Universitätspublikationen
Refine
Year of publication
- 2021 (2927) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (1793)
- Doctoral Thesis (245)
- Preprint (207)
- Part of Periodical (183)
- Contribution to a Periodical (152)
- Working Paper (133)
- Book (119)
- Review (45)
- Conference Proceeding (24)
- Bachelor Thesis (11)
Language
Has Fulltext
- yes (2927) (remove)
Keywords
- COVID-19 (43)
- SARS-CoV-2 (37)
- inflammation (21)
- prostate cancer (14)
- aging (12)
- children (11)
- climate change (10)
- Cancer (9)
- Epilepsy (9)
- autophagy (9)
Institute
- Medizin (981)
- Physik (356)
- Präsidium (284)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (233)
- Biowissenschaften (199)
- Sustainable Architecture for Finance in Europe (SAFE) (158)
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS) (155)
- Biochemie, Chemie und Pharmazie (154)
- Informatik (130)
- Psychologie und Sportwissenschaften (107)
WiWi news [1/2021]
(2021)
Background: Using data from the COHERE collaboration, we investigated whether primary prophylaxis for pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) might be withheld in all patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with suppressed plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA (≤400 copies/mL), irrespective of CD4 count.
Methods: We implemented an established causal inference approach whereby observational data are used to emulate a randomized trial. Patients taking PcP prophylaxis were eligible for the emulated trial if their CD4 count was ≤200 cells/µL in line with existing recommendations. We compared the following 2 strategies for stopping prophylaxis: (1) when CD4 count was >200 cells/µL for >3 months or (2) when the patient was virologically suppressed (2 consecutive HIV RNA ≤400 copies/mL). Patients were artificially censored if they did not comply with these stopping rules. We estimated the risk of primary PcP in patients on ART, using the hazard ratio (HR) to compare the stopping strategies by fitting a pooled logistic model, including inverse probability weights to adjust for the selection bias introduced by the artificial censoring.
Results: A total of 4813 patients (10 324 person-years) complied with eligibility conditions for the emulated trial. With primary PcP diagnosis as an endpoint, the adjusted HR (aHR) indicated a slightly lower, but not statistically significant, different risk for the strategy based on viral suppression alone compared with the existing guidelines (aHR, .8; 95% confidence interval, .6–1.1; P = .2).
Conclusions: This study suggests that primary PcP prophylaxis might be safely withheld in confirmed virologically suppressed patients on ART, regardless of their CD4 count.
In Kindertageseinrichtungen und Schulen wird dem pädagogischen Personal in Bezug auf Sprachförderung ein hoher Qualifizierungsbedarf attestiert; zugleich gibt es wenig gesichertes empirisches Wissen über die Wirkungen entsprechender Fortbildungen. Das Fortbildungsangebot und die Teilnehmenden sind heterogen. Um die Heterogenität der Teilnehmenden zu entschlüsseln, wurden im BiSS-Evaluationsprojekt „SPRÜNGE“ (Sprachförderung im Übergang Kindergarten – Grundschule evaluieren) auf Grundlage einer Typenbildung von N = 27 Fach- und Lehrkräften Unterschiede in ihren Sprachförderkompetenzen und im Fortbildungsbesuch empirisch-quantitativ mittels des Online-Tests SprachKoPF überprüft und für zwei Sprachfördertypen ihre handlungsleitenden Orientierungen in Bezug auf die Wirkungen von Fortbildungen rekonstruiert. Bei diesen beiden, stark fortgebildeten Sprachfördertypen konnten differenzierbare Deutungen zu den Wirkungen von Fortbildungen herausgearbeitet werden, wobei einerseits eine stärkere Kita-Orientierung und andererseits eine stärkere Schulorientierung als (implizite) Referenz deutlich wird. Zudem ließen sich Gelingensbedingungen von Fortbildungen wie „Praxisrelevanz“, die als allgemeingültig angenommen werden, typenspezifisch ausdifferenzieren. Mit der multiperspektivischen Untersuchung der differentiellen Wirkungen von Fortbildungen leistet das Projekt einen explorativen Beitrag zu einer quantitativ und qualitativ ausgerichteten Wirkungsforschung am Übergang Kita-Grundschule.
The formation of amyloid-β oligomers plays a key role in the onset of Alzheimer’s disease. We investigated the aggregation of amyloid-β oligomers by mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry, revealing those structural properties, which lead to the formation of mature fibrils. We can show that the arrangement of the first oligomers is crucial for the topology of the resulting species, leading to the formation of non-toxic aggregates or fibrils.
