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Chromosomal translocations can lead to the formation of chimeric genes encoding fusion proteins such as PML/RARalpha, PLZF/RARalpha, and AML-1/ETO, which are able to induce and maintain acute myeloid leukemia (AML). One key mechanism in leukemogenesis is increased self renewal of leukemic stem cells via aberrant activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Either X-RAR, PML/RARalpha and PLZF/RARalpha or AML-1/ETO activate Wnt signaling by upregulating gamma-catenin and beta-catenin. In a prospective study, a lower risk of leukemia was observed with aspirin use, which is consistent with numerous studies reporting an inverse association of aspirin with other cancers. Furthermore, a reduction in leukemia risk was associated with use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), where the effects on AML risk was FAB subtype-specific. To better investigate whether NSAID treatment is effective, we used Sulindac Sulfide in X-RARalpha-positive progenitor cell models. Sulindac Sulfide (SSi) is a derivative of Sulindac, a NSAID known to inactivate Wnt signaling. We found that SSi downregulated both beta-catenin and gamma-catenin in X-RARalpha-expressing cells and reversed the leukemic phenotype by reducing stem cell capacity and increasing differentiation potential in X-RARalpha-positive HSCs. The data presented herein show that SSi inhibits the leukemic cell growth as well as hematopoietic progenitors cells (HPCs) expressing PML/RARalpha, and it indicates that Sulindac is a valid molecular therapeutic approach that should be further validated using in vivo leukemia models and in clinical settings.
In allen untersuchten Geweben findet sich eine perinukleäre cytoplasmatische NEUROD-Immunreaktion. Diese zeigt vor allem in den peripheren Geweben, die im Dienste des Metabolismus stehen, einen circadianen Rhythmus.
Die NEUROD-Ir untersteht in den Verdauungsorganen Pankreas und Duodenum einem circadianen Rhythmus. Das Maximum der NEUROD-Ir liegt in der frühen subjektiven Nacht, zum Zeitpunkt der gesteigerten Nahrungsaufnahme. Möglicherweise reguliert NEUROD als rhythmischer Transkriptionsfaktor die Expression von Genen, die im Dienste des Metabolismus stehen. In Pankreas und Duodenum ist die NEUROD-Ir in MT1-defizienten Mäusen deutlich schwächer ausgeprägt als im WT. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass Melatonin über Aktivierung des MT1-Rezeptors einen modulatorischen, stimulierenden Einfluss auf die Synthese von NEUROD im endokrinen Pankreas und in den Krypten des Duodenums ausübt. Dieser Effekt scheint jedoch indirekt zu sein, da nur eine geringe Kolokalisation der NEUROD- mit der MT1-Ir nachgewiesen werden konnte.
Mittels Mehrfachfluoreszenzmarkierung wurde die Identität der NEUROD-Ir Zellen in Pankreas und Duodenum charakterisiert. Es findet sich eine NEUROD-Ir in Glucagon--Zellen), Somatostatin-produzierenden Zellen (δ-Zellen), PP-produzierenden Zellen (γ-Zellen) und Ghrelin-produzierenden Zellen (ε-Zellen). Auch die vom Duodenum bekannten Hormone GIP, PYY und Serotonin sind im adulten endokrinen Pankreas präsent, Serotonin zeigt zudem weitgehende Kolokalisation mit NEUROD. Eine hundertprozentige Kolokalisation besteht in den Langerhans Inseln von Tyrosinhydroxylase und NEUROD. Einige Zellen in den Langerhans Inseln zeigen Koproduktion von PYY und Serotonin sowie PYY und VIP, nicht jedoch von PYY und Glucagon, PYY und Gastrin sowie Glucagon und PP. Des Weiteren ist auch NPY im adulten