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Enhanced LTP of population spikes in the dentate gyrus of mice haploinsufficient for neurobeachin
(2020)
Deletion of the autism candidate molecule neurobeachin (Nbea), a large PH-BEACH-domain containing neuronal protein, has been shown to affect synaptic function by interfering with neurotransmitter receptor targeting and dendritic spine formation. Previous analysis of mice lacking one allele of the Nbea gene identified impaired spatial learning and memory in addition to altered autism-related behaviours. However, no functional data from living heterozygous Nbea mice (Nbea+/−) are available to corroborate the behavioural phenotype. Here, we explored the consequences of Nbea haploinsufficiency on excitation/inhibition balance and synaptic plasticity in the intact hippocampal dentate gyrus of Nbea+/− animals in vivo by electrophysiological recordings. Based on field potential recordings, we show that Nbea+/− mice display enhanced LTP of the granule cell population spike, but no differences in basal synaptic transmission, synapse numbers, short-term plasticity, or network inhibition. These data indicate that Nbea haploinsufficiency causes remarkably specific alterations to granule cell excitability in vivo, which may contribute to the behavioural abnormalities in Nbea+/− mice and to related symptoms in patients.
This article provides a proposal to use IMF Article VIII, Section 2 (b) to establish a binding mechanism on private creditors for a sovereign debt standstill. The proposal builds on the original idea by Whitney Deveboise (1984). Using arguments brought forward by confidential IMF staff papers (1988, 1996) and the IMF General Counsel (1988), this paper shows how an authoritative interpretation of Article VIII, Section 2 (b) can provide protection from litigation to countries at risk of debt distress.
The envisaged mechanism presents several advantages over recent proposals for a binding standstill mechanism, such as the International Developing Country Debt Authority (IDCDA) by UNCTAD and a Central Credit Facility (CFF) by the Bolton Committee. First, this approach would not require the creation of new intergovernmental mechanisms or facilities. Second, the activation of the standstill mechanism can be set in motion by any IMF member country and does not require a modification of its Articles of Agreement. Third, debtor countries acting in good faith under an IMF program would be protected from aggressive litigation strategies from holdout creditors in numerous jurisdictions, including the US and the UK. Fourth, courts in key jurisdictions would avoid becoming overburdened by a cascade of sovereign debt litigation covering creditors and debtors across the globe. Fifth, private creditors would receive uniform treatment and ensure intercreditor equality. Sixth and last, the mechanism would provide additional safeguards to protect emergency multilateral financing provided to tackle Covid-19.
Digital spatial processes have been widely explored and investigated in subject-specific geographic research. So far, however, this research has not been sufficiently reflected in classrooms or teacher education, and remains unconnected to notions of geographical digital literacy. Viral constructions of space – realities shaped in everyday life that are experienced and (re-)produced by students and teachers alike through social media – present an opportunity for Geography education to adapt to the digital society. This paper attempts to connect viral constructions of space, the digital society and the knowledge teachers need to include viral constructions of space in the classroom using Mishra and Koehler’s (2006) TPACK model, a well-established means for summarizing teachers’ technological, pedagogical and content knowledge for a specific topic. The paper focuses on content knowledge, identifies five sub-types of viral constructions of space, and extracts nine descriptors of teachers’ content knowledge. By focusing on content knowledge, the paper presents a starting point for future investigations of pedagogical and technological teacher knowledge as well as their intersections. It also raises awareness of viral constructions of space as both a new essential topic in the Geography classroom and a phenomenon already shaping learning environments for spatial acquisition.
We use recent results by Bainbridge–Chen–Gendron–Grushevsky–Möller on compactifications of strata of abelian differentials to give a comprehensive solution to the realizability problem for effective tropical canonical divisors in equicharacteristic zero. Given a pair (Γ,D) consisting of a stable tropical curve Γ and a divisor D in the canonical linear system on Γ, we give a purely combinatorial condition to decide whether there is a smooth curve X over a non-Archimedean field whose stable reduction has Γ as its dual tropical curve together with an effective canonical divisor KX that specializes to D.
Diese Arbeit behandelt die Rolle der Proteinkinasen IKKe und TBK1 in der Progression von humanen malignene Melanomen und die Rolle von alpha-Synuclein in der Schmerzwahrnehmung von Mäusen.
