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Wenn in Romanen Gerichte vorkommen, geht es meistens um Prozesse. Bei den populären Varianten halten diabolische Staatsanwälte gnadenlose Plädoyers gegen unschuldige Angeklagte (jung und weiblich), gutaussehende Strafverteidiger (jung und männlich), die immer gerade ihren ersten Fall haben, fallen ihnen heroisch ins Wort und tragen am Ende den Sieg und die Angeklagte davon. Bei den weniger populären gehen die Prozesse oft schlecht aus. Menschen werden verurteilt, ohne dass sie etwas Böses getan hätten, oder Rosshändler enden auf dem Schafott. ...
"Law after Auschwitz", das jüngste Buch des kanadischen Rechtswissenschaftlers David Fraser, ist keine streng durchgeführte Abhandlung mit nur einer strukturbildenden Fragestellung, sondern eine Sammlung von historischen, philosophischen und soziologischen Betrachtungen über den Holocaust, das Recht, die Justiz und die Juristen in verschiedenen Ländern. Anders als der Titel vermuten lässt, geht es Fraser keineswegs darum, die Erfahrung der Massenvernichtung als einzigartigen Zivilisationsbruch und nachhaltigste Zäsur in der Menschheitsgeschichte darzustellen. Das Buch reiht sich nicht in die inzwischen lange Serie von Studien ein, die aus einem "Davor" und "Danach"-Blickwinkel Auschwitz auf seine Folgen hin untersuchen, wie es bekanntlich für ›das Denken‹ im Allgemeinen, die Theologie, die Möglichkeit, Gedichte zu schreiben u.s.w. bereits geschehen ist. Fraser setzt der Grundrichtung dieser Literaturgattung eine drastische Kontinuitätsbehauptung entgegen: Auch bei den Normen, die den Massenmord regelten, handelte es sich um Recht und damit um ein Instrument, das heute nach wie vor ähnlich verwendet wird. Kritisiert werden Deutungsmuster, die das Recht unter der NS-Herrschaft als Nicht-Recht, Rechtsperversion oder Legalitätsfassade etikettieren und damit aus dem Rechtsgeschichtsverlauf ausklammern wollen. Auch Verbrechen können und konnten (im formellen Sinn) legal sein: Nazi law was law. Diese These ist eine Art Gravitationszentrum, das die weit in verschiedene Bereiche ausgreifende Darstellung (sie enthält Auseinandersetzungen mit der Philosophie Agambens sowie mit verschiedenen juristischen Behandlungen von NS-Verbrechen in Frankreich, den USA, Großbritannien, Kanada und Australien) vor dem Zerfall in völlig unzusammenhängende Einzelteile bewahrt. So gerät das Buch zu einem Thema mit Variationen; kaum ein Kapitel, in dem Fraser nicht dem heutigen Juristen vor Augen führt, dass sein Stoff und seine Methoden sich in vielen Aspekten nicht wesentlich von denen seiner deutschen Kollegen aus der Zeit von 1933 bis 1945 unterscheiden. ...
Cortical tracking of stimulus features (such as the envelope) is a crucial tractable neural mechanism, allowing us to investigate how we process continuous music. We here tested whether cortical and behavioural tracking of beat, typically related to rhythm processing, are modulated by pitch predictability. In two experiments (n=20, n=52), participants’ ability to tap along to the beat of musical sequences was measured for tonal (high pitch predictability) and atonal (low pitch predictability) music. In Experiment 1, we additionally measured participants’ EEG and analysed cortical tracking of the acoustic envelope and of pitch surprisal (using IDyOM). In both experiments, finger-tapping performance was better in the tonal than the atonal condition, indicating a positive effect of pitch predictability on behavioural rhythm processing. Neural data revealed that the acoustic envelope was tracked stronger while listening to atonal than tonal music, potentially reflecting listeners’ violated pitch expectations. Our findings show that cortical envelope tracking, beyond reflecting musical rhythm processing, is modulated by pitch predictability (as well as musical expertise and enjoyment). Stronger cortical surprisal tracking was linked to overall worse envelope tracking, and worse finger-tapping performance for atonal music. Specifically, the low pitch predictability in atonal music seems to draw attentional resources resulting in a reduced ability to follow the rhythm behaviourally. Overall, cortical envelope and surprisal tracking were differentially related to behaviour in tonal and atonal music, likely reflecting differential processing under conditions of high and low predictability. Taken together, our results show diverse effects of pitch predictability on musical rhythm processing.