endokrinen Pankreas nachweisbar. Von den Melatonin-Rezeptoren kommt der MT2-Rezeptor besonders zahlreich in den Langerhans Inseln vor und zeigt teilweise Kolokalisation mit NEUROD, der MT1-Rezeptor ist in den Langerhans Inseln nur vereinzelt nachweisbar. Im exokrinen Pankreas konnten feine Fasern nachgewiesen werden, die eine NEUROD-Ir aufweisen. In den Krypten des adulten Duodenums von Mäusen ist die NEUROD-Ir ebenfalls perinukleär-cytoplasmatisch. Kolokalisation der entsprechenden Hormone mit NEUROD besteht in Gastrin-produzierenden Zellen (G-Zellen) in den Krypten und in der Lamina propria mucosae; in Secretin-produzierenden Zellen (S-Zellen) in den Krypten, in der Lamina propria mucosae sowie in den Zotten; in Substanz P-produzierenden Zellen (P-Zellen) in den
Krypten. Letztere Zellen zeigen auch in den Langerhans Inseln des endokrinen Pankreas teilweise Kolokalisation mit NEUROD. Des Weiteren besteht Kolokalisation von GIP und NEUROD in den Inseln des Duodenums. Ghrelin und PP, bekannterweise in den Langerhans Inseln des endokrinen Pankreas vorhanden, werden auch im Duodenum produziert. Ghrelin findet sich zwischen den Krypten wie auch in einzeln identifizierbaren Zellen in den Krypten, die bislang nicht beschrieben wurden und eine hundertprozentige Kolokalisation mit NEUROD aufweisen. PP findet sich im Duodenum in den Krypten, Zotten und Inseln, es besteht keine Kolokalisation mit NEUROD, während in den Langerhans Inseln des endokrinen Pankreas Kolokalisation von PP mit NEUROD gegeben ist. Das deutet darauf hin, dass die Langerhans Inseln des endokrinen Pankreas und die Inseln des Duodenums sich voneinander unterscheiden. Es besteht in den Krypten des adulten Duodenums keine Koproduktion von Substanz P und Serotonin, in den Inseln des adulten Duodenums keine Koproduktion von Serotonin und PYY. Tyrosinhydroxylase ist im adulten Duodenum auβerhalb der Krypten und in den Zotten vorhanden, zeigt aber im Gegensatz zum endokrinen Pankreas hier keine Kolokalisation mit NEUROD. Auch NPY ist im adulten Duodenum nachweisbar, und zwar in den Krypten wie auch in den Zotten. In der Lamina propria mucosae des adulten Duodenums liegen wie im adulten exokrinen Pankreas feine Fasern vor, die auch hier NEUROD-immunpositiv sind.
Auch in der hypophysären Pars tuberalis ist die NEUROD-Ir in MT1-defizienten Mäusen geringer ausgeprägt als in WT und nicht rhythmisch. Daher scheint auch in diesem Gewebe Melatonin einen (indirekten) stimulierenden Effekt auf die Synthese von NEUROD zu haben. Dies ist von besonderem Interesse, da die Pars tuberalis der einzige Anteil der Hypophyse ist, der Melatoninrezeptoren enthält und über parakrine Faktoren die jahreszeitliche Hormonsynthese der Pars distalis beeinflussen kann. Diese Arbeit zeigt zum ersten Mal das Vorkommen der Hormone Ghrelin, GIP und Secretin in der Pars tuberalis. GIP ist teilweise mit NEUROD kolokalisiert. Dieser Befund unterstreicht die Rolle der Pars tuberalis für die rhythmische Nahrungsaufnahme.
Im Hippocampus (Gyrus dentatus, CA1 und CA3 Region) zeigt die NEUROD-Ir in MT1-defizienten und WT Mäusen ein ähnliches Tagesprofil. Daher scheint das MT1-vermittelte Melatoninsignal keinen Effekt auf die Synthese von NEUROD zu haben. Auch im Neuropil der Eminentia mediana sowie in den Ependymzellen des dritten Ventrikels ist kein eindeutiger Effekt des MT1-Defizits auf die NEUROD-Ir festzustellen. Offenbar wird die Synthese von NEUROD in neuronalen Strukturen, anders als in peripheren Strukturen, nicht über Melatonin (MT1) beeinflusst.