Inhibitor-kappaB kinase epsilon (IKKε) and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) are non-canonical IκB kinases, both described as contributors to tumor growth and metastasis in different cancer types. Several hints indicate that they are also involved in the pathogenesis of melanoma; however, the impact of their inhibition as a potential therapeutic measure in this “difficult-to-treat” cancer type has not been investigated so far. We assessed IKKε and TBK1 expression in human malignant melanoma cells, primary tumors and the metastasis of melanoma patients. Both kinases were expressed in the primary tumor and in metastasis and showed a significant overexpression in tumor cells in comparison to melanocytes. The pharmacological inhibition of IKKε/TBK1 by the approved drug amlexanox reduced cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Amlexanox did not affect the cell cycle progression nor apoptosis induction but significantly suppressed autophagy in melanoma cells. The analysis of potential functional downstream targets revealed that NF-кB and ERK pathways might be involved in kinase-mediated effects. In an in vivo xenograft model in nude mice, amlexanox treatment significantly reduced tumor growth. In conclusion, amlexanox was able to suppress tumor progression potentially by the inhibition of autophagy as well as NF-кB and MAP kinase pathways and might therefore constitute a promising candidate for melanoma therapy.
Einleitung- 12,5% aller operierten Patienten sind für mehr als 80% aller Todesfälle verantwortlich. Über die Identifizierung dieser Risikopatienten ist wenig bekannt.6. Währenddessen sind hepatobiliäre Operationen nach wie vor mit einem relativ hohen Mortalitätsrisiko von etwa 5% assoziiert.15.
Ziel- Die Evaluierung der „Cumulative Illness Rating Scale(CIRS)“ zur Prädiktion von Komplikationen und Mortalität in der hepatobiliären Chirurgie.
Material und Methoden- Alle Patienten, die sich vom 01.01.2011 bis zum 06.05.2016 einer hepatobiliären unterzogen, wurden retrospektiv anhand der elektronischen Patientenakte(NICE) gemäß der modifizierten CIRS46 bewertet. Abhängig von der Gesamtsumme der ermittelten CIRS-Werte wurden die Patienten in 4 Risikoklassen (1-4) unterteilt. Anschließend wurden die 14 CIRS-Kategorien und die Risikoklassen auf ein vermehrtes Auftreten von Komplikationen ≥IIIb50 gemäß der Dindo-Klassifikation sowie der 90-Tages-Mortalität49 untersucht.
Ergebnisse- 576 Patienten mit einem durchschnittlichen Alter von 60,7 ± 13,7 Jahren wurden in die Studie aufgenommen. 18,6% der Patienten wiesen Komplikationen ≥IIIb anhand der Dindo-Klassifikation auf. 6,8% verstarben innerhalb des Überwachungszeitraumes von 90 Tagen. Für die Risikoklassen 3+4 (OR=1,674; p=0,027; 95%CI=1,060-2,645) sowie für Erkrankungen der Schweregrade 3+4 in der Kategorie „Leber“ (OR=2,583; p=0,015; 95%CI=1,205-5,538) konnten signifikant erhöhte Wahrscheinlichkeiten für die Entstehung von Komplikationen festgestellt werden. Gleiches wurde im Bezug auf Mortalität für Erkrankungen der Schweregrade 3+4 in den Kategorien „Hypertonie“ (OR=2,249; p=0,019; 95%CI=1,141-4,434) und „Leber“ (OR=8,891; p=0,033; 95%CI=1,189-66,492) nachgewiesen. Im Gegensatz dazu führten Erkrankungen der Schweregrade 3+4 in der Kategorie „Unterer Gastrointestinaltrakt“ zu einer deutlichen Reduzierung des Risikos für die Entwicklung von Komplikationen (OR=0,385; p<0,000; 95%CI=0,228-0,649) und Mortalität (OR=0,419; p=0,047; 95%CI=0,178-0987). Die im Rahmen der binär logistischen Regression erstellten Regressionsgleichungen ermöglichten keine verbesserte Klassifizierung der Patienten.
Zusammenfassung- Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass signifikante Zusammenhänge zwischen der Entstehung von Komplikationen ≥IIIb anhand der Dindo-Klassifikation und der 90-Tages-Mortalität mittels CIRS nachweisbar sind. Dennoch geht hervor, dass der prädiktive Wert der modifizierten CIRS für die hepatobiliäre Chirurgie gering ist.
