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Ende November hat Bundesjustizministerin Christine Lamprecht (SPD) vorgeschlagen, das Grundgesetz zu ändern und darin ausdrücklich Kinderrechte zu verankern. Der Vorschlag befindet sich derzeit in der Ressortabstimmung. Auf dem Verfassungsblog hat sich Friederike Wapler kritisch mit diesem Entwurf auseinandergesetzt und am Ende empfohlen, statt einer schlechten Grundgesetzänderung lieber gar keine zu verabschieden. Ich hingegen halte eine solche Grundgesetzänderung für ebenso sinnvoll wie möglich.
Maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function is critical on national and global scales. However, while only a fraction of the global biodiversity is known, its current decline is unprecedented, making biodiversity hotspots a conservation priority. The Sierra Gorda Biodiversity Reserve (SGBR) in Central Mexico is known for its rich biodiversity. It is an example of the juxtaposition between species discovery and extinction: aquatic species richness is mostly unknown as no efforts have investigated aquatic communities so far, but are already anthropogenically stressed. We hypothesized that invasive species are already well established in various protected areas and investigated this by assessing the threat of invasive species that are already established within the SGBR on the native biodiversity. By combining field sampling with peer-reviewed literature and local reports, we identify the presence of various non-native species in SGBR. Among these non-native species identified were opportunistic predatory fish and potentially-pathogen transmitting molluscs, but also, a habitat engineer capable of modifying ecosystem functions. Moreover, we highlight that these species were introduced despite legislation and without any knowledge among authorities. As a result, we underline the necessity to describe native species, control invasive and prevent the introduction of further non-native species. If accelerated action is not taken, we risk losing a considerable amount of described and unknown freshwater biota. Keywords: Anthropocene, Biodiversity loss, Freshwater, Invasive species, Mexico, Nature reserve.
Der Zweifel muss schweigen, soll ein richterliches Urteil überzeugen. Gewissheit zu verbreiten, ist das nicht allzu heimliche Ziel der juristischen Ausbildung. Der Charme der Gutachtentechnik, alles Mögliche zu erwägen und zu prüfen, wird in der Referendarausbildung durch die Relationstechnik ersetzt und in der richterlichen Urteilspraxis vollends desavouiert. Gewissheitsdenken und Erledigungsökonomie gehen in Führung. Vieles bleibt "dahingestellt", wenn die Entscheidung einmal feststeht. Und die Gutachten von Rechtsexperten hängen dem Interesse der Auftraggeber häufig einen mehr als fadenscheinigen Mantel um. Ungewissheit, das scheint gewiss, ist Sache der juristischen Zunft nicht. ...
In the present paper, we tested the ability of individuals to judge correctly whether athletes are lying or telling the truth. For this purpose, we first generated 28 videos as stimulus material: in half of the videos, soccer players were telling the truth, while in the other half, the same soccer players were lying. Next, we tested the validity of these video clips by asking N = 65 individuals in a laboratory experiment (Study 1a) and N = 52 individuals in an online experiment (Study 1b) to rate the level of veracity of each video clip. Results suggest that participants can distinguish between true and false statements, but only for some clips and not for others, indicating that some players were better at deceiving than others. In Study 2, participants again had to make veracity estimations, but we manipulated the level of information given, as participants (N = 145) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (regular video clips, mute video clips, and only the audio stream of each statement). The results revealed that participants from the mute condition were less accurate in their veracity ratings. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Mechanistic understanding of dynamic membrane proteins such as transporters, receptors, and channels requires accurate depictions of conformational ensembles, and the manner in which they interchange as a function of environmental factors including substrates, lipids, and inhibitors. Spectroscopic techniques such as electron spin resonance (ESR) pulsed electron–electron double resonance (PELDOR), also known as double electron–electron resonance (DEER), provide a complement to atomistic structures obtained from x-ray crystallography or cryo-EM, since spectroscopic data reflect an ensemble and can be measured in more native solvents, unperturbed by a crystal lattice. However, attempts to interpret DEER data are frequently stymied by discrepancies with the structural data, which may arise due to differences in conditions, the dynamics of the protein, or the flexibility of the attached paramagnetic spin labels. Recently, molecular simulation techniques such as EBMetaD have been developed that create a conformational ensemble matching an experimental distance distribution while applying the minimal possible bias. Moreover, it has been proposed that the work required during an EBMetaD simulation to match an experimentally determined distribution could be used as a metric with which to assign conformational states to a given measurement. Here, we demonstrate the application of this concept for a sodium-coupled transport protein, BetP. Because the probe, protein, and lipid bilayer are all represented in atomic detail, the different contributions to the work, such as the extent of protein backbone movements, can be separated. This work therefore illustrates how ranking simulations based on EBMetaD can help to bridge the gap between structural and biophysical data and thereby enhance our understanding of membrane protein conformational mechanisms.
