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Evolutionary genetics of bears and red foxes over phylogenetic and phylogeographic time scales
(2014)
Climatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene (2.6-0.01 million years) have played an important role during evolution of many species. Cyclic range contractions and expansions had demographic consequences within species, provided environmental conditions for population divergence and speciation and enabled secondary contact and interspecific hybridization. These and other evolutionary processes have left genetic signatures in the genomes of affected organisms. Comprehensive and unbiased estimates of evolutionary processes can be obtained using genetic markers from different parts of the genome and by integrating population genetic and phylogenetic concepts.
Suitable for studies on evolutionary processes and patterns over different evolutionary time scales are bears (Ursidae) and foxes (Vulpes), which occupy a wide range of habitats and evolved during the past few millions of years. In my thesis, I therefore used bears and red foxes as study species to investigate the genetic variation within and between species and to obtain estimates of evolutionary relationships and divergence times of populations and species that I interpreted in a climatic context. Further, I investigated population genetic processes during the evolution of bears. My thesis includes three publications and one submitted manuscript, spanning different evolutionary time scales - from evolutionary relationships and processes among species (phylogenetic time scales, Publications I & II), among populations and closely related species in a geographical context (phylogeographic time scales, Publications II & III), to ongoing processes within species (population genetic time scales, Publication IV).
In Publication I (Kutschera et al. 2014, Mol Biol Evol 31(8):2004-2017), I studied bears at several nuclear markers from several individuals per species, complemented with markers from the Y chromosome. Using approaches based on a population genetic concept (coalescent theory) I obtained a species tree with divergence time estimates. Further, I studied two evolutionary processes in bears, interspecific gene flow and incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). This study contributed to the growing evidence that population genetic processes can be relevant on time scales up to several millions of years.
In Publication II (Hailer, Kutschera et al. 2012, Science 336(6079):344-347), we complemented previous mitochondrial (mt) DNA-based inference of the evolutionary history of polar and brown bears with nuclear DNA. Coalescence-based species tree analyses of multiple nuclear markers from several individuals per species placed polar bears as sister lineage to brown bears and their divergence time to about 600 thousand years ago (ka). This contrasted previous mtDNA-based inference. We explained this discrepancy between mtDNA and nuclear DNA with interspecific gene flow between polar and brown bears.
In Publication III (Kutschera et al. 2013, BMC Evol Biol 13:114), I studied range-wide phylogeographic events and their timing in red foxes. A synthesis of newly generated and published mtDNA sequences was analyzed using a coalescence-based approach with multiple fossil calibration points. Thereby, I validated the identity and geographic distribution of several red fox lineages and showed that red foxes colonized North America and Japan several times independently during the late Pleistocene (126-11 ka) and around the last glacial maximum (26.5-19 ka). In a comparison of my results from red foxes to brown bears and grey wolves, I identified similar phylogeographic patterns.
In Publication IV (Kutschera et al., submitted to Biol Conserv), I found similar levels of genetic variability in vagrant polar bears that had reached Iceland compared to established subpopulations from across the range. Based on climate projections reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2014, polar bear habitat will markedly decline and become increasingly fragmented within the next decades. Dispersal will play an important role by connecting isolated subpopulations, thereby maintaining genetic diversity levels. My results indicate that vagrants could stabilize genetic variability when immigrating into established subpopulations.
In conclusion, my thesis provided a deeper understanding of evolutionary genetic processes and patterns and their timing in bears and red foxes in a climatic context, which can have conservation implications. Further, I showed that processes like ILS and interspecific gene flow can be relevant over different time scales and are important aspects of evolutionary history. Thereby, my thesis contributed to the knowledge on the evolutionary history of several carnivore species and on evolutionary processes acting within and between closely related species.
