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The Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS) is held alternately in France and in Germany. The conference of February 26-28, 2009, held in Freiburg, is the 26th in this series. Previous meetings took place in Paris (1984), Saarbr¨ucken (1985), Orsay (1986), Passau (1987), Bordeaux (1988), Paderborn (1989), Rouen (1990), Hamburg (1991), Cachan (1992), W¨urzburg (1993), Caen (1994), M¨unchen (1995), Grenoble (1996), L¨ubeck (1997), Paris (1998), Trier (1999), Lille (2000), Dresden (2001), Antibes (2002), Berlin (2003), Montpellier (2004), Stuttgart (2005), Marseille (2006), Aachen (2007), and Bordeaux (2008). ...
Water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA), as a special form of heat radiation with a high tissue penetration and a low thermal load to the skin surface, can improve the healing of acute and chronic wounds both by thermal and thermic as well as by non-thermal and non-thermic effects. wIRA increases tissue temperature (+2.7°C at a tissue depth of 2 cm), tissue oxygen partial pressure (+32% at a tissue depth of 2 cm) and tissue perfusion. These three factors are decisive for a sufficient supply of tissue with energy and oxygen and consequently also for wound healing and infection defense.
wIRA can considerably alleviate pain (without any exception during 230 irradiations) with substantially less need for analgesics (52–69% less in the groups with wIRA compared to the control groups). It also diminishes exudation and inflammation and can show positive immunomodulatory effects. The overall evaluation of the effect of irradiation as well as the wound healing and the cosmetic result (assessed on visual analogue scales) were markedly better in the group with wIRA compared to the control group. wIRA can advance wound healing (median reduction of wound size of 90% in severely burned children already after 9 days in the group with wIRA compared to 13 days in the control group; on average 18 versus 42 days until complete wound closure in chronic venous stasis ulcers) or improve an impaired wound healing (reaching wound closure and normalization of the thermographic image in otherwise recalcitrant chronic venous stasis ulcers) both in acute and in chronic wounds including infected wounds. After major abdominal surgery there was a trend in favor of the wIRA group to a lower rate of total wound infections (7% versus 15%) including late infections following discharge from hospital (0% versus 8%) and a trend towards a shorter postoperative hospital stay (9 versus 11 days).
Even the normal wound healing process can be improved.
The mentioned effects have been proven in six prospective studies, with most of the effects having an evidence level of Ia/Ib.
wIRA represents a valuable therapy option and can generally be recommended for use in the treatment of acute as well as of chronic wounds.
Während des Alterungsprozesses kommt es u.a. im Gehirn zu einem signifikanten Verlust
postmitotischer Zellen, was zu Hirnleistungsstörungen im Alter führen kann.
Der Grund für diesen Zellverlust durch Apoptose könnte sein, dass es im Alter zu erhöhtem
oxidativen Streß und zu einer Veränderung in der Konzentration der an der Apoptose beteiligten
Proteine und Faktoren kommt. Diese Studie befaßt sich mit der neuronalen Apoptose und den daran
beteiligten Proteinen und Regulatoren. Ziel war es, herauszufinden, ob es im Alter zu einer
gesteigerten Apoptoserate im Hippokampus und zu einer Veränderung der Konzentration von
Proteinen kommt, die das Auftreten bzw. die Hemmung der Apoptose begünstigen könnte.
Untersucht wurden die Hippokampi von Pavianen als mögliches Primaten-Modell für altersbedingte
Pathologien, die das menschliche Gehirn betreffen können.