Introduction: Quinolone prophylaxis is recommended for patients with advanced cirrhosis at high risk of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) or with prior SBP. Yet, the impact of long-term antibiotic prophylaxis on the microbiome of these patients is poorly characterized.
Methods: Patients with liver cirrhosis receiving long-term quinolone prophylaxis to prevent SBP were prospectively included and sputum and stool samples were obtained at baseline, 1, 4 and 12 weeks thereafter. Both bacterial DNA and RNA were assessed with 16S rRNA sequencing. Relative abundance, alpha and beta diversity were calculated and correlated with clinical outcome.
Results: Overall, 35 stool and 19 sputum samples were obtained from 11 patients. Two patients died (day 9 and 12) all others were followed for 180 days. Reduction of Shannon diversity and bacterial richness was insignificant after initiation of quinolone prophylaxis (p > 0.05). Gut microbiota were significantly different between patients (p < 0.001) but non-significantly altered between the different time points before and after initiation of antibiotic prophylaxis (p > 0.05). A high relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae > 20% during quinolone prophylaxis was found in three patients. Specific clinical scenarios (development of secondary infections during antibiotic prophylaxis or the detection of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae) characterized these patients. Sputum microbiota were not significantly altered in individuals during prophylaxis.
Conclusion: The present exploratory study with small sample size showed that inter-individual differences in diversity of gut microbiota were high at baseline, yet quinolone prophylaxis had only a moderate impact. High relative abundances of Enterobacteriaceae during follow-up might indicate failure of or non-adherence to quinolone prophylaxis. However, our results may not be clinically significant given the limitations of the study and therefore future studies are needed to further investigate this phenomenon.
Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) regulates pathophysiological processes, including liver regeneration, vascular tone control, and immune response. In patients with liver cirrhosis, acute deterioration of liver function is associated with high mortality rates. The present study investigated whether serum S1P concentrations are associated with disease severity in patients with chronic liver disease from compensated cirrhosis (CC), acute decompensation (AD), or acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF). From August 2013 to October 2017, patients who were admitted to the University Hospital Frankfurt with CC, AD, or ACLF were enrolled in our cirrhosis cohort study. Tandem mass spectrometry was performed on serum samples of 127 patients to assess S1P concentration. Our study comprised 19 patients with CC, 55 with AD, and 51 with ACLF, aged 29 to 76 years. We observed a significant decrease of S1P according to advanced liver injury from CC and AD up to ACLF (P < 0.001). S1P levels further decreased with progression to ACLF grade 3 (P < 0.05), and S1P highly inversely correlated with the Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score (r = −0.508; P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, S1P remained an independent predictor of 7‐day mortality with high diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve, 0.874; P < 0.001). Conclusion: In patients with chronic liver disease, serum S1P levels dramatically decreased with advanced stages of liver disease and were predictive of early mortality. Because S1P is a potent regulator of endothelial integrity and immune response, low S1P levels may significantly influence progressive multiorgan failure. Our data justify further elucidation of the diagnostic and therapeutic role of S1P in ACLF.
Purpose: Acute elbow dislocations are complex injuries that predispose to chronic instability and pain. The ideal treatment strategy is part of controversial discussion and evidence-based recommendations for the treatment could not be concluded from the literature. The purpose of the present study was to assess current epidemiological data, injury pattern, and the changing trend for treatment.
Methods: This study presents a retrospective review of 72 patients ≥ 18 years of age who were treated in our level I trauma centre with acute elbow dislocations from 2014 to 2018. The data were acquired by analysis of the institution’s database, and radiological examinations.
Results: The average age of the patients was 48.5 years (range 18–86). The ratio of male to female patients was 1.9:1. A fall onto the outstretched arm (42%) was the most common injury mechanism. By classification, 42% of the elbow dislocations were simple, and 58% complex. A total of 85% of patients underwent surgery including 73% of the simple elbow dislocations due to remaining instability or non-congruency of the reduced elbow. The indication for surgical treatment correlated merely with the grade of instability and displacement, but not with age.
Conclusion: Acute elbow dislocations need identification of the precise injury pattern and instability after reduction of the elbow joint. To achieve a congruent and stable joint, we recommend primary surgical repair as first-line treatment for patients with unstable simple and complex elbow dislocation independent of age.
Aim: The primary aim of this study was to analyze frequency and characteristics of combined facial and peripheral trauma with consecutive hospitalization and treatment.