Panama is a megadiverse country that together with Costa Rica constitutes Lower Central America (LCA). Western Panama's Cordillera Central accounts for the eastern part of the LCA highlands shared between these countries. The aim of the present study is to compile the most complete and updated picture possible of the taxonomy, diversity, and distribution of reptiles that occur from 500 m asl upwards along the Talamanca and Tabasará ranges. These two continuous mountain ridges account for the western two-thirds of the Cordillera Central between the Costa Rican border and 81°W Including specimens collected four own research travels, I morphologically examined more than 1800 specimens, analyzed 16S and/or COI barcodes of 300 specimens, and performed a thorough search in literature and databases to obtain locality records for specimens and species occurrences. My complete occurrence dataset comprises 14620 georeferenced occurrence records in three quality categories. Conceivable occurrences of species not yet documented from a given area are evaluated on the basis of existing data either as "plausible" or "possible". I provide all datasets which I generated for this study in Appendices. The previously published descriptions of Dactyloa ginaelisae Lotzkat, Hertz, Bienentreu & Köhler 2013, Norops benedikti (Lotzkat, Bienentreu, Hertz & Köhler 2011), Sibon perissostichon Köhler, Lotzkat & Hertz 2010, and Sibon noalamina Lotzkat, Hertz & Köhler 2012 are included in the present work. In the course of integrative taxonomic analyses, I classify 15 genealogical lineages revealed by DNA barcoding within 7 anole species as Deep Conspecific Lineages (DCLs) because they lack consistent morphological differences to their nominal conspecifics. I provisionally classify 18 mitochondrial lineages found within six other anole species as Unconfirmed Genealogical Lineages (UGLs) pending adequate analyses of their morphological variation. I regard the two additional UGLs Celestus sp. and Geophis sp. and the two Confirmed Genealogical Lineages (CGLs) Lepidoblepharis sp. 1 and 2 to represent undescribed species. My taxonomic analyses yield the hitherto most comprehensive survey of the variability exhibited by dozens of reptile species in western Panama. The 16S and/or COI barcodes I provide represent 65 species recognized herein and constitute the first DNA barcode reference library for LCA reptiles. The reptile fauna of Panama comprises 265 species, including the four UGLs and CGLs mentioned above and characterized for the first time in this study, as well as Dendrophidion crybelum Cadle 2012 whose presence in the country I consider plausible. My occurrence dataset reveals that 160 of these species have been documented to occur in my study area. Adding the 20 species whose occurrence therein I consider plausible, I report the total species richness of the Talamanca and Tabasará ranges as comprising 180 species representing 81 genera in 25 families. With 178.8 species per 10 000 km2, the relative species richness of the area is extremely high even in a tropical context. In view of their overall documented distribution, I regard the presence of 27 additional species in my study area as possible. For the 180 species occurring in my study area I provide standardized species accounts that, together with the taxonomic results, for the first time permit the doubtless identification of all 180 species, and illustrate 168 of these with color photographs. Concerning biogeography, my georeferenced dataset yields noteworthy distribution extensions for many species. Moreover, I present the hitherto most comprehensive, detailed, and reproducible assessments of the distribution patterns, historical origins, and conservation as well as of the occurrence among physiographic regions, climatic and altitudinal belts, political subdivisions, and protected areas, for my study area's reptile fauna. With 65 species, more than a third of the fauna is endemic to LCA. Among these, 42 Talamancan highland endemics are restricted to the LCA highlands, in the case of 16 small-scale highland endemics with documented ranges spanning less than 100 km. I assess many of these endemics as endangered. The fact that several of these species do not occur in any protected area renders the establishment of additional conservation areas necessary, especially in the central Serranía de Tabasará. Distributional range boundaries shared among different clades of highland anoles indicate physiographic and climatic barriers that may have effected in situ speciation within these lineages. As the largest study on Panamanian reptile diversity assembled to date, the present dissertation considerably increases our knowledge on the reptiles along the Cordillera Central and beyond, and thus constitutes a solid basis for future studies.