Throughout their life cells of eukaryotic organisms can be confronted with a variety of proteotoxic stresses and in order to survive, corresponding resistance mechanisms had to evolve. Proteotoxic stresses can cause misfolding of proteins and accumulation of toxic protein aggregates. Failure to remove aggregates of misfolded proteins compromises cellular function and can ultimately cause cell death and disease. To deal with this challenge, cells utilize a complex network of protein quality control pathways, including chaperones, the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the autophagy system.
Another mechanism to cope with proteotoxic stresses is the stalling of translation initiation in order to save valuable resources and prevent faulty translation. Upon stress, intrinsically disordered RNA-binding proteins such as TIA-1 or G3BP1/2 are recruited to stalled preinitiation complexes and a network of multivalent interactions between RNAs and proteins is formed. These mRNP networks can merge with each other and phase separate into membraneless liquid-like structures called stress granules (SGs). Once stress is released, SGs are quickly resolved and translation continues. Yet, chronic stress or mutations of SG-associated proteins can cause persistent SGs, which can sequester misfolded proteins and have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or frontotemporal dementia.
In mammalian cells, three isoforms of the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO), SUMO1, SUMO2 and SUMO3 are covalently attached to lysine residues of target proteins. SUMO conjugation is catalyzed via an enzymatic cascade of an heteromeric E1 activating enzyme, the E2 conjugating enzyme Ubc9 and in some cases one of a limited number of E3 SUMO ligases. SUMOylation is a dynamic modification and can be reversed by SUMO isopeptidases, the best characterized of which belong to the SENP family. Cellular stresses such as heat or oxidative stress strongly induce SUMOylation resulting in increased numbers of poly-SUMOylation (formation of SUMO2/3 chains) on nuclear proteins.
The SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL) RNF4 harbors four SUMO interaction motifs in its N-terminal domain. This feature allows RNF4 to specifically bind poly-SUMOylated proteins and catalyze their proteolytic or non-proteolytic ubiquitylation.
A variety of substrate proteins have been shown to undergo SUMO-primed ubiquitylation by RNF4 in response to stress or DNA damage. RNF4-mediated ubiquitylation is often a signal for proteolytic degradation of these substrates.
In this work we aimed by identify novel RNF4 targets, in heat-stressed cells in order to gain a wider understanding of the nuclear proteotoxic stress response. Analysis by mass spectrometry revealed that a large fraction of RNF4-interacting proteins in heatstressed cells are nuclear RNA-binding proteins, many of which shuttle outside the nucleus and associate with SGs upon stress. We validated, that nuclear RNA-binding proteins, such as TDP-43 and hnRNP M are indeed heat-induced targets of SUMOprimed ubiquitylation by RNF4.
These initial results led us to further investigate the links between the SUMO/RNF4-mediated, nuclear protein quality control and the dynamics of cytosolic heat- or arsenite-induced SGs. SUMO2/3 and RNF4 are mainly nuclear proteins and we confirmed that they do not associate with SGs. Yet, we could demonstrate that depletion of SUMO2/3, the E3 SUMO ligase PML or RNF4 as well as chemical inhibition of SUMOylation strongly delayed SG clearance upon stress release, indicating that a functional STUbL pathway is essential for the timely clearance of SGs.
Next, we investigated how stress-induced poly-SUMOylation is regulated. Our data shows that SENP levels and activities are reduced in response to heat and arsenite stress, which allows the buildup of poly-SUMO chains on nuclear proteins. Limitation of poly-SUMOylation by overexpression of the SUMO chain-specific isopeptidases SENP6 and SENP7 induced SG formation. In contrast, poly-SUMO-priming by chemical depletion of SENP6 with the drug hinokiflavone drastically limited SG formation upon stress treatment. These results indicate a clear role of chain-specific SENPs in the regulation of stress-induced poly-SUMOylation and SG dynamics.
