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Radar technology in the millimeter-wave frequency band offers many interesting features for wind park surveillance, such as structural monitoring of rotor blades or the detection of bats and birds in the vicinity of wind turbines (WTs). Currently, the majority of WTs are affected by shutdown algorithms to minimize animal fatalities via direct collision with the rotor blades or barotrauma effects. The presence of rain is an important parameter in the definition of those algorithms together with wind speed, temperature, time of the day, and season of the year. A Ka-band frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar (33.4-36.0 GHz) installed at the tower of a 2-MW WT was used during a field study. We have observed characteristic rain-induced patterns, based on the range-Doppler algorithm. To better understand those signatures, we have developed a laboratory experiment and implemented a numerical modeling framework. Experimental and numerical results for rain detection and classification are presented and discussed here. Based on this article, a bat- and bird-friendly adaptive WT control can be developed for improved WT efficiency in periods of rain and, at the same time, reduced animal mortality.
Objective: To study the effect of total hip replacement (THR) on serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein concentration (sCOMP) and its correlation with joint loading during gait in patients with unilateral hip osteoarthritis.
Design: In this prospective multimodal (clinical, biomechanical, biochemical) study blood samples from 15 patients were taken before and up to three times after THR (7 days, 3 months and 1 year), each after a resting period of at least 30 min, for analysis of sCOMP. Gait analysis was performed before and 1 year after THR to determine hip and knee joint moments.
Results: Seven days after THR, sCOMP decreased significantly compared to the preoperative measurement (p < 0.001). Three months and 1 year postoperatively, sCOMP reverted to concentrations in the range of the preoperative value. One year postoperatively, a linear correlation between sCOMP and the maximum hip flexion moment was indicated in the first half of the stance phase on the unaffected side (r = −0.736, p = 0.024). No further correlations could be determined.
Conclusions: Surprisingly, the removal of a joint affected by osteoarthritis did not have a sustained effect on sCOMP. Both before and after THR there was no scientifically substantiated correlation between sCOMP and joint moments from gait analysis. Consequently, the examination of sCOMP is not useful to detect altered joint loads that may influence degenerative changes of adjacent joints after THR.
The registration number in the German Registry of Clinical Trials is DRKS00015053.
With the rapid growth of technology in recent years, we are surrounded by or even dependent on the use of technological devices such as smartphones as they are now an indispensable part of our life. Smartphone applications (apps) provide a wide range of utilities such as navigation, entertainment, fitness, etc. To provide such context-sensitive services to users, apps need to access users' data including sensitive ones, which in turn, can potentially lead to privacy invasions. To protect users against potential privacy invasions in such a vulnerable ecosystem, legislation such as the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR) demands best privacy practices. Therefore, app developers are required to make their apps compatible with legal privacy principles enforced by law. However, this is not an easy task for app developers to comprehend purely legal principles to understand what needs to be implemented. Similarly, bridging the gap between legal principles and technical implementations to understand how legal principles need to be implemented is another barrier to develop privacy-friendly apps. To this end, this paper proposes a privacy and security design guide catalog for app developers to assist them in understanding and adopting the most relevant privacy and security principles in the context of smartphone apps. The presented catalog is aimed at mapping the identified legal principles to practical privacy and security solutions that can be implemented by developers to ensure enhanced privacy aligned with existing legislation. Through conducting a case study, it is confirmed that there is a significant gap between what developers are doing in reality and what they promise to do. This paper provides researchers and developers of privacy-related technicalities an overview of the characteristics of existing privacy requirements needed to be implemented in smartphone ecosystems, on which they can base their work.
Inclusions of breyite (previously known as walstromite-structured CaSiO3) in diamond are usually interpreted as retrogressed CaSiO3 perovskite trapped in the transition zone or the lower mantle. However, the thermodynamic stability field of breyite does not preclude its crystallization together with diamond under upper-mantle conditions (6–10 GPa). The possibility of breyite forming in subducted sedimentary material through the reaction CaCO3 + SiO2 = CaSiO3 + C + O2 was experimentally evaluated in the CaO–SiO2–C–O2 ± H2O system at 6–10 GPa, 900–1500 ∘C and oxygen fugacity 0.5–1.0 log units below the Fe–FeO (IW) buffer. One experimental series was conducted in the anhydrous subsystem and aimed at determining the melting temperature of the aragonite–coesite (or stishovite) assemblage. It was found that melting occurs at a lower temperature (∼1500 ∘C) than the decarbonation reaction, which indicates that breyite cannot be formed from aragonite and silica under anhydrous conditions and an oxygen fugacity above IW – 1. In the second experimental series, we investigated partial melting of an aragonite–coesite mixture under hydrous conditions at the same pressures and redox conditions. The melting temperature in the presence of water decreased strongly (to 900–1200 ∘C), and the melt had a hydrous silicate composition. The reduction of melt resulted in graphite crystallization in equilibrium with titanite-structured CaSi2O5 and breyite at ∼1000 ∘C. The maximum pressure of possible breyite formation is limited by the reaction CaSiO3 + SiO2 = CaSi2O5 at ∼8 GPa. Based on the experimental results, it is concluded that breyite inclusions found in natural diamond may be formed from an aragonite–coesite assemblage or carbonate melt at 6–8 GPa via reduction at high water activity.