Die Rolle des molekularen Uhrwerkes auf die Synthese von NEUROD wurde durch die vergleichende Analyse der NEUROD-Ir in WT und PER1-defizienten Mäusen untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass der negative Regulator PER1 offenbar einen hemmenden Einfluss auf die Synthese von NEUROD in Pankreas und Hippocampus (Gyrus dentatus, CA1 und CA3 Region) ausübt. PER1 hemmt im molekularen Uhrwerk rhythmisch die CLOCK:BMAL1 vermittelte Genexpression. Fehlt PER1, wird auch die Inhibition der Expression von uhrenkontrollierten Genen, deren rhythmische Expression vom molekularen Uhrwerk gesteuert wird, geschwächt. Dadurch kommt es zur Enthemmung der Expression von uhrenkontrollierten Genen und zu einer Steigerung der entsprechenden Proteinsynthese. Die vergleichende Analyse von WT und PER1-defizienten Määusen deutet darauf hin, dass NeuroD ein uhrenkontrolliertes Gen sein könnte. Dies ist insbesonders interessant im Hinblick auf die wichtige Rolle von NEUROD bei der adulten Neurogenese.
Im Hippocampus (Gyrus dentatus, CA1 und CA3 Region) findet sich die NEUROD-Ir in Neuronen der Körnerschicht und in der polymorphen Schicht bzw. in Pyramidenzellen. Dabei scheinen besonders unreife Neuronen NEUROD-positiv zu sein. Es besteht teilweise Kolokalisation mit Ghrelin, nicht jedoch mit den Melatonin-Rezeptoren MT1 und MT2.
Im mediobasalen Hypothalamus findet sich die NEUROD-Ir im Neuropil von Tractus hypothalamohypophysealis, Zona externa infundibuli sowie in den Ependymzellen des dritten Ventrikels als auch in Neuronen des Nucleus arcuatus. Diese zeigen jedoch keine nukleäre NeuN-Ir. Die Ependymzellen des dritten Ventrikels zeigen nur eine schwache NEUROD-Ir, es besteht keine Kolokalisation von NEUROD mit GFAP. GIP ist, wie oben für die Pars tuberalis beschrieben, in Tractus hypothalamohypophysealis und Zona externa infundibuli vorhanden und zeigt teilweise Kolokalisation mit NEUROD. Secretin ist im mediobasalen Hypothalamus relativ homogen verteilt vorhanden. In Tractus hypothalamohypophysealis, Zona externa infundibuli und Nucleus arcuatus besteht eine starke Ir mit Vimentin, das Fibroblasten, Leukozyten und Endothel-Zellen der Blutgefäβe markiert. Auch die Melatonin-Rezeptoren MT1 und MT2 finden sich in Tractus hypothalamohypophysealis und Zona externa infundibuli. Es besteht jedoch keine Kolokalisation mit NEUROD.
The ability to escape apoptosis or programmed cell death is a hallmark of human cancers, for example pancreatic cancer. This can promote tumorigenesis, since too little cell death by apoptosis disturbs tissue homeostasis. Additionally, defective apoptosis signaling is the underlying cause of failure to respond to current treatment approaches, since therapy-mediated antitumor activity requires the intactness of apoptosis signaling pathways in cancer cells. Thus, the elucidation of defects in the regulation of apoptosis in pancreatic carcinoma can result in the identification of novel targets for therapeutic interference and for exploitation for cancer drug discovery. Keywords: apoptosis; pancreatic cancer; TRAIL; IAPs; mitochondria
The BCR/ABL fusion protein is the hallmark of Philadelphia Chromosome positive (Ph+) leukemia. The constitutive activation of the ABL-kinase in BCR/ABL cells induces the leukemic phenotype. Targeted inhibition of BCR/ABL by small molecule inhibitors reverses the transformation potential of BCR/ABL. Recently, we definitively proved that targeting the tetramerization of BCR/ABL mediated by the N-terminal coiled-coil domain (CC) using competitive peptides, representing the helix-2 of the CC, represents a valid therapeutic approach for treating Ph+ leukemia. To further develop competitive peptides for targeting BCR/ABL, we created a membrane permeable helix-2 peptide (MPH-2) by fusing the helix-2 peptide with a peptide transduction tag. In this study, we report that the MPH-2: (i) interacted with BCR/ABL in vivo; (ii) efficiently inhibited the autophosphorylation of BCR/ABL; (iii) suppressed the growth and viability of Ph+ leukemic cells; and (iv) was efficiently transduced into mononuclear cells (MNC) in an in vivo mouse model.
This study provides the first evidence that an efficient peptide transduction system facilitates the employment of competitive peptides to target the oligomerization interface of BCR/ABL in vivo.
