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Heavy quark and charmonium production as well as their space-time evolution are studied in transport simulations of heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC. In the partonic transport model Boltzmann Approach of MultiParton Scatterings (BAMPS) heavy quarks can be produced in initial hard parton scatterings or during the evolution of the quark-gluon plasma. Subsequently, they interact with the medium via binary scatterings with a running coupling and a more precise Debye screening which is derived from hard thermal loop calculations, participate in the flow and lose energy. We present results of the elliptic flow and nuclear modification factor of heavy quarks and compare them to available data. Furthermore, preliminary results on J/psi suppression at forward and mid-rapidity are reported for central and non-central collisions at RHIC. For this, we study cold nuclear matter effects and the dissociation as well as regeneration of J/psi in the quark-gluon plasma. XLIX International Winter Meeting on Nuclear Physics 24-28 January 2011 BORMIO, Italy
Hintergrund: Bisher gibt es nur wenige Daten bezüglich des Neuauftretens von Vorhofflimmern nach dem Verschluss des persistierenden Foramen ovale (PFO). Methodik: In der Zeit von 1994 bis Januar 2007 wurde bei 1349 Patienten, im Alter von 17 bis 85 Jahren (mittleres Alter 50 Jahre), ein PFO kathetertechnisch verschlossen. Vor der Intervention erlitten 696 einen ischämischen Schlaganfall, 610 eine transitorisch Ischämische Attacke (TIA), 22 eine periphere Embolie, 8 Migräneattacken und 13 Patienten eine Dekompressionskrankheit. Es wurden 535 Amplatzer-, 379 Helex-, 270 STARFlex-, 131 Premere-, 9 SIDERIS-, 9 ASDOS-, 7 CardioSEAL-, 5 AngelWings- und 4 PFO-Star-Okkluder implantiert. Die Nachuntersuchungen beinhalteten ein EKG nach einem, drei und sechs Monaten. Jedes Jahr wurde ein EKG wiederholt und Fragebögen an die Patienten verschickt. Ergebnisse: Die Nachbeobachtungszeit betrug im Mittel 38,1 ± 28 Monate. 1324 von 1334 (99.3%) nahmen an der 6-Monats-Nachuntersuchung, 1198 von 1220 (98.2%) an der 1-Jahres-Nachuntersuchung -, 747 von 778 (96%) an der 3-, 374 von 393 (95.2%) an der 5- und 21 von 21 (100%) an der 10-Jahres-Nachuntersuchung teil. Vorhofflimmern trat bei 50 Patienten, kombiniert mit Vorhofflattern bei zwei weiteren, nur Vorhofflattern bei einem Patient auf (insgesamt 53 von 1349, 3,9%). Bei 33 Patienten wurde das Vorhofflimmern innerhalb der ersten vier Wochen diagnostiziert, bei 8 Patienten innerhalb sechs Monaten, bei 12 Patienten noch später. 23 Patienten entwickelten paroxysmales, 4 von ihnen rezidivierend, 28 persistierendes und 2 permanentes Vorhofflimmern. Die Inzidenz beim Amplatzer-Okkluder betrug 3% (16/535), 1,8% (7/379) beim Helex-, 10% (27/270) beim STARFlex-, 1,5% (2/131) beim Premere-, 11% (1/9) beim SIDERIS-, 0/9 beim ASDOS-, 0/7 beim CardioSEAL-, 0/5 beim AngelWings- und 0/4 beim PFO-Star-Okkluder. Der Unterschied zwischen dem STARFlex- versus Premere- (+), Amplatzer- (+) und Helex- (+) Okkluder war statistisch signifikant (jedes p<0,05). Bei 13 Patienten wurde Vorhofflimmern während einer Routinenachuntersuchung entdeckt, die anderen 40 Patienten waren symptomatisch. Bei 22 Patienten wurde der Sinusrhythmus mittels medikamentöser Konversion erreicht, bei 7 Patienten mittels elektrischer Kardioversion. 20 Patienten erhielten eine medikamentöse Prophylaxe, 22 zusätzlich Marcumar. 1 Patient erlitt eine TIA, 2 Patienten einen Schlaganfall (1 während einer Episode von Vorhofflimmern). Das Alter war ein positiver Prädiktor für Vorhofflimmern (p=0,0009). Bei 3 Patienten wurde ein Thrombus auf dem Okkluder diagnostiziert. Bei 1 von 3 Patienten wurde Vorhofflimmern eine Woche vor Diagnosestellung des Thrombus entdeckt, bei 2 von 3 Patienten wurde Vorhofflimmern und Thrombus zeitgleich diagnostiziert. Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern (3/53) haben eine signifikant höhere Inzidenz (p=0,02) Thromben zu entwickeln, verglichen mit Patienten ohne Vorhofflimmern (13/1296). Schlussfolgerung: Permanentes oder symptomatisches Vorhofflimmern ist eine seltene Komplikation nach PFO-Verschluss. Es trat häufiger beim STARFlex-Okkluder auf. Für gewöhnlich war es vorübergehend, es kann jedoch zur Thrombusbildung auf dem Okkluder führen. Eine frühzeitige Diagnostik und Behandlung sind wichtig.