Drought stress is one of the major abiotic factors diminishing crop productivity world wide. In the course of climate change, regions which already experience dry seasons nowadays will suffer from elongated drought periods and water shortage. These climatic changes will not only have an impact on the regional flora and fauna but also on the people inhabiting these areas. It is therefore of great importance to understand the reactions of plants to drought stress to help breeding and biotechnological approaches for the benefit of new robust cereal cultures growing under low water regimes. In this dissertation four grasses of the genus Panicum, P. bisulcatum (C3), P. laetum, P. miliaceum and P. turgidum (all C4 NAD-ME) were subjected to drought stress. The plants diverse reactions were investigated on a physiological as well as on a molecular level to deepen the understanding of drought stress responses. Drought stress was imposed for a species-specific period until a relative leaf water content (RWC) of ~50 % was reached in each grass. Physiological measurements were conducted on leaves with a RWC of ~50 % investigating chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters with a Plant Efficiency Analyzer (PEA) and gas exchange parameters like the photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance with a Gas Fluorescence Chamber (GFS-3000). Subsequent molecular analysis were conducted on leaf samples taken (RWC = 50 %) analysing different proteins and the transcriptome of the Panicum species. The physiological measurements revealed a higher photosynthesis rate for the C4 grasses under drought stress with no significant differences between the C4 species. Also the water use efficiency was significantly higher in the C4 species in comparison to the C3 species independent from the water regime supporting results from the literature. The chlorophyll a measurements revealed the strongest adaptation to water shortage in the C4 species P. turgidum followed by the C3 species P. bisulcatum. It has been shown before (GHANNOUM 2009) that the C4 photosynthesis apparatus is more prone to drought stress than the C3 apparatus – despite the higher water use efficiency. Results also suggested that the great adaptation of P. turgidum to drought stress arose from its ability to recover from drought stress (all JIP test parameters showed no significant differences between control and recovery samples). The additional down-regulation of PS II but not of PS I under drought stress also helped the plant to endure times of water shortage and facilitated the recovery when water was available again. Protein analyses on the content of PEPC, OEC and RubisCO (LSU and SSU) revealed no changes. Dehydrin 1 in contrast was strongly up-regulated under drought stress and Summary 108 recovery in all four Panicum species. The stable content of the OEC protein was therefore not the catalyst of rising K peaks measured by chlorophyll a fluorescence and a reduced OEC activity was supposed. Transcriptomic analyses revealed a myriad of differentially regulated tags. Due to unsequenced genomes, tags could only be partially (8 % maximum for P. turgidum) annotated to their specific genes. Diverse methods were therefore used to annotate the most highly regulated tags to their genes and their products. Special emphasis was put on the regulation of five gene products confirming the regulation schemata from the HT-SuperSAGE analyses. Interestingly one protein – the NCED1 – was down-regulated under stress conditions, in contrast to results from the literature. It is therefore of great importance to investigate longer lasting drought to understand the full range of drought stress adaptation. Future genome sequencing projects might also include the Panicum species investigated in this dissertation and important gene candidates with no hits (maybe completely new to the research community) might help breeding and biotechnology approaches to produce more drought resistant crop species.
This study describes the Holocene sedimentary lagoonal deposition history, including event sedimentation and benthic foraminiferal analyzes, from about 10 kyrs BP until today. This is the first study describing the sedimentation of a Maldivian atoll lagoon in such detail. Thirty-nine sediment cores have been recovered from the deep Rasdhoo Atoll lagoon of the Maldives (4°N/73°W). Seventeen sediment cores were opened, described, and 296 sediment samples have been collected and analyzed. Different methods have been used to evaluate the coarse- and fine-grained carbonate components and a total of fifty-eight samples have been dated radiometrically by Beta Analytic Inc., Miami, Florida. In general, the Rasdhoo Atoll lagoon sediments can be divided into (1) a Late Pleistocene soil, (2) an early Holocene peat layer composed of mangrove deposits which mark the beginning inundation of the atoll lagoon by the rising Holocene sea-level at 10,320 ± 100 yrs BP, and (3) carbonate sediments starting to fill up the lagoon 7850 ± 140 yrs BP until today. The transition from peat to carbonate is characterized by a considerable hiatus. Six different carbonate sediment facies are classified by statistical analyses, listed in decreasing abundance:
(1) mollusk-coral-algal floatstone to rudstone (30%)
(2) mollusk-coral-red algae rudstone (23%)
(3) mollusk-coral-algal wackestone to floatstone (23%)
(4) mollusk-coral wackestone (13%)
(5) mollusk-coral mudstone to wackestone (9%)
(6) mollusk mudstone (2%)
Based on grain-sizes in combination with coral identification, the facies represent both lagoonal background sedimentation (mostly fine-grained sediments (matrix >50%)) and event sedimentation (coarse-grained sediment layers composing reefal components).