In this article, I question the use of the notion of ‘constituent power’ as a tool for the democratization of the European Union (EU). Rather than seeing the absence of a transnational constituent power as a cause of the EU’s ‘democratic deficit’, I identify it as an opportunity for unfettered democratic participation. Against the reification of power-in-action into a power-constituted-in-law, I argue that the democratization of the EU can only be achieved through the multiplication of ‘constituent moments’. I begin by deconstructing the normative justifications surrounding the concept of constituent power. Here I analyze the structural aporia of constituent power and question the autonomous and emancipatory dimension of this notion. I then test the theoretical hypothesis of this structural aporia of the popular constituent power by comparing it with the historical experiments of a European popular constituent power. Finally, based on these theoretical and empirical observations, I propose to replace the ambivalence of the concept of popular constituent power with a more cautious approach to the bottom-up democratization of European integration: that of a multiplication of transnational constituent moments.
It is increasingly recognized that neuroscience has not delivered the revolutionary clinical possibilities for psychiatry that had been promised. Explanations differ, however: some proponents emphasize the divide between biopsychosocial psychiatry and mechanistic neurology. Others rely on further basic experimental neuroscience as only the most elementary level of explanation will allow us to fully understand and treat mental disorders. From a clinical-neuropsychological perspective, I shall argue that both views are mistaken. Diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases demands a biopsychosocial perspective similar to psychiatry. Acknowledging this might help to bring both disciplines together and improve clinical outcome.
Species is the fundamental taxonomic unit in biology and its delimitation has implications for conservation. In giraffe (Giraffa spp.), multiple taxonomic classifications have been proposed since the early 1900s.1 However, one species with nine subspecies has been generally accepted,2 likely due to limited in-depth assessments, subspecies hybridizing in captivity,3,4 and anecdotal reports of hybrids in the wild.5 Giraffe taxonomy received new attention after population genetic studies using traditional genetic markers suggested at least four species.6,7 This view has been met with controversy,8 setting the stage for debate.9,10 Genomics is significantly enhancing our understanding of biodiversity and speciation relative to traditional genetic approaches and thus has important implications for species delineation and conservation.11 We present a high-quality de novo genome assembly of the critically endangered Kordofan giraffe (G. camelopardalis antiquorum)12 and a comprehensive whole-genome analysis of 50 giraffe representing all traditionally recognized subspecies. Population structure and phylogenomic analyses support four separately evolving giraffe lineages, which diverged 230–370 ka ago. These lineages underwent distinct demographic histories and show different levels of heterozygosity and inbreeding. Our results strengthen previous findings of limited gene flow and admixture among putative giraffe species6,7,9 and establish a genomic foundation for recognizing four species and seven subspecies, the latter of which should be considered as evolutionary significant units. Achieving a consensus over the number of species and subspecies in giraffe is essential for adequately assessing their threat level and will improve conservation efforts for these iconic taxa.
We consider an additively time-separable life-cycle model for the family of power period utility functions u such that u0(c) = c−θ for resistance to inter-temporal substitution of θ > 0. The utility maximization problem over life-time consumption is dynamically inconsistent for almost all specifications of effective discount factors. Pollak (1968) shows that the savings behavior of a sophisticated agent and her naive counterpart is always identical for a logarithmic utility function (i.e., for θ = 1). As an extension of Pollak’s result we show that the sophisticated agent saves a greater (smaller) fraction of her wealth in every period than her naive counterpart whenever θ > 1 (θ < 1) irrespective of the specification of discount factors. We further show that this finding extends to an environment with risky returns and dynamically inconsistent Epstein-Zin-Weil preferences.
This paper uses a novel account of non-ideal political action that can justify radical responses to severe climate injustice, including and especially deliberate attempts to engineer the climate system in order reflect sunlight into space and cooling the planet. In particular, it discusses the question of what those suffering from climate injustice may do in order to secure their fundamental rights and interests in the face of severe climate change impacts. Using the example of risky geoengineering strategies such as sulfate aerosol injections, I argue that peoples that are innocently subject to severely negative climate change impacts may have a special permission to engage in large-scale yet risky climate interventions to prevent them. Furthermore, this can be true even if those interventions wrongly harm innocent people.