Materials and methods: The study included all patients with concomitant orthopedic-traumatolgical (OT) and craniomaxillofacial (CMF) injuries admitted to our level I trauma center in 2018. The data were collected by analysis of the institution’s database and radiological reviews and included age, sex, injury type, weekday and time of presentation. All patients were examined and treated by a team of surgeons specialized in OT and CMF directly after presentation.
Results: A total number of 1040 combined OT and CMF patients were identified. Mean age was 33.0 ± 26.2 years. 67.3% (n = 700) were male patients. Primary presentation happened most frequently on Sundays (n = 199) and between 7 and 8 pm (n = 74). 193 OT fractures were documented, where cervical spine injuries were most frequent (n = 30). 365 facial and skull fractures were recorded. 10.8% of the 204 patients with fractures of the viscerocranium presented with at least one fracture of the extremity, 7.8% (16/204) with cervical spine fractures, 33.3% (68/204) with signs of closed brain trauma and 9.8% (20/204) with intracranial hemorrhage.
Discussion: The study shows a high frequency of combined facial with OT-injuries and brain damage in a predominantly young and male cohort. Attendance by interdisciplinary teams of both CMF and OT surgeons specialized in cervical spine trauma surgery is highly advisable for adequate treatment.
Conclusion: Diagnostics and treatment should be performed by a highly specialized OT and CMF team, with a consulting neurosurgeon in a level-1 trauma center to avoid missed diagnoses and keep mortality low.
Successful consolidation of associative memories relies on the coordinated interplay of slow oscillations and sleep spindles during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. This enables the transfer of labile information from the hippocampus to permanent memory stores in the neocortex. During senescence, the decline of the structural and functional integrity of the hippocampus and neocortical regions is paralleled by changes of the physiological events that stabilize and enhance associative memories during NREM sleep. However, the currently available evidence is inconclusive as to whether and under which circumstances memory consolidation is impacted during aging. To approach this question, 30 younger adults (19–28 years) and 36 older adults (63–74 years) completed a memory task based on scene–word associations. By tracing the encoding quality of participants’ individual memory associations, we demonstrate that previous learning determines the extent of age-related impairments in memory consolidation. Specifically, the detrimental effects of aging on memory maintenance were greatest for mnemonic contents of intermediate encoding quality, whereas memory gain of poorly encoded memories did not differ by age. Ambulatory polysomnography (PSG) and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were acquired to extract potential predictors of memory consolidation from each participant’s NREM sleep physiology and brain structure. Partial Least Squares Correlation was used to identify profiles of interdependent alterations in sleep physiology and brain structure that are characteristic for increasing age. Across age groups, both the ‘aged’ sleep profile, defined by decreased slow-wave activity (0.5–4.5 Hz), and a reduced presence of slow oscillations (0.5–1 Hz), slow, and fast spindles (9–12.5 Hz; 12.5–16 Hz), as well as the ‘aged’ brain structure profile, characterized by gray matter reductions in the medial prefrontal cortex, thalamus, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus, were associated with reduced memory maintenance. However, inter-individual differences in neither sleep nor structural brain integrity alone qualified as the driving force behind age differences in sleep-dependent consolidation in the present study. Our results underscore the need for novel and age-fair analytic tools to provide a mechanistic understanding of age differences in memory consolidation.
Flat Panel CT Pooled Blood Volume-Mappen vor mechanischer Rekanalisation beim akuten Schlaganfall
(2020)
In der Akutdiagnostik des Schlaganfalles sind die Multislice Computertomographie (MSCT) sowie gegebenenfalls die Kernspintomographie die radiologischen Methoden der Wahl zunächst zur Differenzierung eines ischämischen oder hämorrhagischen Geschehens sowie im Falle einer Ischämie zur Darstellung des Gefäßverschlusses und der Perfusionssituation. Mit Hilfe von Flat Panel Detektoren (flat panel detector computed tomography (FDCT)) in Angiographie-Einheiten konnten zunächst Schnittbilder des Kopfes ähnlich denen einer konventionellen MSCT angefertigt werden, womit ein Blutungsausschluss möglich ist. Des Weiteren wurden sogenannte „Pooled Blood Volume“ (PBV)-Karten entwickelt, welche konzipiert wurden, um das Areal mit vermindertem zerebralem Blutvolumen (cerebral blood volume = CBV) und somit annäherungsweise den Infarktkern darzustellen.