Six coarser grained layers in muddy background sediments of the Rasdhoo Atoll lagoon were interpreted as Holocene tsunami events, based on the increase of allochthonous skeletal material with shallow-water reef affinity such as fragments of shallow-water coral species, coralline red algae, and reef-dwelling foraminifera in these layers, as well as AMS dating:
• Event 1: 420 - 890 yrs BP (655 yrs BP)
• Event 2: 890 - 1560 yrs BP (1225 yrs BP)
• Event 3: 2040 - 2340 yrs BP (2190 yrs BP)
• Event 4: 2420 - 3380 yrs BP (2900 yrs BP)
• Event 5: 3890 - 4330 yrs BP (4110 yrs BP)
• Event 6: 5480 - 5760 yrs BP (5620 yrs BP)
Five of the six layers may be correlated to previously published tsunami events at adjacent coastal research sites. The mid-late Holocene atoll lagoon archive is incomplete though based on the assumption that major earthquakes at the Indonesian subduction zone generated more than six major tsunamis during the past 6.5 kyrs.
According to Gischler (2006), the sediments of the Rasdhoo Atoll lagoon can be divided into two areas: (1) a central to marginal deep lagoon with a lateral west-to-east gradient of sediment facies distribution, visible in sections <4 kyrs BP with sedimentary facies of mudstone to wackestone in the western part (e.g., cores 16, 18, and 34) and coarse-grained coral and algal-rich sediments in the eastern part of the lagoon (e.g., cores 30 and 31). (2) A northern enclosed and shallow area between the sand apron and the sand spit accumulating “sandy” sediments of wackestone facies (cores 2, 19, 25, and 26).
Comparing the sediment accumulation data of the lagoon with two reconstructed local sea-level curves, three different sequence-stratigraphical systems tracts are visible: (1) a lowstand systems tract (LST) >10 kyrs BP. Pleistocene brownish soil superposing subaerially exposed Pleistocene reef limestone. (2) A transgressive systems tract (TST) 10-6.5 kyrs BP. A peat layer marks the beginning of the inundation, and the carbonate sedimentation starts with very low sedimentation rates of 0.02 m/kyr. (3) A highstand systems tract (HST) 6.5-0 kyrs BP, further divided into three stages (6.5-3, 3-1, 1-0 kyrs BP). The sea-level rise slowed down, sedimentation rates are increasing continuously up to a maximum of 1.4 m/kyr, the sand spit developed some 4 kyrs BP, the lagoonal circulation got restricted, and the lateral west-to-east gradient of grain-size accumulation started. From 1-0 kyrs BP the sedimentation rates slowed down to modern mean sedimentation rates of 0.6 m/kyr.
Two cores, one core from the center of the lagoon (core 16) and one core from the northern margin of the lagoon (core 19), have been analyzed on diversity and assemblages of benthic foraminifera in high-resolution. The transitions of Ammonia spp. to a more even and diverse fauna marks a significant environmental change at 7.0 kyrs BP in core 16 (onset of a stable environment in the deep lagoon after the sea-level rise slowed down at HST stage 1) and at 4.0 kyrs BP in core 19. A continuing environmental change after 1.4 kyrs BP in core 16 caused the fauna to become more even, a recovery of diversity and a permanent decline of foraminiferal accumulation rate. The changes in the faunas at 4.0 kyrs BP and at 1.4 kyrs BP could be explained with the sand spit formation in the northwestern and western lagoon. The sand spit has apparently acted as an obstacle in lagoonal circulation and might have caused unstable environmental conditions due to a more rapid circulation at the shallow marine site of core 19 and a slowdown of bottom water circulation in the main lagoon (core 16) leading to higher residence times and to lower oxygen and higher nutrient concentrations.