Temporal information processing in short- and long-term memory of patients with schizophrenia
(2011)
Cognitive deficits of patients with schizophrenia have been largely recognized as core symptoms of the disorder. One neglected factor that contributes to these deficits is the comprehension of time. In the present study, we assessed temporal information processing and manipulation from short- and long-term memory in 34 patients with chronic schizophrenia and 34 matched healthy controls. On the short-term memory temporal-order reconstruction task, an incidental or intentional learning strategy was deployed. Patients showed worse overall performance than healthy controls. The intentional learning strategy led to dissociable performance improvement in both groups. Whereas healthy controls improved on a performance measure (serial organization), patients improved on an error measure (inappropriate semantic clustering) when using the intentional instead of the incidental learning strategy. On the long-term memory script-generation task, routine and non-routine events of everyday activities (e.g., buying groceries) had to be generated in either chronological or inverted temporal order. Patients were slower than controls at generating events in the chronological routine condition only. They also committed more sequencing and boundary errors in the inverted conditions. The number of irrelevant events was higher in patients in the chronological, non-routine condition. These results suggest that patients with schizophrenia imprecisely access temporal information from short- and long-term memory. In short-term memory, processing of temporal information led to a reduction in errors rather than, as was the case in healthy controls, to an improvement in temporal-order recall. When accessing temporal information from long-term memory, patients were slower and committed more sequencing, boundary, and intrusion errors. Together, these results suggest that time information can be accessed and processed only imprecisely by patients who provide evidence for impaired time comprehension. This could contribute to symptomatic cognitive deficits and strategic inefficiency in schizophrenia.
Temporal regularity allows predicting the temporal locus of future information thereby potentially facilitating cognitive processing. We applied event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to investigate how temporal regularity impacts pre-attentive and attentive processing of deviance in the auditory modality. Participants listened to sequences of sinusoidal tones differing exclusively in pitch. The inter-stimulus interval (ISI) in these sequences was manipulated to convey either isochronous or random temporal structure. In the pre-attentive session, deviance processing was unaffected by the regularity manipulation as evidenced in three event-related-potentials (ERPs): mismatch negativity (MMN), P3a, and reorienting negativity (RON). In the attentive session, the P3b was smaller for deviant tones embedded in irregular temporal structure, while the N2b component remained unaffected. These findings confirm that temporal regularity can reinforce cognitive mechanisms associated with the attentive processing of deviance. Furthermore, they provide evidence for the dynamic allocation of attention in time and dissociable pre-attentive and attention-dependent temporal processing mechanisms.
Background: The ventral midbrain contains a diverse array of neurons, including dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN) and neurons of the red nucleus (RN). Dopaminergic and RN neurons have been shown to arise from ventral mesencephalic precursors that express Sonic Hedgehog (Shh). However, Shh expression, which is initially confined to the mesencephalic ventral midline, expands laterally and is then downregulated in the ventral midline. In contrast, expression of the Hedgehog target gene Gli1 initiates in the ventral midline prior to Shh expression, but after the onset of Shh expression it is expressed in precursors lateral to Shh-positive cells. Given these dynamic gene expression patterns, Shh and Gli1 expression could delineate different progenitor populations at distinct embryonic time points. Results: We employed genetic inducible fate mapping (GIFM) to investigate whether precursors that express Shh (Shh-GIFM) or transduce Shh signaling (Gli1-GIFM) at different time points give rise to different ventral midbrain cell types. We find that precursors restricted to the ventral midline are labeled at embryonic day (E)7.5 with Gli1-GIFM, and with Shh-GIFM at E8.5. These precursors give rise to all subtypes of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and the anterior RN. A broader domain of progenitors that includes the ventral midline is marked with Gli1-GIFM at E8.5 and with Shh-GIFM at E9.5; these fate-mapped cells also contribute to all midbrain dopaminergic subtypes and to the entire RN. In contrast, a lateral progenitor domain that is labeled with Gli1-GIFM at E9.5 and with Shh-GIFM at E11.5 has a markedly reduced potential to give rise to the RN and to SN dopaminergic neurons, and preferentially gives rise to the ventral-medial VTA. In addition, cells derived from Shh- and Gli1-expressing progenitors located outside of the ventral midline give rise to astrocytes. Conclusions: We define a ventral midbrain precursor map based on the timing of Gli1 and Shh expression, and suggest that the diversity of midbrain dopaminergic neurons is at least partially determined during their precursor stage when their medial-lateral position, differential gene expression and the time when they leave the ventricular zone influence their fate decisions.
