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Objective: To evaluate if 3 peptides derived from the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), which wounded zones of cartilage secrete into synovial fluid, possess biological activity and might therefore be involved in the regulation of specific aspects of joint regeneration.
Methods: The 3 peptides were produced by chemical synthesis and then tested in vitro for known functions of the COMP C-terminal domain from which they derive, and which are involved in osteoarthritis: transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, vascular homeostasis, and inflammation. Results. None of the peptides affected the gene expression of COMP in osteochondral progenitor cells (P > 0.05). We observed no effects on the vascularization potential of endothelial cells (P > 0.05). In cultured synovium explants, no differences on the expression of catabolic enzymes or proinflammatory cytokines were found when peptides were added (P > 0.05).
Discussion and conclusions: The 3 peptides tested do not regulate TGF-β signaling, angiogenesis and vascular tube formation, or synovial inflammation in vitro and therefore most likely do not play a major role in the disease process.
Background: The number of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) infections is increasing due to an increased number of ICD implants, higher-risk patients, and more frequent replacement procedures, which carry a higher risk of infection. Reducing the morbidity, mortality, and cost of ICD-related infections requires an understanding of the current rate of this complication and its predictors.
Methods: The Shock Implant Evaluation Trial (SIMPLE) trial randomized 2500 ICD recipients to defibrillation testing or not. Over an average of 3.1 years, patients were seen every 6 months and examined for evidence of ICD infection, which was defined as requiring device removal and/or intravenous antibiotics.
Results: Within 24 months, 21 patients (0.8%) developed infection. Fourteen patients (67%) with infection presented within 30 days, 20 patients by 12 months, and only 1 patient beyond 12 months. Univariate analysis demonstrated that patients with primary electrical disorders (3 patients, P = 0.009) and those with a secondary prevention indication (13 patients, P = 0.0009) were more likely to develop infection. Among the 2.2% of patients who developed an ICD wound hematoma, 10.4% developed an infection. Among the 8.3% of patients requiring an ICD reintervention, 1.9% developed an infection.
Conclusions: This cohort of ICD recipients at high-volume centres have a low risk of device-related infection. However; strategies to reduce wound hematoma and the need for ICD reintervention could further reduce the rate of infection.
This article reports an investigation of how inhibition contributes to fluid reasoning when it is decomposed into the reasoning ability, item-position, and speed components to control for possible method effects. Working memory was also taken into consideration. A sample of 223 university students completed a fluid reasoning scale, two tasks tapping prepotent response inhibition, and two working memory tasks. Fixed-links modeling was used to separate the effect of reasoning ability from the effects of item-position and speed. The goodness-of-fit results confirmed the necessity to consider the reasoning ability, item-position, and speed components simultaneously. Prepotent response inhibition was only associated with reasoning ability. This association disappeared when working memory served as a mediator. Taken together, these results reflect the inhomogeneity of what is tapped by the fluid reasoning scale on one hand and, on the other, suggest inhibition as an important component of working memory.
ISOE-Newsletter 03/2020
(2020)
Neues Verständnis von sozial-ökologischen Transformationen +++ Digitalisierung in der Wasserwirtschaft: Lücken in der Cybersicherheit +++ Digitalisierung und Geschlechtergerechtigkeit – (auch) eine Frage der Technikfolgenabschätzung +++ Akademie für Transdisziplinäre Forschung: Start der Plattform tdAcademy +++ Wirkungsforschung für Zukunftsstadtprojekte +++ Umweltfreundliche Bekämpfung der Asiatischen Buschmücke +++ Biodiversitätsforschung: Studie zu Konfliktlinien beim Thema Insektenschutz +++ Wie Infrastrukturen zur Klimaanpassung in Städten beitragen können +++ Termine +++ Publikationen
ISOE-Newsletter 04/2020
(2020)
Laborstudie zur Toxizität von Produkten aus Biomaterialien: „Bioplastik“ ist keine unbedenkliche Alternative zu herkömmlichen Kunststoffen +++ Neue Nachwuchsgruppe „regulate“: Forschung für eine nachhaltige Grundwasserbewirtschaftung in Europa +++ Aus der Wissenschaft in die Praxis: Zwei neue Erklärfilme unterstützen Wissenstransfer +++ Leseempfehlung: Der Müll in unseren Meeren – Sinnbild der Wegwerfgesellschaft +++ Hessischer Tag der Nachhaltigkeit: Exkursion an die Weschnitz mit Dialog und Aktion +++ Daseinsvorsorge im Alltag: Verbesserung von Lebensqualität durch interkommunale Kooperation +++ Aus dem ISOE: Neuer Vorsitz des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats +++ Termine +++ Publikationen
On the basis of the economic theory of network effects, this article provides a novel explanation of the so-called patent paradox, i.e. the question why the propensity to patent is so strong when the expected average value of most patents is low. It demonstrates that the patent system of a country resembles a telephone network or a social media platform. Patents are perceived as nodes in a virtual network that, as a whole, exhibits network effects. It is explained why patents are not independent of other patents but that they complement each other in several ways both within and beyond markets and fields of technology, and that patents thus create synchronization value over and above individual interests of patent holders in exclusivity. As a consequence, the more patents there are, the more valuable it is to also seek patents, and vice versa. Since patents thus display increasing returns to adoption, the willingness to pay for the next patent slopes upwards. This explains why, after a phase of early instability and a certain tipping point, many countries’ patent systems expanded quickly and eventually became a rigid standard (“lock-in”). The concluding section raises the question what regulatory measures are suitable to effectively address the ensuing anticommons effects.