Innerhalb der letzten 10 Jahre hat sich die mechanische Rekanalisation als Therapie des akuten Verschlusses proximaler zerebraler Arterien durchgesetzt. Häufig müssen Patienten für die Intervention aus peripheren Krankenhäusern in Schlaganfall-Zentren verlegt werden, sodass eine Aktualisierung der zerebralen Perfusionsparameter zur Darstellung der Progression der Ischämie und zur Prognose-Abschätzung erstrebenswert ist. Gäbe es die Möglichkeit einer solchen Bildgebung innerhalb der Angiographie- und Interventions-Einheit, so könnte wertvolle Zeit, welche sonst für den innerklinischen Transport, Umlagerung des Patienten etc. benötigt wird, eingespart werden. Auch bei schwer betroffenen Patienten, welche direkt in das jeweilige Schlaganfall-Zentrum eingeliefert werden, könnte somit die Zeit zwischen Ankunft in der Klinik bis zur Gefäß-Rekanalisation bedeutsam verkürzt werden.
In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Zuverlässigkeit der PBV-Karten hinsichtlich der Abschätzung des späteren Infarktareales untersucht. Hierfür wurden bei 29 aufeinanderfolgenden Patienten mit akuten intrakraniellen Verschlüssen der Arteria carotis interna oder Arteria cerebri media das präinterventionelle Volumen der in den Quellbildern der PBV-Karten dargestellten Minderperfusion mit dem finalen Infarktvolumen, wie es sich in den postinterventionellen konventionellen MSCT-Kontrollen darstellte, verglichen. Außerdem wurde durch Bestimmung der Hounsfield-Einheiten die Stärke der Minderperfusion in dem Areal der PBV-Veränderung gemessen und mit der gesunden Gegenseite verglichen. Die mechanische Rekanalisation war bei 26 der Patienten erfolgreich.
Insgesamt war das mediane präinterventionelle PBV-Defizit 9-mal größer als das mediane finale Infarktvolumen (86,4 ml (10,3; 111,6) versus 9,6 ml (3,6; 36,8)). Dieses Ergebnis basierte insbesondere auf der Subgruppe der erfolgreich rekanalisierten Patienten (PBV Defizit: 87,5 ml (10,6; 115,1), finales Infarktvolumen: 8,7 ml (3,6; 29)). Im Falle einer frustranen Intervention wurde das finale Infarktvolumen eher unterschätzt (PBV Defizit: 86,4 ml (5,9; -), finales Infarktvolumen: 116,4 ml (3,5; -)). Es gab keinen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen der HU Ratio im Bereich des später infarzierten Gewebes (0,45 (0,29; 0,51)) und der umgebenden minderperfundierten „Penumbra“ (0,4 (0,33; 0,5)) (p=0,679). Die HU Ratio zeigte eine signifikante negative Korrelation mit dem Volumen der PBV-Läsion (r= -0,448, p= 0,008).
Zusammenfassend wurde aus den Ergebnissen dieser Studie geschlossen, dass die FDCT PBV-Karten nicht zuverlässig das finale Infarktvolumen prognostizieren und daher keinen Einfluss auf die akute Therapieentscheidung haben sollten. Ursächlich sind technische und methodische Limitationen sowie die Art des untersuchten Perfusionsparameters.
Background: Experienced and anticipated regret influence physicians’ decision-making. In medicine, diagnostic decisions and diagnostic errors can have a severe impact on both patients and physicians. Little empirical research exists on regret experienced by physicians when they make diagnostic decisions in primary care that later prove inappropriate or incorrect. The aim of this study was to explore the experience of regret following diagnostic decisions in primary care.
Methods: In this qualitative study, we used an online questionnaire on a sample of German primary care physicians. We asked participants to report on cases in which the final diagnosis differed from their original opinion, and in which treatment was at the very least delayed, possibly resulting in harm to the patient. We asked about original and final diagnoses, illness trajectories, and the reactions of other physicians, patients and relatives. We used thematic analysis to assess the data, supported by MAXQDA 11 and Microsoft Excel 2016.
Results: 29 GPs described one case each (14 female/15 male patients, aged 1.5–80 years, response rate < 1%). In 26 of 29 cases, the final diagnosis was more serious than the original diagnosis. In two cases, the diagnoses were equally serious, and in one case less serious. Clinical trajectories and the reactions of patients and relatives differed widely. Although only one third of cases involved preventable harm to patients, the vast majority (27 of 29) of physicians expressed deep feelings of regret.