Die vorliegende Arbeit vollzieht mithilfe problemzentrierter Interviews Schritte junger Berufsausbildungsabsolventen - hier Teilnehmer eines Zweigs der Benachteiligtenförderung, den ausbildungsbegleitenden Hilfen - von der allgemeinbildenden Schule in Beschäftigung nach. Die Arbeit ist in den Feldern Benachteiligtenforschung und Übergangsforschung angesiedelt.
Teil 2 der Arbeit gibt Aufschluss über die durch einen Kurzfragebogen ermittelten beruflichen Wege von 79 ausgewählten Untersuchungsteilnehmern der Prüfungsabschlussjahrgänge 2000 bis 2004 vom Ende der Schule bis zum Stichtag der Befragung.
Fragestellungen sind hier vor allem Wege in die Berufsausbildung, Ausbildungsverläufe, Prüfungsgeschehen, Übernahmeverhalten der Ausbildungsbetriebe, Zeiten von Arbeitslosigkeit, beruflicher Stand zum Befragungsstichtag von als benachteiligt wahrgenommenen Lehrabsolventen.
Teil 3 der Arbeit beschreibt das Berufseinstiegsgeschehen nach erfolgreichem Lehrabschluss, wie es sich aus der Sicht der Befragungsteilnehmer darstellt. Von 62 Teilnehmern liegen durch problemzentrierte Interviews Einschätzungen zu förderlichen und hinderlichen Faktoren beim Berufseinstieg vor. Aus diesen Einschätzungen werden in Teil 4 der Arbeit als Ergebnis so genannte Gewinner und Verlierer beim Berufseinstieg identifiziert.
In the past sixty years, excessive water consumption and dam construction have significantly influenced natural flow regimes and surface freshwater ecosystems throughout China, and thus resulted in serious environmental problems. In order to balance the competing water demands between human and environment and provide knowledge on sustainable water management, assessments on anthropogenic flow alterations and their impacts on aquatic and riparian ecosystems in China are needed.
In this study, the first evaluation on quantitative relationships between anthropogenic flow alterations and ecological responses in eleven river basins and watersheds in China was performed based on the data that could be obtained from published case studies. Quantitative relationships between changes in average annual discharge, seasonal low flow and seasonal high flow and changes in ecological indicators (fish diversity, fish catch and vegetation cover, etc.) were analyzed. The results showed that changes in riparian vegetation cover as well as changes in fish diversity and fish catch were strongly correlated with the changes in flow magnitude (r = 0.77, 0.66), especially with changes in average annual river discharge. In addition, more than half of the variations in vegetation cover could be explained by changes in average annual river discharge (r² = 0.63) and roughly 50 % changes in fish catch in arid and semi-arid region and 60% changes of fish catch in humid region could be related to alterations in average annual river discharge (r² = 0.53, 0.58).
In a supplementary analysis of this study, the first estimation on quantitative relationships between decreases in native fish species richness and anthropogenic flow alterations in 34 river basins and sub-basins in China was conducted. Linear relationships between losses of native fish species and five ecologically relevant flow indicators were analyzed by single and multiple regression models. For the single regression analysis, significant linear relationships were detected for the indicators of long-term average annual discharge (ILTA) and statistical low flow Q90 (IQ90). For the multiple regressions, no indicator other than ILTA has significant relationships with changes in number of fish species mainly due to collinearity. Two conclusions emerged from the analysis: 1) losses of fish species were positively correlated with changes in ILTA in China and 2) indicator of ILTA was dominant over other flow indicators included in this research for the given dataset. These results provide a guideline for the sustainable water resources management in rivers with high risk of fish extinction in China.
Within the nucleosynthetic processes of the slow neutron-capture reaction network (called the s process) the so called branching points, unstable isotopes where different nuclear reactions are competing, are important to understand . For modeling and calculating the nucleosynthesis and compare the resulting abundances to the observed ones, it is indispensable to know the branching ratios as well as the corresponding cross sections.