The chitinase-like protein YKL-40 was found to be increased in patients with severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), two disease conditions featuring neutrophilic infiltrates. Based on these studies and a previous report indicating that neutrophils secrete YKL-40, we hypothesized that YKL-40 plays a key role in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease, a prototypic neutrophilic disease. The aim of this study was (i) to analyze YKL-40 levels in human and murine CF lung disease and (ii) to investigate whether YKL-40 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) modulate CF lung disease severity. YKL-40 protein levels were quantified in serum and sputum supernatants from CF patients and control individuals. Levels of the murine homologue BRP-39 were analyzed in airway fluids from CF-like βENaC-Tg mice. YKL-40SNPs were analyzed in CF patients. YKL-40 levels were increased in sputum supernatants and in serum from CF patients compared to healthy control individuals. Within CF patients, YKL-40 levels were higher in sputum than in serum. BRP-39 levels were increased in airways fluids from βENaC-Tg mice compared to wild-type littermates. In both CF patients and βENaC-Tg mice, YKL-40/BRP-39 airway levels correlated with the severity of pulmonary obstruction. Two YKL-40 SNPs (rs871799 and rs880633) were found to modulate age-adjusted lung function in CF patients. YKL-40/BRP-39 levelsare increased in human and murine CF airway fluids, correlate with pulmonary function and modulate CF lung disease severity genetically. These findings suggest YKL-40 as a potential biomarker in CF lung disease.
Background: Although being considered as a rarely observed HIV-1 protease mutation in clinical isolates, the L76V-prevalence increased 1998-2008 in some European countries most likely due to the approval of Lopinavir, Amprenavir and Darunavir which can select L76V. Beside an enhancement of resistance, L76V is also discussed to confer hypersusceptibility to the drugs Atazanavir and Saquinavir which might enable new treatment strategies by trying to take advantage of particular mutations. Results: Based on a cohort of 47 L76V-positive patients, we examined if there might exist a clinical advantage for L76V-positive patients concerning long-term success of PI-containing regimens in patients with limited therapy options. Genotypic- and phenotypic HIV-resistance tests from 47 mostly multi-resistant, L76V-positive patients throughout Germany were accomplished retrospectively 1999-2009. Five genotype-based drug-susceptibility predictions received from online interpretation-tools for Atazanavir, Saquinavir, Amprenavir and Lopinavir, were compared to phenotype-based predictions that were determined by using a recombinant virus assay along with a Virtual Phenotype™(Virco). The clinical outcome of the L76V-adapted follow-up therapy was determined by monitoring viral load for 96 weeks. Conclusions: In this analysis, the mostly used interpretation systems overestimated the L76V-mutation concerning Atazanavir- and SQV resistance. In fact, a clear benefit in drug susceptibility for these drugs was observed in phenotype analysis after establishment of L76V. More importantly, long-term therapy success was significantly higher in patients receiving Atazanavir and/or Saquinavir plus one L76V-selecting drug compared to patients without L76V-selecting agents (p = 0.002). In case of L76V-occurrence ATV and/or SQV may represent encouraging options for patients in deep salvage situations.
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, believed to be triggered by an autoimmune reaction to myelin. Recently, a fundamentally different pathomechanism termed ‘chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency’ (CCSVI) was proposed, provoking significant attention in the media and scientific community.
Methods: Twenty MS patients (mean age 42.2±13.3 years; median Extended Disability Status Scale 3.0, range 0–6.5) were compared with 20 healthy controls. Extra- and intracranial venous flow direction was assessed by colour-coded duplex sonography, and extracranial venous cross-sectional area (VCSA) of the internal jugular and vertebral veins (IJV/VV) was measured in B-mode to assess the five previously proposed CCSVI criteria. IJV-VCSA≤0.3 cm2 indicated ‘stenosis,’ and IJV-VCSA decrease from supine to upright position ‘reverted postural control.’ The sonographer, data analyser and statistician were blinded to the patient/control status of the participants.
Results: No participant showed retrograde flow of cervical or intracranial veins. IJV-VCSA≤0.3 cm2 was found in 13 MS patients versus 16 controls (p=0.48). A decrease in IJV-VCSA from supine to upright position was observed in all participants, but this denotes a physiological finding. No MS patient and one control had undetectable IJV flow despite deep inspiration (p=0.49). Only one healthy control and no MS patients fulfilled at least two criteria for CCSVI.