Conclusion: Even if harm to patients is unavoidable, regret following diagnostic decisions can be devastating for clinicians, making them ‘second victims’. Procedures and tools are needed to analyse cases involving undesirable diagnostic events, so that ‘true’ diagnostic errors, in which harm could have been prevented, can be distinguished from others. Further studies should also explore how physicians can be supported in dealing with such events in order to prevent them from practicing defensive medicine.
Background Polypharmacy interventions are resource-intensive and should be targeted to those at risk of negative health outcomes. Our aim was to develop and internally validate prognostic models to predict health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and the combined outcome of falls, hospitalisation, institutionalisation and nursing care needs, in older patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy in general practices.
Methods Design: two independent data sets, one comprising health insurance claims data (n=592 456), the other data from the PRIoritising MUltimedication in Multimorbidity (PRIMUM) cluster randomised controlled trial (n=502). Population: ≥60 years, ≥5 drugs, ≥3 chronic diseases, excluding dementia. Outcomes: combined outcome of falls, hospitalisation, institutionalisation and nursing care needs (after 6, 9 and 24 months) (claims data); and HRQoL (after 6 and 9 months) (trial data). Predictor variables in both data sets: age, sex, morbidity-related variables (disease count), medication-related variables (European Union-Potentially Inappropriate Medication list (EU-PIM list)) and health service utilisation. Predictor variables exclusively in trial data: additional socio-demographics, morbidity-related variables (Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, depression), Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI), lifestyle, functional status and HRQoL (EuroQol EQ-5D-3L). Analysis: mixed regression models, combined with stepwise variable selection, 10-fold cross validation and sensitivity analyses.
Results Most important predictors of EQ-5D-3L at 6 months in best model (Nagelkerke’s R² 0.507) were depressive symptoms (−2.73 (95% CI: −3.56 to −1.91)), MAI (−0.39 (95% CI: −0.7 to −0.08)), baseline EQ-5D-3L (0.55 (95% CI: 0.47 to 0.64)). Models based on claims data and those predicting long-term outcomes based on both data sets produced low R² values. In claims data-based model with highest explanatory power (R²=0.16), previous falls/fall-related injuries, previous hospitalisations, age, number of involved physicians and disease count were most important predictor variables.
Conclusions Best trial data-based model predicted HRQoL after 6 months well and included parameters of well-being not found in claims. Performance of claims data-based models and models predicting long-term outcomes was relatively weak. For generalisability, future studies should refit models by considering parameters representing well-being and functional status.
Genetic code expansion facilitates position-selective modification of nucleic acids and proteins
(2020)
Transcription and translation obey to the genetic code of four nucleobases and 21 amino acids evolved over billions of years. Both these processes have been engineered to facilitate the use of non-natural building blocks in both nucleic acids and proteins, enabling researchers with a decent toolbox for structural and functional analyses. Here, we review the most common approaches for how labeling of both nucleic acids as well as proteins in a site-selective fashion with either modifiable building blocks or spectroscopic probes can be facilitated by genetic code expansion. We emphasize methodological approaches and how these can be adapted for specific modifications, both during as well as after biomolecule synthesis. These modifications can facilitate, for example, a number of different spectroscopic analysis techniques and can under specific circumstances even be used in combination.
Es ist schon merkwürdig: Für keines der großen Konzilien des Spätmittelalters schien in den letzten Jahren eine Gesamtdarstellung so nah wie im Fall des Pisanum. Dieter Girgensohn und Hélenè Millet legten eine Fülle von Einzelstudien vor, doch keiner der beiden goss sie in die Form eines opus magnum, sieht man von einem Aufsatzband der französischen Kollegin ab. Durch Mona Kirsch erfuhr die Synode 2016 eine zwar viele Facetten erfassende Würdigung im Rahmen einer ritualgeschichtlich grundierten Geschichte des allgemeinen Konzils im Spätmittelalter, zu der für sie aber die auf Pisa folgenden und damit eng verbundenen Versammlungen von Konstanz und Basel nicht gehörten. Und nun erklärt Florian Eßer gleich mehrfach, bei seinem hier anzuzeigenden, immerhin 874-seitigen Werk handele es sich keinesfalls um eine Gesamtdarstellung. Was die Frage aufwirft, wer angesichts einer solch zerklüfteten Landschaft partieller Monumente das finale Wagnis überhaupt noch angehen mag.
