure with instillation of tissue-degrading enzymes. Other approaches are based on genetically-targeted mice which develop COPD-like lesions with emphysema, and such mice provide deep insights into pathophysiological mechanisms. Future approaches should aim to mimic irreversible airflow obstruction, associated with cough and sputum production, with the possibility of inducing exacerbations.
We have studied the ubiquinone-reducing catalytic core of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) from Yarrowia lipolytica by a series of point mutations replacing conserved histidines and arginines in the 49-kDa subunit. Our results show that histidine 226 and arginine 141 probably do not ligate iron-sulfur cluster N2 but that exchanging these residues specifically influences the properties of this redox center. Histidines 91 and 95 were found to be essential for ubiquinone reductase activity of complex I. Mutations at the C-terminal arginine 466 affected ubiquinone affinity and inhibitor sensitivity but also destabilized complex I. These results provide further support for a high degree of structural conservation between the 49-kDa subunit of complex I and its ancestor, the large subunit of water-soluble [NiFe] hydrogenases. In several mutations of histidine 226, arginine 141, and arginine 466 the characteristic EPR signatures of iron-sulfur cluster N2 became undetectable, but specific, inhibitor-sensitive ubiquinone reductase activity was only moderately reduced. As we could not find spectroscopic indications for a modified cluster N2, we concluded that these complex I mutants were lacking most of this redox center but were still capable of catalyzing inhibitor-resistant ubiquinone reduction at near normal rates. We discuss that this at first surprising scenario may be explained by electron transfer theory; after removal of a single redox center in a chain, electron transfer rates are predicted to be still much faster than steady-state turnover of complex I. Our results question some of the central mechanistic functions that have been put forward for iron-sulfur cluster N2.
Teaching information literacy: substance and process This presentation explores the concept of information literacy within the broader context of higher education. It argues that, certain assertions in the library literature notwithstanding, the concepts associated with information literacy are not new, but rather very closely resemble the qualities traditionally considered to characterize a well-educated person. The presentation also considers the extent to which the higher education system does indeed foster the attributes commonly associated with information literacy. The term information literacy has achieved the immediacy it currently enjoys within the library community with the advent of the so-called "information age" The information age is commonly touted in the literature, both popular and professional, as constituting nothing short of a revolution. Academic librarians and other educators have of course felt called upon to make their teaching reflect both the growing proliferation of information formats and the major transformations affecting the process of information seeking. Faced with so much novelty and uncertainty, it is no surprise that many have felt that these changes call for a revolution in teaching. It is within this context that the concept of information literacy has flourished. It is argued in this presentation, however, that by treating information literacy as an essentially new specialty that owes much of its importance to the plethora of electronic information, we risk obscuring some of the most fundamental and enduring educational values we should be imparting to our students. Much of the literature on information literacy assumes - rather than argues - that recent changes in the way we approach education are indications of progress. Indeed, much of the self-narrative that institutions produce (in bulletins, mission statements, web sites, etc.) endorses an approach to education that will result in lifelong learners who are critical consumers of information. After critically examining the degree to which such statements of educational approach reflect reality, this presentation concludes by considering the effects of certain changes in the culture of higher education. It considers particularly the transformation - at least in North America - of the traditional model of higher education as a public good to a market-driven business model. It poses the question of whether a change of this significance might in fact detract from, rather than promote, the development of information literate students.
We suggest that the fluctuations of strange hadron multiplicity could be sensitive to the equation of state and microscopic structure of strongly interacting matter created at the early stage of high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. They may serve as an important tool in the study of the deconfinement phase transition. We predict, within the statistical model of the early stage, that the ratio of properly filtered fluctuations of strange to non-strange hadron multiplicities should have a non-monotonic energy dependence with a minimum in the mixed phase region.
We suggest that the fluctuations of strange hadron multiplicity could be sensitive to the equation of state and microscopic structure of strongly interacting matter created at the early stage of high energy nucleus–nucleus collisions. They may serve as an important tool in the study of the deconfinement phase transition. We predict, within the statistical model of the early stage, that the ratio of properly filtered fluctuations of strange to non-strange hadron multiplicities should have a non-monotonic energy dependence with a minimum in the mixed phase region.