Last, we investigated whether the STUbL pathway could affect the phase separation of FUSP525 (an ALS-linked mutant of the SG-associated protein FUS) and observed that perturbations of the STUbL pathway lead to an increased phase separation of FUSP525L.
Thus, our work connects the SUMO/RNF4 protein quality control mechanism to the dynamics of SGs supporting the hypothesis that release of proteotoxic stress in the nucleus facilitates the clearance of cytosolic SGs. Thereby, we discovered a previously unknown link between the nuclear and cytosolic axis of proteotoxic stress response.
SUMO : glue or solvent for phase-separated ribonucleoprotein complexes and molecular condensates?
(2021)
Spatial organization of cellular processes in membranous or membrane-less organelles (MLOs, alias molecular condensates) is a key concept for compartmentalizing biochemical pathways. Prime examples of MLOs are the nucleolus, PML nuclear bodies, nuclear splicing speckles or cytosolic stress granules. They all represent distinct sub- cellular structures typically enriched in intrinsically disordered proteins and/or RNA and are formed in a process driven by liquid-liquid phase separation. Several MLOs are critically involved in proteostasis and their formation, disassembly and composition are highly sensitive to proteotoxic insults. Changes in the dynamics of MLOs are a major driver of cell dysfunction and disease. There is growing evidence that post-translational modifications are critically involved in controlling the dynamics and composition of MLOs and recent evidence supports an important role of the ubiquitin-like SUMO system in regulating both the assembly and disassembly of these structures. Here we will review our current understanding of SUMO function in MLO dynamics under both normal and pathological conditions.
The dynamic and reversible post-translational modification of proteins and protein complexes with the ubiquitin-related SUMO modifier regulates a wide variety of nuclear functions, such as transcription, replication and DNA repair. SUMO can be attached as a monomer to its targets, but can also form polymeric SUMO chains. While monoSUMOylation is generally involved in the assembly of protein complexes, multi- or polySUMOylation may have very different consequences. The evolutionary conserved paradigmatic signaling process initiated by multi- or polySUMOylation is the SUMO-targeted Ubiquitin ligase (StUbL) pathway, where the presence of multiple SUMO moieties primes ubiquitylation by the mammalian E3 ubiquitin ligases RNF4 or RNF111, or the yeast Slx5/8 heterodimer. The mammalian SUMO chain-specific isopeptidases SENP6 or SENP7, or yeast Ulp2, counterbalance chain formation thereby limiting StUbL activity. Many facets of SUMO chain signaling are still incompletely understood, mainly because only a limited number of polySUMOylated substrates have been identified. Here we summarize recent work that revealed a highly interconnected network of candidate polySUMO modified proteins functioning in DNA damage response and chromatin organization. Based on these datasets and published work on distinct polySUMO-regulated processes we discuss overarching concepts in SUMO chain function. We propose an evolutionary conserved role of polySUMOylation in orchestrating chromatin dynamics and genome stability networks by balancing chromatin-residency of protein complexes. This concept will be exemplified in processes, such as centromere/kinetochore organization, sister chromatid cohesion, DNA repair and replication.
Mistrust and social hierarchies as blind spots of ICT4D projects : lessons from Togo and Rwanda
(2019)
Information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D) are seen to have great potential for boosting democratization processes all over the world by giving people access to information and thereby empowering them to demand more accountability and transparency of authorities. Based on ethnographic research in Togo and Rwanda on an SMS-based citizen monitoring and evaluation system, this article argues that focusing on access to information is too narrow a view. We show that it is crucial to take into account the respective socio-political backgrounds, such as levels of mistrust or existing social hierarchies. In this context, mobile phone usage has rather varied and ambiguous meanings here. These dynamics can pose a challenge to the successful implementation of ICT4D projects aimed at political empowerment. By addressing these often overlooked issues, we offer explanations for the gap between ICT4D assumptions and people’s lifeworlds in Togo and Rwanda.