Human-induced changes in the environment have increased the number of stressors impacting aquatic organism. In the light of climate change and plastic pollution, thermal stress and microplastics (MP) have become two of the most intensively studied stressors in aquatic ecosystems. Previous studies, however, mostly evaluated the impacts of thermal and MP stress in isolation, thereby neglecting joint effects.
To examine the combined effects of both, we exposed the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha to irregular polystyrene MP (6.4, 160, 4000, 100,000 p mL−1) at either 14, 23 or 27 °C for 14 days and analyzed mortality, mussel activity and clearance rate, energy reserves, oxidative stress and the immunological state. Further, we exposed the mussels to diatomite (natural particle equivalent, 100,000 p mL−1) at each of the three water temperatures to compare MP and natural particle toxicity.
An increase in water temperature has a pronounced effect on D. polymorpha and significantly affects the activity, energy reserves, oxidative stress and immune function. In contrast, the effects by MP are limited to a change in the antioxidative capacity without any interactive effects between MP and thermal exposure. The comparison of the MP with a diatomite exposure revealed only limited influence of the particle type on the response of D. polymorpha to high concentrations of suspended particles.
The results indicate that MPs have minor effects on a freshwater mussel compared to thermal stress, neither alone nor as interactive effect. Limited MP toxicity could be based on adaptation mechanism of dreissenids to suspended solids. Nonetheless, MP may contribute to environmental impacts of multiple anthropogenic stressors, especially if their levels increase in the future. Therefore, we suggest integrating MP into the broader context of multiple stressor studies to understand and assess their joint impacts on freshwater ecosystems.
Krisen als Normalität
(2020)
Es gibt in Krisenzeiten wenig Verlässliches. Doch auf eines kann man immer zählen: Irgendwann, und meistens früher als später, fällt der Begriff der Ausnahme oder einer seiner zahlreichen Verwandten. Hierzu gehört vor allem die große Schwester der Ausnahme: der Ausnahmezustand. Da unterscheidet sich die Corona-Krise nicht von der Eurozonenkrise, die Eurozonenkrise nicht von der globalen Finanzkrise und diese nicht von der durch die Terroranschläge vom 11. September ausgelöste Sicherheitskrise. Auch wenn wir über den Corona-Virus selbst nicht viel wissen, scheint vieler Orten Gewissheit darüber zu herrschen, dass wir derzeit im Ausnahmezustand leben. ...
Angesichts der in Deutschland und anderswo präzedenzlosen Eingrenzung des rechtlich Erlaubten stehen die begrenzenden Rechtsverordnungen, Allgemeinverfügungen und vollziehenden Maßnahmen des Staates im Zentrum grundrechtlicher Aufmerksamkeit. Freiheitsschonendere Alternativen werden in erster Linie durch das Prisma der Erforderlichkeit in den Blick genommen. Sich in einer Pandemielage gegen Beschränkungen zu entscheiden, erscheint grundrechtlich unverdächtig. Doch wäre es das tatsächlich? Im Folgenden werden zwei unterschiedliche Szenarien einer solchen Entscheidung vorgestellt und es wird ein näherer Blick auf die Folgen für den individuellen Grundrechtsgebrauch geworfen. Es zeigen sich Grundrechtsfragen, die im Ergebnis auch für die Beurteilung des beschränkenden Staates aufgeworfen sind.
Wenn die Bedrohung, wie im Fall des Virus, als natürliche Gegebenheit auftritt, kommen leicht auch die Maßnahmen, um ihn zu beseitigen, als natürliche, d.h. fraglos vorgegebene Maßnahmen in Betracht. Eine Gefahr liegt hier darin, von einer Natürlichkeit des Zwecks auf die Natürlichkeit der Mittel zu schließen. Dass die Maßnahmen aber nicht natürlich gegeben, sondern politisch entschieden sind, muss demgegenüber im Blick bleiben.