Die Photodynamische Therapie (PDT) wird mittlerweile bei einer Vielzahl von Erkrankungen eingesetzt. Ziel dieser Dissertation war die nähere Untersuchung der Kinetik und der Wirkmechanismen der Photosensibilisatoren Methylenblau und disulfoniertem Aluminiumphthalocyanin. Zuerst klärten wir die Frage der Toxizität des Methylenblaus. Wir ermittelten dabei die für die nachfolgenden Versuche nötigen Dosen und Höchstdosen des Methylenblaus in Bezug auf die humane Keratozyten-Linie HaCat und periphere mononukleäre Zellen. Für disulfoniertes Aluminiumphthalocyanin stützten wir uns auf vorhandene Publikationen. Als Lichtquelle benützten wir die PDT Lampe der Firma Waldmann, die ein homogenes Lichtspektrum von 600 bis 700 nm erzeugt, so dass das Wirkungsmaximum aller gängigen Photosensibilisatoren abgedeckt ist. Ausserdem liefert diese Lampe eine gleichmässige Energiedichte über eine größere Fläche, die die Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse gewährleistet.
In der Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass es für die photodynamische Therapie mit Methylenblau und disulfoniertem Aluminiumphthalocyanin eine Dosis gibt mit der man sowohl Keratinozyten als auch Leukozyten in ihrer Proliferation hemmen kann, ohne eine zytotoxische Wirkung auszulösen. Für Keratinozyten ergab sich dabei ein Anstieg der Proliferationshemmung bei 5 µM Methylenblau und 2stündiger Inkubationszeit bei 200 J/cm², die Toxizität zeigte sich bei 5µM Methylenblau und 4stündiger Inkubationszeit und bereits bei 100 J/cm² maximal. Demgegenüber ergab sich bei stimulierten Leukozyten bereits bei 1µM Methylenblau und 2 Stunden Inkubationszeit ein starker proliferativer Effekt, bei 5µM Methylenblau und 2 Stunden Inkubationszeit zeigte sich dagegen ein deutliche Toxizität. Hierbei fand sich ab 0,5 J/cm² eine zunehmende Proliferationshemmung und Toxizität. Insgesamt war bei Keratinozyten die Differenz bzgl. antiproliferativer und zytotoxischer Dosis geringer als bei Leukozyten. Letztere zeigten sich dabei auch empfindlicher, besonders wenn man die Leukozyten zuvor stimulierte. Daraus ergibt sich ein Potential für den therapeutischen Einsatz der Photodynamischen Therapie bei entzündlichen Dermatosen.
Als mögliche Wege indirekt toxischer Wirkung wurde in der Folge die Stimulation des nukleären Transkriptionsfaktors NF-ΚB, die Bildung von Stickstoffmonoxid (NO) und der protektive Effekt von α-Liponsäure untersucht. Dass der nukleäre Transkriptionsfactor NF-ΚB durch Photodynamische Therapie mit Methylenblau aktiviert werden kann, ist bereits gezeigt worden, so dass wir diese Versuche nicht wiederholten. Die Photodynamische Therapie mit dem Photosensibilisator Methylenblau wirkt also sowohl direkt als auch indirekt toxisch. In unseren Versuchen beschränkten wir uns im weiteren auf die Wirkung des Photosensibilisators disulfoniertes Aluminiumphthalocyanin auf den nukleären Transkriptionsfaktor NF-ΚB. Mittels Gelelektrophorese konnten wir keine Aktivierung von NF-ΚB zeigen. Die Photodynamische Therapie mit dem Photosensibilisator disulfoniertem Aluminiumphthalocyanin wirkt also nur auf direkt toxischem Weg. Bezüglich der Stickstoffmonoxid-Bildung fand sich bei beiden Photosensibilisatoren in den von uns verwendeten Konzentrationen und Inkubabionszeiten kein Nitritnachweis. Auch bei α-Liponsäure ergab sich bei Keratinozyten weder ein pro- noch antiproliferativer Effekt und somt kein Anhalt auf eine indirekte toxische Wirkung.
Der klinische Einsatz der Photodynamischen Therapie erscheint vor dem Hintergrund der erarbeiteten Daten bei entzündlichen Dermatosen möglich, weil infiltrierende aktivierte Leukozyten sensibler gegenüber PDT sind als das umliegende Gewebe, wie hier beispielhaft für Keratinozyten gezeigt wurde.