For acute and chronic soft tissue infections, radical surgical debridement is required and is considered the gold standard, along with its immediate systemic antibiotic therapy. Treatment with local antibiotics and/or antibiotic-containing materials is commonly used as an additional tool in clinical practice. Spraying with fibrin and antibiotics is a newer technique that has been studied for some antibiotics. However, for gentamicin, data are not yet available on absorption, optimal application, antibiotic fate at the site and transfer of antibiotic into the blood. In an animal study involving 29 Sprague Dawley rats, 116 back wounds were sprayed with gentamicin using either gentamicin alone or one of two possible spray combinations of gentamicin and fibrin. Simultaneous application of gentamicin and fibrin via a spray system to soft tissue wounds resulted in significant antibiotic concentration over a long period of time. The technique is easy and cost-effective. The systemic crossover was significantly minimized in our study, which may have led to fewer side effects in patients. These results could lead to an improvement in local antibiotic therapy.
Within the context of eHealth interventions, a shared understanding of what constitutes engagement in and with eHealth technologies is missing. A clearer understanding of engagement could provide a valuable starting point for guidelines relating to the design and development of eHealth technologies. Given the cross-disciplinary use of the term “engagement,” investigating how engagement (and its components) is conceptualized in different domains could lead to determining common components that are deemed important for eHealth technological design. As such, the aim of this paper was 3-fold: (a) to investigate in which domains engagement features, (b) to determine what constitutes engagement in these different domains, and (c) to determine whether there are any common components that seem to be important. A comprehensive systematic scoping review of the existing literature was conducted in order to identify the domains in which engagement is used, to extract the associated definitions of engagement, and to identify the dimensionality or components thereof. A search of five bibliographic databases yielded 1,231 unique records. All titles, abstracts, and full texts were screened based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. This led to 69 articles being included for further analyses. The results showed that engagement is used in seven functional domains, categorized as follows: student (n = 18), customer (n = 12), health (n = 11), society (n = 10), work (n = 9), digital (n = 8), and transdisciplinary (n = 1) domains. It seems that some domains are more mature regarding their conceptualization and theorizing on engagement than others. Further, engagement was found to be predominantly conceptualized as a multidimensional construct with three common components (behavior, cognition, and affective) shared between domains. Although engagement is prolifically used in different disciplines, it is evident that little shared consensus as to its conceptualization within and between domains exists. Despite this, engagement is foremost seen as a state of being engaged in/with something, which is part of, but should not be confused with, the process of engagement. Behavior, cognition, and affect are important components of engagement and should be specified for each new context.
A twentieth century-long coupled atmosphere-ocean regional climate simulation with COSMO-CLM (Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling, Climate Limited-area Model) and NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) is studied here to evaluate the added value of coupled marginal seas over continental regions. The interactive coupling of the marginal seas, namely the Mediterranean, the North and the Baltic Seas, to the atmosphere in the European region gives a comprehensive modelling system. It is expected to be able to describe the climatological features of this geographically complex area even more precisely than an atmosphere-only climate model. The investigated variables are precipitation and 2 m temperature. Sensitivity studies are used to assess the impact of SST (sea surface temperature) changes over land areas. The different SST values affect the continental precipitation more than the 2 m temperature. The simulated variables are compared to the CRU (Climatic Research Unit) observational data, and also to the HOAPS/GPCC (Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data, Global Precipitation Climatology Centre) data. In the coupled simulation, added skill is found primarily during winter over the eastern part of Europe. Our analysis shows that, over this region, the coupled system is dryer than the uncoupled system, both in terms of precipitation and soil moisture, which means a decrease in the bias of the system. Thus, the coupling improves the simulation of precipitation over the eastern part of Europe, due to cooler SST values and in consequence, drier soil.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a human pathogen causing atypical community-acquired pneumonia. It is a model for a minimal cell, known for its non-canonical use of surface proteins for host-cell adhesion through ectodomain shedding and antigenic variation to evade the host cell immune response. Mpn444 is an essential mycoplasma surface protein implicated in both processes. It is one of 46 lipoproteins of M. pneumoniae, none of which have been structurally or functionally characterized. Here, we report the structure of Mpn444 at 3.04 Å as well as the molecular architecture of the trimeric Mpn444 complex. Our experimental structure displays striking similarity to structure predictions of several other essential lipoproteins in M. pneumoniae and other related Mycoplasma species, suggesting it to have a specialized and conserved function. The essentiality and involvement of Mpn444 in host immune evasion makes our structure a target for the development of new treatment strategies against mycoplasma infections.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a human pathogen causing atypical community-acquired pneumonia. It is a model for a minimal cell, known for its non-canonical use of surface proteins for host-cell adhesion through ectodomain shedding and antigenic variation to evade the host cell immune response. Mpn444 is an essential mycoplasma surface protein implicated in both processes. It is one of 46 lipoproteins of M. pneumoniae, none of which have been structurally or functionally characterized. Here, we report the structure of Mpn444 at 3.04 Å as well as the molecular architecture of the trimeric Mpn444 complex. Our experimental structure displays striking similarity to structure predictions of several other essential lipoproteins in M. pneumoniae and other related Mycoplasma species, suggesting it to have a specialized and conserved function. The essentiality and involvement of Mpn444 in host immune evasion makes our structure a target for the development of new treatment strategies against mycoplasma infections.