Am ehesten wohl Florian Eßer selbst, der eine auf umfassender Kenntnis der ungedruckten wie gedruckten Quellen beruhende und die gesamte Forschung zum Thema rezipierende Studie vorgelegt hat, die weniger als Dissertation – die sie ist – denn fast schon als Habilitationsschrift gelten darf. Nur wünscht man sich und ihm, dass er sich künftig in der Kunst des Kürzens und Streichens übt. Denn hier wird viel in der Sache wohlgemerkt Treffendes derart breit bis in die feinsten Einzelheiten und Verästelungen ausgeführt, ja ausgewalzt, dass dem Autor am Ende dabei offensichtlich selbst nicht mehr so recht wohl war, widmet er sein Opus doch Freundin, Eltern und Freunden, "auch wenn (beziehungsweise weil) sie es vermutlich nie lesen werden" (S. 14). ...
Stabilization exercise (SE) is evident for the management of chronic non-specific low back pain (LBP). The optimal dose-response-relationship for the utmost treatment success is, thus, still unknown. The purpose is to systematically review the dose-response-relationship of stabilisation exercises on pain and disability in patients with chronic non-specific LBP. A systematic review with meta-regression was conducted (Pubmed, Web of Knowledge, Cochrane). Eligibility criteria were RCTs on patients with chronic non-specific LBP, written in English/German and adopting a longitudinal core-specific/stabilising/motor control exercise intervention with at least one outcome for pain intensity and/or disability. Meta-regressions (dependent variable = effect sizes (Cohens d) of the interventions (for pain and for disability), independent variable = training characteristics (duration, frequency, time per session)), and controlled for (low) study quality (PEDro) and (low) sample sizes (n) were conducted to reveal the optimal dose required for therapy success. From the 3,415 studies initially selected, 50 studies (n = 2,786 LBP patients) were included. N = 1,239 patients received SE. Training duration was 7.0 ± 3.3 weeks, training frequency was 3.1 ± 1.8 sessions per week with a mean training time of 44.6 ± 18.0 min per session. The meta-regressions’ mean effect size was d = 1.80 (pain) and d = 1.70 (disability). Total R2 was 0.445 and 0.17. Moderate quality evidence (R2 = 0.231) revealed that a training duration of 20 to 30 min elicited the largest effect (both in pain and disability, logarithmic association). Low quality evidence (R2 = 0.125) revealed that training 3 to 5 times per week led to the largest effect of SE in patients with chronic non-specific LBP (inverted U-shaped association). In patients with non-specific chronic LBP, stabilization exercise with a training frequency of 3 to 5 times per week (Grade C) and a training time of 20 to 30 min per session (Grade A) elicited the largest effect on pain and disability.
Primary determinants of communities in deadwood vary among taxa but are regionally consistent
(2020)
The evolutionary split between gymnosperms and angiosperms has far‐reaching implications for the current communities colonizing trees. The inherent characteristics of dead wood include its role as a spatially scattered habitat of plant tissue, transient in time. Thus, local assemblages in deadwood forming a food web in a necrobiome should be affected not only by dispersal ability but also by host tree identity, the decay stage and local abiotic conditions. However, experiments simultaneously manipulating these potential community drivers in deadwood are lacking. To disentangle the importance of spatial distance and microclimate, as well as host identity and decay stage as drivers of local assemblages, we conducted two consecutive experiments, a 2‐tree species and 6‐tree species experiment with 80 and 72 tree logs, respectively, located in canopy openings and under closed canopies of a montane and a lowland forest. We sampled saproxylic beetles, spiders, fungi and bacterial assemblages from logs. Variation partitioning for community metrics based on a unified framework of Hill numbers showed consistent results for both studies: host identity was most important for sporocarp‐detected fungal assemblages, decay stage and host tree for DNA‐detected fungal assemblages, microclimate and decay stage for beetles and spiders and decay stage for bacteria. Spatial distance was of minor importance for most taxa but showed the strongest effects for arthropods. The contrasting patterns among the taxa highlight the need for multi‐taxon analyses in identifying the importance of abiotic and biotic drivers of community composition. Moreover, the consistent finding of microclimate as the primary driver for saproxylic beetles compared to host identity shows, for the first time that existing evolutionary host adaptions can be outcompeted by local climate conditions in deadwood.