Um apoptotische Zellen im Hippokampus der Paviane nachzuweisen, wurde mit der TUNEL-Methode
gearbeitet und mittels Immunhistochemie untersucht, welchen Effekt das Alter auf die Verteilung der
Immunreaktivität von Cytochrom C, AIF, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3 sowie von XIAP, einem Inhibitor der
Apoptose, hat. Auch die Immunreaktivität der Enzyme PARP und ICAD wurde dargestellt. Die
Ergebnisse zeigen, dass in den Hippokampi der gealterten Paviane das anti-apoptotische Protein Bcl-2
in unveränderter Reaktivität vorlag und das pro-apoptotische Protein Bax hochreguliert war. Es gab
eine Umverteilung und möglicherweise Freisetzung von Cytochrom C, jedoch aber keine Aktivierung
von Caspase-3. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen eine gewebepezifische Änderung des Bcl-2/Bax-
Verhältnisses in den Hippokampi der alten Primaten, die zur Beeinflussung der Cytochrom CFreisetzung
beitragen, ohne jedoch zur Apoptose der Zelle zu führen. Apoptotische Zellen konnten
mittels TUNEL-Färbung nicht nachgewiesen werden. Das könnte damit zusammenhängen, dass
XIAP, ein inhibitorisches Regulatorprotein der Apoptose, bei den gealterten Pavianen hochreguliert
war, ebenso wie das DNA-Reparaturenzym PARP. Auch das Enzym ICAD, welches in aktivierter
Form während der Apoptose wesentlich zum Chromatinabbau beiträgt zeigte im Alter eine erhöhte
Aktivität. Da in einer Studie über Tau-Pathologie im Hippokampus von Pavianen für das Auftreten
dieser Pathologie ein Zusammenhang mit dem Alter nachgewiesen werden konnte, und man weiß,
dass Zellen in der Nähe der β-Amyloidablagerung bei M.Alzheimer durch Apoptose absterben, wurde
mit Hilfe der Immunfloureszenz die Reaktivität des Enzyms Neprelysin untersucht, welches für den
β-Amyloidablagerung zuständig ist. Dieses war in seiner Reaktivität in den Hippokampi
der älteren Paviane im Gegensatz zu der in den Hippokampi der jüngeren Primaten erniedrigt, was auf
eine altersbedingte Disposition zu diesen Plaques hinweist.
20 Jahre ISOE ++ start2 ist Perle der Wissensregion ++ CuveWaters: Baubeginn der Anlagen ++
Bundesnetzagentur verwendet Ergebnisse aus Intelliekon ++ Zielgruppenmodell: Warum Hausbesitzer
energetisch sanieren ++ Projektstart: Elektroautos in Dienstwagenflotten ++ Neue Klimaforschungsprojekte ++ Forschungspolitik ++ Soziale Ökologie in der Lehre ++ Termine ++ Publikationen
Critical perspectives have become more visible in German human geography. Drawing on an analysis of the debate around the German reader "Kulturgeographie" published in 2003, we suggest that this case provides new insights into the "geography of critical geography". We briefly discuss the history of critical geography in Germany, leading to a comparison of the conditions of critical geography around 1980 and in recent years. The focus is on two factors in the changed role of critical perspectives in German geography: (1) the growing internationalisation of German geography, which opened new avenues and allowed new approaches to enter the discipline; and (2) the high citation indices of "critical" journals, which leads to an enhanced reputation and a high significance of international critical geography in the German discipline. However, we draw an ambiguous conclusion: the increased role of critical approaches in German geography is linked to a growing neoliberalisation of academia and a decline of critical approaches in other disciplines.
Critical perspectives have become more visible in German human geography. Drawing on an analysis of the debate around the German reader “Kulturgeographie” published in 2003, we suggest that this case provides new insights into the “geography of critical geography”. We briefly discuss the history of left geography in Germany, leading to a comparison of the conditions of left geography around 1980 and in recent years. The focus is on two factors in the changed role of critical perspectives in German geography: (1) the growing internationalisation of German geography, which opened new avenues and allowed new approaches to enter the discipline; and (2) the high citation indices of “critical” journals, which leads to an enhanced reputation and a high significance of international critical geography in the German discipline. However, we draw an ambiguous conclusion: the increased role of critical approaches in German geography is linked to a growing neoliberalisation of academia and a decline of critical approaches in other disciplines.