BMPs control postnatal dendrite growth and complexity in sympathetic neurons / von Afsaneh Majdazari
(2012)
The vertebrate nervous system is a complex network of billions of neurons connected by dendrites and axons, integrated to functional circuits and areas/organs in the central and peripheral nervous system. The cells of the nervous system origin from common progenitors, which take on different cell fates based on intrinsic and extrinsic factors. These factors determine general neuronal traits, but also the morphology and the type of connections made to other cells. Mechanisms underlying axonal and dendritic growth are well described in contrast to the initiation of neurite growth, which remains to be fully elucidated, especially concerning dendrite formation. Recently BMPs have been identified as candidate dendrite inducing factors in sympathetic, cortical and hippocampal neurons. Here we focus on the in vivo role of BMPs on dendrite growth in sympathetic neurons as their development and differentiation processes have been analyzed in detail.
Seit Erlass des Schuldverschreibungsgesetzes von 2009 (SchVG) zeichnet sich ab, dass die Emissionspraxis der deutschen Staatsanleihen im Hinblick auf kollektive Gläubigermechanismen („Collective Action Clauses“ – CACs), wie sie das SchVG erstmals rechtssicher ermöglicht, substantiellen Änderungen unterliegen wird. Während die Haltung inländischer öffentliche Emittenten noch bei Verabschiedung des SchVG reserviert war, hat sich die Situation seit Mai 2010 grundlegend geändert: Verschiedene Mitgliedstaaten der Eurozone sind mit Verbindlichkeiten in ihrer Währung in Schwierigkeiten geraten und mussten um internationale Hilfe nachsuchen. Vor dem Hintergrund der politischen Forderung nach einer Beteiligung der bestehenden Gläubigerschaft („private sector involvement“, „PSI“) musste schließlich Griechenland im Frühjahr 2012 eine Umschuldung (mithilfe entsprechender Klauseln) bemühen. Politische und rechtliche Festlegungen der Eurogruppe über die künftige Dokumentation der (verbrieften) Staatenschuld im Hinblick auf eine potentiell erforderlich werdende Umschuldung folgten. Bei den nationalen Umsetzungsarbeiten sind auch gewisse „Unzulänglichkeiten“ des durch das SchVG geschaffenen gesetzlichen Gestaltungsrahmens aufgegriffen worden.
Die nachfolgende Abhandlung zeichnet im Einzelnen die verschiedenen Entwicklungslinien nach, beginnend (i) mit dem SchVG und der darin zum Ausdruck gekommenen traditionellen Haltung der öffentlichen Hand zu CACs, leitet über (ii) zur GriechenlandUmschuldung („PSI“) und deren rechtlichen Besonderheiten und Ergebnisse unter dem (neuen) Blickwinkel einer Beteiligung privater Gläubiger, soll (iii) die von der Eurogruppe gezogenen Konsequenzen in Gestalt der Empfehlungen des Wirtschafts- und Finanzausschusses für „Umschuldungsklauseln“ der Mitgliedsstaaten der Eurozone im Hinblick auf Art. 12 Abs. 3 des ESM-Vertrags erläutern und schließlich (iv) einen Überblick über die gesetzgeberischen Schritte in Deutschland zur Umsetzung der Empfehlungen liefern.