Background: Experienced and anticipated regret influence physicians’ decision-making. In medicine, diagnostic decisions and diagnostic errors can have a severe impact on both patients and physicians. Little empirical research exists on regret experienced by physicians when they make diagnostic decisions in primary care that later prove inappropriate or incorrect. The aim of this study was to explore the experience of regret following diagnostic decisions in primary care.
Methods: In this qualitative study, we used an online questionnaire on a sample of German primary care physicians. We asked participants to report on cases in which the final diagnosis differed from their original opinion, and in which treatment was at the very least delayed, possibly resulting in harm to the patient. We asked about original and final diagnoses, illness trajectories, and the reactions of other physicians, patients and relatives. We used thematic analysis to assess the data, supported by MAXQDA 11 and Microsoft Excel 2016.
Results: 29 GPs described one case each (14 female/15 male patients, aged 1.5–80 years, response rate < 1%). In 26 of 29 cases, the final diagnosis was more serious than the original diagnosis. In two cases, the diagnoses were equally serious, and in one case less serious. Clinical trajectories and the reactions of patients and relatives differed widely. Although only one third of cases involved preventable harm to patients, the vast majority (27 of 29) of physicians expressed deep feelings of regret.
Conclusion: Even if harm to patients is unavoidable, regret following diagnostic decisions can be devastating for clinicians, making them ‘second victims’. Procedures and tools are needed to analyse cases involving undesirable diagnostic events, so that ‘true’ diagnostic errors, in which harm could have been prevented, can be distinguished from others. Further studies should also explore how physicians can be supported in dealing with such events in order to prevent them from practicing defensive medicine.
We contribute to the foundations of tropical geometry with a view toward formulating tropical moduli problems, and with the moduli space of curves as our main example. We propose a moduli functor for the moduli space of curves and show that it is representable by a geometric stack over the category of rational polyhedral cones. In this framework, the natural forgetful morphisms between moduli spaces of curves with marked points function as universal curves.
Our approach to tropical geometry permits tropical moduli problems—moduli of curves or otherwise—to be extended to logarithmic schemes. We use this to construct a smooth tropicalization morphism from the moduli space of algebraic curves to the moduli space of tropical curves, and we show that this morphism commutes with all of the tautological morphisms.
Background: Point of care devices for performing targeted coagulation substitution in patients who are bleeding have become increasingly important in recent years. New on the market is the Quantra. It is a device that uses sonorheometry, a sonic estimation of elasticity via resonance, which is a novel ultrasound-based technology that measures viscoelastic properties of whole blood. Several studies have already shown the comparability of the Quantra with devices already established on the market, such as the rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) device.
Objective: In contrast to existing studies, this study is the first prospective interventional study using this new system in a cardiac surgical patient cohort. We will investigate the noninferiority between an already existing coagulation algorithm based on the ROTEM/Multiplate system and a new algorithm based on the Quantra system for the treatment of coagulopathic cardiac surgical patients.
Methods: The study is divided into two phases. In an initial observation phase, whole blood samples of 20 patients obtained at three defined time points (prior to surgery, after completion of cardiopulmonary bypass, and on arrival in the intensive care unit) will be analyzed using both the ROTEM/Multiplate and Quantra systems. The obtained threshold values will be used to develop a novel algorithm for hemotherapy. In a second intervention phase, the new algorithm will be tested for noninferiority against an algorithm used routinely for years in our department.
Results: The main objective of the examination is the cumulative loss of blood within 24 hours after surgery. Statistical calculations based on the literature and in-house data suggest that the new algorithm is not inferior if the difference in cumulative blood loss is <150 mL/24 hours.
Conclusions: Because of the comparability of the Quantra sonorheometry system with the ROTEM measurement methods, the existing hemotherapy treatment algorithm can be adapted to the Quantra device with proof of noninferiority.
Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03902275; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03902275
International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/17206
The present paper aims at providing empirical evidence for dialectal variation concerning the perception of the central vowel [ɐ] in European Portuguese (EP). More concretely, this study compares the perception of the contrast between [a] and [ɐ] by native speakers of two varieties of EP: 23 speakers of a northern Portuguese dialect (from the city of Braga) and 23 speakers of the Littoral Center variety of EP (from the city of Lisbon, defined as Standard European Portuguese (SEP)). Based on a discrimination test, the results show that the two groups of speakers differ with respect to the perception of the contrast between the two central vowels under investigation. The speakers of the northern variety differentiate less between the two central vowels compared to the speakers from Lisbon.
Zoos attract millions of visitors every year, many of whom are schoolchildren. For this reason, zoos are important institutions for the environmental education of future generations. Empirical studies on the educational impact of environmental education programs in zoos are still rare. To address this issue, we conducted two studies: In study 1, we investigated students’ interests in different biological topics, including zoos (n = 1,587). Data analysis of individual topics revealed large differences of interest, with advanced students showing less interest in zoos. In study 2, we invited school classes of this age group to visit different guided tours at the zoo and tested connection to nature before and after each educational intervention (n = 608). The results showed that the guided tours are an effective tool to raise students’ connection to nature. Add-on components have the potential to further promote connection to nature. The education programs are most effective with students with a low initial nature connection.