The increasing resistance of almost all pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics (multidrug resistance) causes a severe threat to public health. The mechanisms underlying multidrug resistance include the induced over expression of multidrug transporters which extrude a variety of lipophilic and toxic substrates in an energy dependent fashion through the membrane out of the cell. These proteins are found in all transporter families. The work described in this thesis is dedicated to drug-proton antiporters from the small multidrug resistance (SMR) family. These efflux pumps with just four transmembrane helices per monomer are so far the smallest transporters discovered. Their oligomeric state, topology, three dimensional structure, catalytic cycle and transport mechanism are still rather controversial. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to directly address these questions for the small multidrug resistance proteins Halobacterium salinarium Hsmr and Escherichia coli (E. coli) EmrE using a number of biophysical methods such as NMR, transport assays, mass spectrometry and analytical ultracentrifugation. Especially the work on Hsmr has been challenging due to the halophilic nature of this protein. In Chapter 1, key questions and the most important biophysical techniques are introduced followed by Material and Methods in Chapter 2. Depending on experimental requirements, cell free or ‘classical’ in vivo expression has been used for this thesis. Cell free expression as an option for the production of small multidrug transporters has been explored in Chapter 3. It has been possible to produce the SMR family members Hsmr, EmrE, TBsmr and YdgF in vitro. The expression of Hsmr was investigated in more detail under different experimental conditions. Hsmr was either refolded from precipitate or maintained in a soluble form during expression in the presence of detergents and liposomes. Furthermore, amino acids for which no auxotrophic strains were available could be labelled successfully. This expression system has been also used for preparing labelled samples of EmrE as described in Chapter 9. In vivo in E. coli expression of Hsmr, as described in Chapter 4, provided large amounts of proteins if fermenter production was used. Uniform labelling and selective unlabelling with stable isotopes (13C, 15N) for NMR spectroscopy was achieved in vivo in a more efficient and cost effective manner than using the cell free approach for this protein. Hsmr could be purified successfully from both in vitro and in vivo expression media. Hsmr is expressed in vivo and in vitro with N-terminal formylation. The Nterminal formylation is unstable and Hsmr in the presence of low salt concentrations was amenable to N-terminal degradation. It was found that Hsmr shows longest stability in Fos-ß-choline® 12 and sodium dodecyl sulphate, but best reconstitution conditions were found, when dodecyl maltoside is used and exchanged with Escherichia coli lipids. A molar protein lipid ratio of 1 to 100, amenable to solid state nuclear magnetic resonance, has been achieved. Sample homogeneity was shown by freeze fracture electron microscopy. The oligomeric state of Hsmr in detergent has been assessed by SDS PAGE, blue native PAGE, size exclusion chromatography, analytical ultracentrifugation and laser induced liquid bead ion desorption mass spectrometry (LILBID) as described in Chapter 5. A concentration and detergent dependent monomer-oligomer equilibrium has been found by all methods. The activity of Hsmr under the sample preparation conditions used here was shown using radioactive and fluorescence binding as well as fluorescence and electrochemical transport assays (Chapter 6). For transport studies, a stable pH gradient was generated by co-reconstitution of Hsmr with bacteriorhodopsin and subsequent sample illumination. Based on the observed long term stability of Hsmr in Fos-ß-choline® 12 and sodium dodecyl sulphate, liquid state NMR experiments were attempted in order to assess the correct folding of Hsmr in detergent micelles (Chapter 7). 1D proton and 2D HSQC spectra of U-15N Hsmr revealed a poor spectral dispersion, low resolution and only a small number of peaks. These are at least partly due to long rotational correlation times of the large protein detergent complex. This problem has been overcome by applying solid-state NMR to Hsmr reconstituted into E. coli lipids (Chapter 8). Uniform 13C labelled samples were prepared and two dimensional proton-driven spin diffusion and double quantum-single quantum correlation spectra were acquired successfully. Unfortunately, the spectral resolution was not yet sufficient for further structural studies. Reasons for the observed linebroadening could be structural heterogeneity or molecular motions which interfere with the NMR timescale. Therefore, the protein mobility has been probed using static 2H solid state NMR on Ala-d3-Hsmr. It could be shown, that parts of Hsmr are remarkably mobile in the membrane and that this mobility can be limited by the addition of the substrate ethidium bromide. Ethidium bromide as well as tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+) is typical multidrug transporter substrates. The membrane interaction of TPP+ in DMPC membranes has been resolved by 1H MAS NMR. It was found that it penetrates into the interface region of the lipid bilayers and therefore behaves like many other transporter substrates adding to the hypothesis that the membrane could act as a pre-sorting filter. Finally, Chapter 9 is dedicated to the characterisation of the essential and highly conserved residue Glu-14 in EmrE by solid-state NMR. In order to avoid spectral overlap, the single Glu EmrE E25A mutant was chosen instead of the wildtype. The protein has been produced in vitro to take advantage of reduced isotope scrambling in the cell free expression system as verified by analytical NMR spectroscopy. Correct labelling of EmrE was tested by MALDI-TOF and solid-state NMR. The dimeric state of DDM solubilised EmrE has been probed by LILBID. The labelled protein was reconstituted into E. coli lipids to ensure a native membrane environment. Activity was determined by measuring ethidium bromide transport. Freeze fracture EM revealed very homogeneous protein incorporation even after many days of MAS NMR experiments. 2D 13C double quantum filtered experiments were used to obtain chemical shift and lineshape information of Glu-14 in EmrE. Two distinct populations were found with backbone chemical shift differences of 4 - 6 ppm which change upon substrate binding. These findings indicate a structural asymmetry at the assumed dimerisation interface and are discussed in the context of a model for shared substrate/proton binding. These studies represent the first successful use of cell free expression to prepare labelled membrane proteins for solid-state NMR and allow for the first time an NMR insight into the binding pocket of a multidrug efflux pump.