The Project European Privacy Open Space (PrivacyOS) aims at bringing together industry, SMEs, Government, Academia and Civil Society to foster development and deployment of privacy infrastructures for Europe. The general objectives of PrivacyOS are to create a longterm collaboration in the thematic network and establish collective interfaces with other EU projects. Participants exchange research and best practices, as well as develop strategies and joint projects following four core policy goals: Awareness-rising, enabling privacy on the Web, fostering privacy-friendly Identity Management, and stipulating research.
...
This report focuses on the 3rd PrivacyOS conference, which was held in Vienna, October 26th and 27th 2009, co-located with the Austrian Big Brother Awards. 50 participants attended the conference and devised the agenda with 21 presentations in two parallel tracks. The topics of the presentations discussed included, amongst others: data protection awareness, data protection in healthcare, data protection in the Web 2.0, privacy-related technologies such as EnCoRe, TOR or Microformats as well as regulatory, cultural and sociological implications of data protection. Also at the 3rd PrivacyOS conference the software product “KiwiSecurity” was awarded the EuroPriSe Seal (European Privacy Seal, www.european-privacy-seal.eu). EuroPriSe is an initiative of the data protection authority Unabhängiges Landeszentrum für Datenschutz Schleswig-Holstein (ULD), Germany. It has been started as a European Project under the eTEN programme.
Chapter 1 contains the general background of our work. We briefly discuss important aspects of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and introduce the concept of the chiral condensate as an order parameter for the chiral phase transition. Our focus is on the concept of universality and the arguments why the O(4) model should fall into the same universality class as the effective Lagrangian for the order parameter of (massless) two-flavor QCD. Chapter 2 pedagogically explains the CJT formalism and is concerned with the WKB method. In chapter 3 the CJT formalism is then applied to a simple Z(2) symmetric toy model featuring a one-minimum classical potential. As for all other models we are concerned with in this thesis, we study the behavior at nonzero temperature. This is done in 1+3 dimensions as well as in 1+0 dimensions. In the latter case we are able to compare the effective potential at its global minimum (which is minus the pressure) with our result from the WKB approximation. In chapter 4 this program is also carried out for the toy model with a double-well classical potential, which allows for spontaneous symmetry breaking and tunneling. Our major interest however is in the O(2) model with the fields treated as polar coordinates. This model can be regarded as the first step towards the O(4) model in four-dimensional polar coordinates. Although in principle independent, all subjects discussed in this thesis are directly related to questions arising from the investigation of this particular model. In chapter 5 we start from the generating functional in cartesian coordinates and carry out the transition to polar coordinates. Then we are concerned with the question under which circumstances it is allowed to use the same Feynman rules in polar coordinates as in cartesian coordinates. This question turns out to be non-trivial. On the basis of the common Feynman rules we apply the CJT formalism in chapter 6 to the polar O(2) model. The case of 1+0 dimensions was intended to be a toy model on the basis of which one could more easily explore the transition to polar coordinates. However, it turns out that we are faced with an additional complication in this case, the infrared divergence of thermal integrals. This problem requires special attention and motivates the explicit study of a massless field under topological constraints in chapter 8. In chapter 7 we investigate the cartesian O(2) model in 1+0 dimensions. We compare the effective potential at its global minimum calculated in the CJT formalism and via the WKB approximation. Appendix B reviews the derivation of standard thermal integrals in 1+0 and 1+3 dimensions and constitutes the basis for our CJT calculations and the discussion of infrared divergences. In chapter 9 we discuss the so-called path integral collapse and propose a solution of this problem. In chapter 10 we present our conclusions and an outlook. Since we were interested in organizing our work as pedagogical as possible within the narrow scope of a diploma thesis, we decided to make extensive use of appendices. Appendices A-H are intended for students who are not familiar with several important concepts we are concerned with. We will refer to them explicitly to establish the connection between our work and the general context in which it is settled.