A great challenge in measuring those rates in experiments may be the radioactivity of the isotopes involved, which can make it nearly impossible to manufacture the needed targets. In addition, in stellar environments the excited states of isotopes can be in equilibrium with the ground state, affecting the half-lives and the branching ratios significantly. The isotope 152Eu is such a branching point, with neutron captures and β-decays competing. Those challenges were approached in the s405 experiment performed at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH: the challenge the challenge of the radioactivity can be approached by experiments carried out in inverse kinematics with radioactive beams, solving the problem of unstable targets. Also a reversed reaction was used to access the excited states of the studied isotope. The performed 152Sm(p,n)152Eu is a pioneering attempt to use those methods on heavy ions. The (p,n) reaction was used as a substitute for electron capture, the focus lies on reactions with low-momentum transfers, resulting in the emission of low-energy neutrons. The new developed low-energy detector array LENA was put to test for the fist time in the s405 experiment.
Die akute myeloische Leukämie (AML) ist eine klonale Erkrankung einer myeloischen Vorläuferzelle, welche nicht zur geregelten Selbsterneuerung und terminalen Differenzierung in der Lage ist. Es kommt zur Anhäufung von unreifen Zellen im Knochenmark und peripheren Blut. Häufig werden in AML-Patienten reziproke Chromosomentranslokationen wie t(6;9), t(8;21) und t(15;17) detektiert. Diese Translokationen führen zu Genfusionen und bilden die Fusionsproteine DEK/CAN, AML1/ETO und PML/RARα. In dieser Arbeit wurde DEK/CAN untersucht, das Fusionsprodukt der Translokation t(6;9).
Die t(6;9)-positive Leukämie zeichnet sich durch eine äußerst schlechte Prognose aus sowie einem Eintritt der Krankheit bereits im jungen Erwachsenenalter. Aus diesen Gründen wird die t(6;9)-positive Leukämie nach der neuen WHO-Klassifikation als eigene Entität geführt. Das leukämogene Potential des Fusionsproteins DEK/CAN wurde bereits nachgewiesen, der Mechanismus der Leukämieinduktion ist jedoch völlig ungeklärt.
Von den Leukämie-assoziierten Fusionsproteinen AML1/ETO und PML/RARα ist bekannt, dass sie mutierte Transkriptionsfaktoren sind und die lokale Zusammen-setzung chromatin-assoziierter Proteine beeinflussen. Durch die aberrante Rekrutierung von chromatin-modifizierenden Faktoren kommt es zur Deregulierung von differenzierungsrelevanten Genen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher zu ermitteln, ob es sich bei DEK/CAN ebenso um einen aberranten Transkriptionsfaktor mit Einfluss auf das Chromatin handelt.
Dazu wurden zunächst folgende Grundeigenschaften eines Transkriptionsfaktors untersucht: nukleäre Lokalisation und Chromatinassoziation. Immunfluoreszenz-untersuchungen bestätigten eine nukleäre Lokalisation von DEK/CAN. Es zeigte sich dabei, dass die Fusion mit CAN eine Umverteilung von DEK zur Folge hat. Während DEK diffus im Zellkern verteilt ist, zeigt das Fusionsprotein ein punktiertes Muster. Anschließend wurde die Assoziation von DEK/CAN zum Chromatin mit Hilfe von Zellfraktionierungsexperimenten nachgewiesen. Dabei konnte DEK/CAN aus der gleichen nukleären Fraktion eluiert werden wie andere chromatin-assoziierte Proteine.
Es stellte sich daraufhin die Frage, ob DEK/CAN die epigenetische Maschinerie beeinflussen und möglicherweise Veränderungen von Chromatinmodifikationen verursachen kann. Hierfür wurde die globale Verteilung der Histonmethylierungen H3K9me3, H3K27me3, H3K4me2 und H4R3me2 in An- und Abwesenheit von DEK/CAN untersucht. Es stellte sich heraus, dass DEK/CAN die Verbreitung von H4R3me2 maßgeblich beeinflusst. Histonmethylierungen regulieren das Expressionsniveau der gebundenen DNA, weshalb DEK/CAN durch seine Wirkung auf H4R3me2 die Deregulierung tumorrelevanter Gene verursachen könnte.