Device-to-device (D2D) communication is an innovative solution for improving wireless network performance to efficiently handle the ever-increasing mobile data traffic. Communication takes place directly between two devices that are in each other’s transmission range. So far, research has focused on the technical challenges of implementing this technology and assumes a user’s general willingness to participate as forwarder in this technology. However, this simplifying assumption is not realistic, as willingness to participate in D2D communication can vary depending on the user. In this work, we consider the scenario that a user can act as a forwarder for a receiver who is not directly or insufficiently reached by the base station and accordingly has no or poor Internet connection. We take a user-centric approach and investigate the willingness to provide an Internet connection as a forwarder. We are the first to investigate user preferences for D2D communication using a choice-based conjoint analysis. Our results, based on a representative sample of potential users (N=181), show that the social relationship between the potential forwarder and the receiver has the greatest impact on the potential forwarder’s decision to provide an Internet connection to the receiver, accepting sacrifices in terms of additional battery consumption and reduced own service performance. In a detailed segment analysis, we observe significant preference differences depending on smartphone usage behavior and user age. Taking the corresponding preferences into account when matching forwarders and receivers can further increase technology adoption.
Sample-based longitudinal discrete choice experiments: preferences for electric vehicles over time
(2021)
Discrete choice experiments have emerged as the state-of-the-art method for measuring preferences, but they are mostly used in cross-sectional studies. In seeking to make them applicable for longitudinal studies, our study addresses two common challenges: working with different respondents and handling altering attributes. We propose a sample-based longitudinal discrete choice experiment in combination with a covariate-extended hierarchical Bayes logit estimator that allows one to test the statistical significance of changes. We showcase this method’s use in studies about preferences for electric vehicles over six years and empirically observe that preferences develop in an unpredictable, non-monotonous way. We also find that inspecting only the absolute differences in preferences between samples may result in misleading inferences. Moreover, surveying a new sample produced similar results as asking the same sample of respondents over time. Finally, we experimentally test how adding or removing an attribute affects preferences for the other attributes.
Seit ca. 1973 werden die schriftlichen Staatsexamina in Deutschland in Anlehnung an das amerikanische Prüfungssystem mit Einfachauswahlfragen (auch als MC-Fragen bezeichnet) durchgeführt. Dieser Fragentypus hat sich auch für universitäre Prüfungen durchgesetzt, trotz ungeklärter Validität und Eignung dieses Fragentyps. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand darin, den Einfluss von Formatunterschieden bei inhaltlich identischen Fragen auf das Prüfungsergebnis aufzuzeigen Hierzu wurden klassische MC-Fragen mit Freitextfragen sowie mit Mehrfachauswahlfragen verglichen. Es wurden fachspezifische Klausuren während der Übergangszeit von der 8. ÄAppO von 1989 auf die jetzt gültige 9. ÄAppO von 2002 so konstruiert, dass inhaltsidentische Fragen in einer Version als MC-Fragen, in der anderen Version in anderem Format gestellt wurden; jeweils eine Hälfte der teilnehmenden Studierenden diente als Kontrollgruppe für die Fragestellung in anderem Format. Ausgewertet wurden 11 Klausuren mit jeweils 15 MC-Fragen und 15 alternativen Fragen im Zeitraum SS 2004 bis WS 2004/2005 in den Fächern Augenheilkunde, Dermatologie, Orthopädie, Psychiatrie, Rechtsmedizin und Urologie, mit insgesamt 1219 teilnehmenden Studenten. MC-Fragen (55%) wurden im Mittel häufiger korrekt beantwortet als AW-Fragen (25%) und FT-Fragen (33%). Wenn bei Auswahlfragen Studierende mit vier von fünf zutreffenden Entscheidungen ebenfalls einbezogen werden, kommen etwa 52% der Studierenden auf „richtige“ Antworten. Insbesondere bei Freitextfragen gab es große fragenspezifische Unterschiede, in einigen Fällen wurden Freitextfragen häufiger zutreffend beantwortet als inhaltsidentische MC-Fragen. Diese Unterschiede legen nahe, dass aktives Wissen mit MC-Fragen nicht prüfbar ist. Teilwissen konnte mit Fragen in den klassischen MC-Formaten nicht ermittelt werden. Wie exemplarisch in dieser Arbeit gezeigt wird, werden bei Fragen im MCFormat für die Entscheidung richtig/falsch nicht alle Aussagen berücksichtigt. Ergebnisse aus MC-basierten Prüfungen ergeben einen deutlich höheren Anteil richtiger Antworten, als dem aktuellen Wissen entspricht; häufig scheint die Entscheidung zwischen zwei Alternativen geraten zu werden. Bei einer Umformulierung in Freitextfragen ergeben sich häufig größere fragenspezifische Differenzen, die suggerieren, dass mit MC-Fragen aktives Wissen nicht prüfbar ist. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen begründen Zweifel an der Eignung von ausschließlich MC-basierten Prüfungen für die Prüfung höherer Wissensebenen, eine Validität MC-basierter Prüfungen für klinisches Alltags- und Basiswissen scheint nicht gegeben zu sein.
Bei den meisten erwachsenen Säugetieren führt ein Herzinfarkt zu Fibrose und Verlust von funktionellem Herzgewebe. Einige Wirbeltiere, wie der Zebrabärbling, besitzen jedoch die bemerkenswerte Fähigkeit, nach einer Schädigung ihres Herzgewebes verlorenes Gewebe zu regenerieren und so schädliche Folgen zu verhindern. Die lokale Immunantwort auf eine Verletzung wird zunehmend als eine wichtige Determinante für das regenerative Potential eines Gewebes gesehen. Das Komplementsystem ist Teil des humoralen Immunsystems. Historisch ist es als eine Sammlung von Protein bekannt, den Komplementkomponenten, die in der Leber synthetisiert werden und im Blutkreislauf zirkulieren. Bei Exposition gegenüber einem Auslöser, wie z. B. einem Pathogen, wird eine Komplementkomponentproteinspaltungskaskade initiiert, die dazu führen kann, dass Immunzellen rekrutiert werden, und, dass die Phagozytose erleichtert, ggf. die Zielzelle lysiert wird. Studien legen nahe, dass das Komplementsystem an zellulären Prozessen beteiligt sei, die für Entwicklungs- und Krankheitsprozesse entscheidend sind, wie etwa Proliferation und Dedifferenzierung. Es gibt Hinweise, dass das Komplementsystem eine Rolle bei Krebserkrankungen und bei regenerativen Prozessen spielen könnte. In verschiedenen Arten wurde eine lokale verletzungsinduzierte Expression von komplementkomponentkodierenden Genen in regenerierendem Gewebe beobachtet.
Einzelne Studien legen nahe, dass Funktionsverlust einzelner Komplementkomponenten regenerative Prozesse beeinträchtigt.
Offene Fragen bleiben jedoch: Ist die lokale Expression von mehreren komplementkomponentkodierenden Genen ein Merkmal von regenerierendem Gewebe, das sie von Geweben unterscheidet, welchem die Fähigkeit zur Regeneration fehlt? Und welche Rolle könnte das Komplementsystem und seine Komponenten während des regenerativen Prozesses spielen? Um diesen Fragen nachzugehen, wurde eine Expressionsanalyse von Zebrabärblingsgewebe nach Verletzung mittels RT-qPCR und in situ Hybridisierung durchgeführt: kardiale Kryoverletzung, Larvenrumpfamputation und Schwanzflossenamputation. Ich beobachtete, dass mehrere komplementkomponentkodierende Gene in diesen Geweben nach Verletzung induziert wurden. Die Interpretation veröffentlichter single cell RNAseq Datensätze legt nahe, dass diese komplementkomponentenkodierenden Gene von verschiedenen Zelltypen exprimiert werden, darunter Immunzellen, Epikardzellen und Fibroblasten. Um transkriptionelle Unterschiede zwischen regenerierendem und nicht regenerierendem Gewebe zu identifizieren, verwendete ich ein nicht regeneratives Zebrabärblingmodell, die il11ra- Mutante. Dieser Mutante fehlt die Fähigkeit, verschiedene Organe zu regenerieren, das ist der Fall beim Herzen, dem larvalen Rumpf, und der Schwanzflosse. Ich stellte fest, dass die Mehrheit der verletzungsinduzierten komplementkomponentkodierenden Gene il11ra nachgeschaltet war. Darüber hinaus zeigten Experimente unter Verwendung chemischer Inhibitoren, dass speziell die Expression der komplementkomponentkodierenden Gene c3a.1,
c4b und c7a im Larvenrumpfamputationsmodell durch den Il11-Stat3-Signalweg moduliert wird.