Conclusions: This triple-blinded extra- and transcranial duplex sonographic assessment of cervical and cerebral veins does not provide supportive evidence for the presence of CCSVI in MS patients. The findings cast serious doubt on the concept of CCSVI in MS.
Acupuncture is a therapy based on sensory stimulation of the human
body by means of metal needles. The exact underlying mechanisms of
acupuncture have not been clarified so far. Functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI) has become an important tool in
acupuncture research. Standard acupuncture needles, which are made
of ferromagnetic steel, however, are problematic in
acupuncture-fMRI studies for several reasons, such as attraction
by the scanner's magnetic field, significant image distortions and
signal-dropouts, when positioned close to the head or even heating
due to absorption of radio frequency (RF). The aim of this study
was to compare two novel types of acupuncture needles with a
standard needle for their effect on MRI image quality. The
standard needle severely reduced image quality, when located
inside the RF coil. The nonferromagnetic metal needle may pose a
risk due to RF heating, while the plastic needle has a
significantly larger diameter. In conclusion, our recommendations
are: (1) standard needles should not be used in MRI; (2)
Nonferromagnetic metal needles seem to be the best choice for
acupoints outside of the transmitter coil; and (3) only plastic
needles are suited for points inside the coil. Laser acupuncture
may be a safe alternative, too.
The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma during sepsis-induced lymphopenia
(2011)
Sepsis is one of the most common diseases on intensive care units all over the world and accounts there for the highest mortality rate. One of the hallmarks of sepsis is an accelerated T-cell apoptosis, resulting in a compromised immune state with the inability to eradicate pathogens. This promotes organ damage or even organ failure. A multiple organ dysfunction evolves, which often ends up in septic shock and death. Recently, it was shown that severe T-cell depletion correlates with sepsis mortality. When inhibiting T-cell apoptosis, an increased mouse survival was observed in experimental sepsis. ...
The E3 ubiquitin ligase MYCBP2 negatively regulates neuronal growth, synaptogenesis, and synaptic strength. More recently it was shown that MYCBP2 is also involved in receptor and ion channel internalization. We found that mice with a MYCBP2-deficiency in peripheral sensory neurons show prolonged thermal hyperalgesia. Loss of MYCBP2 constitutively activated p38 MAPK and increased expression of several proteins involved in receptor trafficking. Surprisingly, loss of MYCBP2 inhibited internalization of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) and prevented desensitization of capsaicin-induced calcium increases. Lack of desensitization, TRPV internalization and prolonged hyperalgesia were reversed by inhibition of p38 MAPK. The effects were TRPV-specific, since neither mustard oil-induced desensitization nor behavioral responses to mechanical stimuli were affected. In summary, we show here for the first time that p38 MAPK activation can inhibit activity-induced ion channel internalization and that MYCBP2 regulates internalization of TRPV1 in peripheral sensory neurons as well as duration of thermal hyperalgesia through p38 MAPK.
Background: Endothelin-1 signalling plays an important role in pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. Although different endothelin-A receptor antagonists are developed, a novel therapeutic option to cure the disease is still needed. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of the selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist TBC3711 in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats.
Methods: Monocrotaline-injected male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized and treated orally from day 21 to 35 either with TBC3711 (Dose: 30 mg/kg body weight/day) or placebo. Echocardiographic measurements of different hemodynamic and right-heart hypertrophy parameters were performed. After day 35, rats were sacrificed for invasive hemodynamic and right-heart hypertrophy measurements. Additionally, histologic assessment of pulmonary vascular and right-heart remodelling was performed.
Results: The novel endothelin-A receptor antagonist TBC3711 significantly attenuated monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension, as evident from improved hemodynamics and right-heart hypertrophy in comparison with placebo group. In addition, muscularization and medial wall thickness of distal pulmonary vessels were ameliorated. The histologic evaluation of the right ventricle showed a significant reduction in fibrosis and cardiomyocyte size, suggesting an improvement in right-heart remodelling.
Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist TBC3711 demonstrates therapeutic benefit in rats with established pulmonary hypertension, thus representing a useful therapeutic approach for treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
Endovaskuläres Stenting der thorakalen Aorta- halten die Langzeitergebnisse was die frühen Ergebnisse erwarten ließen? Hintergrund: Die frühen Ergebnisse des Endovaskulären Stentings sind in der Literatur gut dokumentiert. Das Anliegen dieser Studie ist es Langzeitergebnisse der Patienten die sich endovaskulärem Stenting der thorakalen Aorta unterzogen zu ermitteln. Methode: Insgesamt 92 Patienten unterzogen sich endovaskulärem Stenting, als Erkrankungen wurden hierbei Läsionen der thorakalen Aorta (thorakales Aortenaneuysma n=45, Typ B Dissektion n=31, traumatische Ruptur n=16) behandelt. Insgesamt waren es 62 männliche und 30 weibliche Patienten. Der Follow-up Zeitraum betrug zwischen 1-7 Jahren, der mittlere Follow-up Zeitraum lag bei 4,05 Jahren. Die Patienten wurden in jährlichen Intervallen nachuntersucht. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt belief sich die Mortalität auf 27.2% (n=25). Unterteilt in 30 Tage-Mortalität, die sich auf 9.8% (n=9) belief und die Spätmortalität mit 17.4% (n=16). 5 (5.4%) Patienten erlitten einen Schlaganfall , 3 Fälle von Paraplegie (3.2%). 7 Patienten (7.6%) entwickelten Endoleaks, 5 von ihnen starben während des Follow-up Zeitraums und 3 benötigten chirurgische Reoperation wegen persistierender Perfusion und Vergrößerung des Aneurysmasacks. Zusammenfassung: Langzeitergebnisse zeigen eine Stentgraft assoziierte Morbidität und Sterblichkeit. Deshalb ist eine regelmäßige Kontrolle unerlässlich.
TIM23-mediated insertion of transmembrane alpha-helices into the mitochondrial inner membrane
(2011)
While overall hydrophobicity is generally recognized as the main characteristic of transmembrane (TM) alpha-helices, the only membrane system for which there are detailed quantitative data on how different amino acids contribute to the overall efficiency of membrane insertion is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells. Here, we provide comparable data for TIM23-mediated membrane protein insertion into the inner mitochondrial membrane of yeast cells. We find that hydrophobicity and the location of polar and aromatic residues are strong determinants of membrane insertion. These results parallel what has been found previously for the ER. However, we see striking differences between the effects elicited by charged residues flanking the TM segments when comparing the mitochondrial inner membrane and the ER, pointing to an unanticipated difference between the two insertion systems. Keywords: CoxVa , membrane protein , Mgm1p , mitochondria , TIM23
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major contributor to indoor air pollution. Since decades it is well documented that ETS can be harmful to human health and cause premature death and disease. In comparison to the huge research on toxicological substances of ETS, less attention was paid on the concentration of indoor ETS-dependent particulate matter (PM). Especially, investigation that focuses on different tobacco products and their concentration of deeply into the airways depositing PM-fractions (PM10, PM2.5 and PM1) must be stated. The tobacco smoke particles and indoor air quality study (ToPIQS) will approach this issue by device supported generation of indoor ETS and simultaneously measurements of PM concentration by laser aerosol spectrometry. Primarily, the ToPIQ study will conduct a field research with focus on PM concentration of different tobacco products and within various microenvironments. It is planned to extend the analysis to basic research on influencing factors of ETS-dependent PM concentration.
High attrition rates of novel anti-cancer drugs highlight the need for improved models to predict toxicity. Although polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) inhibitors are attractive candidates for drug development, the role of Plk1 in primary cells remains widely unexplored. Therefore, we evaluated the utility of an RNA interference-based model to assess responses to an inducible knockdown (iKD) of Plk1 in adult mice. Here we show that Plk1 silencing can be achieved in several organs, although adverse events are rare. We compared responses in Plk1-iKD mice with those in primary cells kept under controlled culture conditions. In contrast to the addiction of many cancer cell lines to the non-oncogene Plk1, the primary cells' proliferation, spindle assembly and apoptosis exhibit only a low dependency on Plk1. Responses to Plk1-depletion, both in cultured primary cells and in our iKD-mouse model, correspond well and thus provide the basis for using validated iKD mice in predicting responses to therapeutic interventions.