AML-assoziierte Fusionsproteine verändern die lokale Zusammensetzung von chromatin-modifizierenden Faktoren, indem sie oligomerisieren und so mehr Inter-aktionsmöglichkeiten für chromatin-modifizierende Proteine schaffen. Eine Gemein-samkeit aller AML-assoziierten Fusionsproteine ist der Besitz einer Oligomeri-sierungsoberfläche. Die putative Coiled coil (CC)-Domäne von CAN wurde hinsichtlich ihres Einflusses auf das leukämogene Potential und der Fähigkeit zur Bildung von Oligomeren untersucht, denn auch beim APL-spezifischen Fusionsprotein PML/RARα ist eine CC-Domäne für die Akkumulation verantwortlich. Die Deletion einzelner Helices aus der putativen CC-Domäne von DEK/CAN führte im CFU-S12 Assay zur Reduktion der Kolonienbildung. Damit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Integrität der putativen CC-Domäne für den proliferationsstimulierenden Effekt von DEK/CAN auf das Kompartiment der Stammzellen notwendig ist. Eine Funktion als Oligomerisierungsoberfläche wurde für die CC-Domäne jedoch ausgeschlossen.
DEK ist ein nukleäres Phosphoprotein mit vielfältigen Funktionen, die unter anderem durch seinen Phosphorylierungsstatus gesteuert werden. Um die Relevanz der Phosphorylierungsstellen für das leukämogene Potential von DEK/CAN zu ermitteln, wurden DEK- und DEK/CAN-Mutanten erstellt, die nur partiell phosphorylierbar sind. Tatsächlich zeigte ein CFU-S12 Assay, dass die Mutation dieser Phosphorylierungsstellen zur Reduktion der Milzkolonienzahl und damit zur Aufhebung des leukämogenen Potentials führt. Außerdem hebt die Mutation der Phosphorylierungsstellen den DEK-vermittelten Effekt der Apoptoseresistenz auf.
Mit dieser Arbeit wurde durch Chromatinuntersuchungen und Struktur-Funktions-analysen ein Beitrag zur Entschlüsselung des leukämogenen Mechanismus von DEK/CAN geleistet.
Dresden wird in der Kunstgeschichte vor allem mit zwei Aspekten assoziiert. Zum einen mit der Stilepoche des Barock unter der Regentschaft August des Starken zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts und zum anderen mit dem Expressionismus zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts, der hier seinen Ausgangspunkt durch die Künstlervereinigung „Brücke“ fand. Doch eine Strömung, die viele Künstler in ihren Bann zog, bevor sie sich den aufkommenden Tendenzen der Avantgarde zuwandten wird heute kaum mehr mit Dresden in Verbindung gebracht: der Japonismus.
Ausgangspunkt der hier vorliegenden Dissertationsschrift geht der Frage der Bedeutung der japanischen Kunst und des Japonismus in Dresden am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts nach. Aus der Fülle von historischen und künstlerischen Belegen, welche sich trotz der einschneidenden Ereignisse in der Dresdner Geschichte noch feststellen lassen, kann das Ergebnis abgeleitet werden, dass der Japonismus in Dresden am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts eine so bedeutende und systematische Rolle im Kunstschaffen spielte, dass man Dresden als ein Zentrum des Japonismus in Deutschland bezeichnen kann. Die Auseinandersetzung mit japanischen und japonistischen Einflüssen sowie deren Rezeption und Verarbeitung war dabei auch instrumental für die Ebnung neuer Wege in der Dresdner Kunst- und Kulturlandschaft. Der Japonismus des späten 19. Jahrhunderts wurzelte, neben den neuen Einflüssen, welche ab Mitte des Jahrhunderts auf Europa wirkten, auch in der barocken Chinamode des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts. Es ist ein weiteres Spezifikum des Japonismus in Dresden, dass diese Wurzel, deren Einfluss in dieser Arbeit auch aufgezeigt werden konnte, hier dank der Sammlungs- und Bautätigkeit unter dem sächsischen Kurfürsten August des Starken besonders stark ausgeprägt ist.