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Wissenskörper
(2010)
The impact of the end of the Cold War on United States foreign and defense policy in the 1990s is frequently misunderstood within the field of International Relations. On the one hand, it is often assumed that the US was able to achieve a substantial ‘peace dividend’ after finally claiming victory over the Soviet Union. Yet it is also common for scholars to see the early potential for a more peaceful international order after the cessation of Cold War hostilities as having been frustrated by a series of unexpected events during the 1990s. On the other hand, scholars who focus on understanding contemporary developments and the prosecution of US foreign and defense policy in the Global War on Terror often restrict their analysis to the unfolding of recent events, rather than critically investigating the roots of contemporary US defense policy, which lie in the years immediately following the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War in 1989. This thesis puts forward the notion that the contemporary parameters of US security policy can only be fully understood when they are placed within a broader analytical narrative that incorporates the politics of US defense policymaking during the late-1980s, as well as the decade following the end of the Cold War. In doing so, it suggests two key factors not sufficiently highlighted in the existing literature. The first is that analyzing how US ‘defense coalitions’ are formed, which conditions facilitate their influence on the defense policy agenda, and what the consequences of this are for US security strategy is crucial to understanding the intense political struggles that inform US threat perception, strategic planning, and the development of major weapons systems. Building on earlier theories of the Military-Industrial Complex, the concept of defense coalitions establishes greater analytical leverage for providing a compelling account of the dynamics of change and continuity in US defense policy during the 1990s. The second factor is the importance of studying the use of rhetorical action, which is aimed at the construction of an overarching security narrative, for understanding how political entrepreneurs within the US defense policy community have sought to shape the post-Cold War defense policy agenda. In sum, the thesis argues that political elites who were committed to the maintenance of a high volume of US defense spending in ‘peacetime’ were able to shape how external events were interpreted within the defense policy community, in order to construct a new overarching security narrative that helped to legitimize their policy goals.
Willkommen!
(2010)
In den Vorlesungen zur Gouvernementalität skizziert Foucault die Art und Weise, in der im modernen Staat «aus der Distanz» regiert wird. Diese wird im Artikel dargestellt, materialistisch «geerdet», und es werden hierauf aufbauend die Begriffe Risiko und Versicherheitlichung diskutiert. Die Tauglichkeit dieser Herangehensweise wird anhand der aktuellen Grenz- und Migrationspolitik der EU illustriert, und es werden die in diesem Kontext produzierten Räume skizziert.
According to disposition effect theory, people hold losing investments too long. However, many investors eventually sell at a loss, and little is known about which psychological factors contribute to these capitulation decisions. This study integrates prospect theory, utility maximization theory, and theory on reference point adaptation to argue that the combination of a negative expectation about an investment’s future performance and a low level of adaptation to previous losses leads to a greater capitulation probability. The test of this hypothesis in a dynamic experimental setting reveals that a larger total loss and longer time spent in a losing position lead to downward adaptations of the reference point. Negative expectations about future investment performance lead to a greater capitulation probability. Consistent with the theoretical framework, empirical evidence supports the relevance of the interaction between adaptation and expectation as a determinant of capitulation decisions. Keywords: Investments , Adaptation , Reference Point , Capitulation , Selling Decisions , Disposition Effect , Financial Markets JEL Classification: D91, D03, D81
Homestead exemptions to personal bankruptcy allow households to retain their home equity up to a limit determined at the state level. Households that may experience bankruptcy thus have an incentive to bias their portfolios towards home equity. Using US household data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation for the period 1996-2006, we find that especially households with low net worth maintain a larger share of their wealth as home equity if a larger homestead exemption applies. This home equity bias is also more pronounced if the household head is in poor health, increasing the chance of bankruptcy on account of unpaid medical bills. The bias is further stronger for households with mortgage finance, shorter house tenures, and younger household heads, which taken together reflect households that face more financial uncertainty.
Aging of biological systems ultimately leads to death of the individual. In humans, organ failure as the result of functional impairments after stroke, cardio-vascular disease, tumor development, neurodegeneration and other diseases are certainly crucial in bringing life to an end. But what happens in individuals with no obvious disease or disorders?
Background: The faunal and floral relationship of northward-drifting India with its neighboring continents is of general biogeographic interest as an important driver of regional biodiversity. However, direct biogeographic connectivity of India and Southeast Asia during the Cenozoic remains largely unexplored. We investigate timing, direction and mechanisms of faunal exchange between India and Southeast Asia, based on a molecular phylogeny, molecular clock-derived time estimates and biogeographic reconstructions of the Asian freshwater crab family Gecarcinucidae. Results: Although the Gecarcinucidae are not an element of an ancient Gondwana fauna, their subfamily Gecarcinucinae, and probably also the Liotelphusinae, evolved on the Indian Subcontinent and subsequently dispersed to Southeast Asia. Estimated by a model testing approach, this dispersal event took place during the Middle Eocene, and thus before the final collision of India and the Tibet-part of Eurasia. Conclusions: We postulate that the India and Southeast Asia were close enough for exchange of freshwater organisms during the Middle Eocene, before the final Indian--Eurasian collision. Our data support geological models that assume the Indian plate having tracked along Southeast Asia during its move northwards.