Zur Klärung der Frage, ob das Komplementsystem und/ oder seine Komponenten eine Rolle während der Regeneration spielen, wurden verschiede Funktionsverlustmodelle generiert und im larvalen Rumpfamputationsmodell auf mögliche Aberrationen getestet. Zum einen generierte ich Überexpressionslinien von endogenen Inhibitoren der Komplementproteinspaltungskaskade. Überexpression eines etablierten Komplementsysteminhibitors rca2.1/ tecrem führte zu einer im Vergleich zu Wildtyp- Geschwistern verringerten Regeneration des larvalen Rumpfs. Zum anderen generierte ich Funktionsverlustmutanten von individuellen Komplementkomponenten durch CRISPR/Cas9 vermittelter Mutagenese, und zwar für masp1, masp2, cfd, c1s, c4b, c5 und c9. Die larvale Rumpfregeneration war in diesen Mutanten unauffällig. Allerdings zeigten c4b Mutanten eine verringerte Kardiomyozytenproliferation und eine differenzielle Expression von einigen Markergenen, einschließlich einer erhöhten Expression von inflammatorischen Zytokinen.
Meine Studien führten zu neuen Einblicken in das Komplementsystem im Kontext der Regeneration. Ich fand heraus, dass mehrere komplementkomponentenkodierenden Gene in regenerierendem Zebrabärblinggewebe exprimiert werden, und zwar im Herzgewebe, im larvalen Rumpf und in der adulten Flosse. Darüber hinaus zeige ich, dass die verletzungsinduzierte Expression von komplementkodierenden Genen in regenerierendem Gewebe dem Regenerationsmasterregulator il11ra nachgeschaltet ist. Speziell c3a.1, c4b und c7a wurden durch il11/ stat3 reguliert...
By the fabrication of periodically arranged nanomagnetic systems it is possible to engineer novel physical properties by realizing artificial lattice geometries that are not accessible via natural crystallization or chemical synthesis. This has been accomplished with great success in two dimensions in the fields of artificial spin ice and magnetic logic devices, to name just two. Although first proposals have been made to advance into three dimensions (3D), established nanofabrication pathways based on electron beam lithography have not been adapted to obtain free-form 3D nanostructures. Here we demonstrate the direct-write fabrication of freestanding ferromagnetic 3D nano-architectures. By employing micro-Hall sensing, we have determined the magnetic stray field generated by our free-form structures in an externally applied magnetic field and we have performed micromagnetic and macro-spin simulations to deduce the spatial magnetization profiles in the structures and analyze their switching behavior. Furthermore we show that the magnetic 3D elements can be combined with other 3D elements of different chemical composition and intrinsic material properties.
Fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) nanoarchitectures by focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) has matured to a level that highly complex and functional deposits are becoming available for nanomagnetics and plasmonics. However, the generation of suitable pattern files that control the electron beam’s movement, and thereby reliably map the desired target 3D structure from a purely geometrical description to a shape-conforming 3D deposit, is nontrivial. To address this issue we developed several writing strategies and associated algorithms implemented in C++. Our pattern file generator handles different proximity effects and corrects for height-dependent precursor coverage. Several examples of successful 3D nanoarchitectures using different precursors are presented that validate the effectiveness of the implementation.