The future of work has become a pressing matter of concern: Researchers, business consultancies, and industrial companies are intensively studying how new work models could be best implemented to increase workplace flexibility and creativity. In particular, the agile model has become one of the “must-have” elements for re-organizing work practices, especially for technology development work. However, the implementation of agile work often comes together with strong presumptions: it is regarded as an inevitable tool that can be universally integrated into different workplaces while having the same outcome of flexibility, transparency, and flattened hierarchies everywhere. This paper challenges such essentializing assumptions by turning agile work into a “matter of care.” We argue that care work occurs in contexts other than feminized reproductive work, namely, technology development. Drawing on concepts from feminist Science and Technology Studies and ethnographic research at agile technology development workplaces in Germany and Kenya, we examine what work it takes to actually keep up with the imperative of agile work. The analysis brings the often invisibilized care practices of human and nonhuman actors to the fore that are necessary to enact and stabilize the agile promises of flexibilization, co-working, and rapid prototyping. Revealing the caring sociotechnical relationships that are vital for working agile, we discuss the emergence of power asymmetries characterized by hierarchies of skills that are differently acknowledged in the daily work of technology development. The paper ends by speculating on the emancipatory potential of a care perspective, by which we seek to inspire careful Emancipatory Technology Studies.
Background: Peanuts are a member of the legume family (botanical family Leguminosae) and peanut allergies are the most common cause of food anaphylaxis in many countries. The prevalence of peanut allergy is increasing.
Methods: Experts from Germany and Austria performed a standardized literature search and published their consensus recommendations in a White Paper on Peanut Allergy, which this care pathway is based upon, thus, providing a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment algorithm.
Results: The most important diagnostic key elements include a detailed clinical medical history, evidence of peanut-specific sensitization by means of skin prick testing and/or in vitro determination of the peanut (extract)-specific IgE and/or the molecular component diagnostics (most important Ara h 2-specific IgE, sometimes also Ara h1-, 3-, 6-, 8- and 9-specific IgE) as well as the gold standard, the double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge. The diagnostic algorithms were created for the following constellations: Suspected primary peanut allergy with a clear history of systemic immediate-type reaction, suspected primary peanut allergy with questionable symptoms, suspected secondary (possibly pollen-associated) peanut allergy with a history of solely oropharyngeal symptoms and incidental finding of sensitization and no peanut ingestion so far.
Conclusions: After established diagnosis the standard of care is counseling to avoid peanut contact and prescription of emergency medications (oral antihistamines, oral steroids, inhaled β2-agonists, injectable intramuscular epinephrine) as needed. Instruction on the use of these emergency medications should be provided. A preparation for oral immunotherapy (OIT) for 4 to 17 years old peanut allergic children/ adolescents has been recently approved by the regulatory authorities. OIT for peanut allergy shows high efficacy and an acceptable safety profile, improves quality of life, and health economic aspects. Thus it offers a therapeutic option for peanut allergic children and adolescents.
Several psychotherapy treatments exist for posttraumatic stress disorder. This study examines the treatment preferences of treatment-seeking traumatized adults in Germany and investigates the reasons for their treatment choices. Preferences for prolonged exposure, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), psychodynamic psychotherapy and stabilization were assessed via an online survey. Reasons for preferences were analyzed by means of thematic coding by two independent rates. 104 traumatized adults completed the survey. Prolonged exposure and CBT were each preferred by nearly 30%, and EMDR and psychodynamic psychotherapy were preferred by nearly 20%. Stabilization was significantly less preferred than all other options, by only 4%. Significantly higher proportions of patients were disinclined to choose EMDR and stabilization. Patients who preferred psychodynamic psychotherapy were significantly older than those who preferred CBT. Reasons underlying preferences included the perceived treatment mechanisms and treatment efficacy. Traumatized patients vary in their treatment preferences. Preference assessments may help clinicians comprehensively address patients' individual needs and thus improve therapy outcomes.
Having a gatekeeper position in a collaborative network offers firms great potential to gain competitive advantages. However, it is not well understood what kind of collaborations are associated with such a position. Conceptually grounded in social network theory, this study draws on the resource-based view and the relational factors view to investigate which types of collaboration characterize firms that are in a gatekeeper position, which ultimately could improve firm performance in subsequent periods. The empirical analysis utilizes a unique longitudinal data set to examine dynamic network formation. We used a data crawling approach to reconstruct collaboration networks among the 500 largest companies in Germany over nine years and matched these networks with performance data. The results indicate that firms in gatekeeper positions often engage in medium-intensity collaborations and less likely weak-intensity collaborations. Strong-intensity collaborations are not related to the likelihood of being a gatekeeper. Our study further reveals that a firm's knowledge base is an important moderator and that this knowledge base can increase the benefits of having a gatekeeper position in terms of firm performance.
This in-depth analysis proposes ways to retract from supervisory COVID-19 support measures without perils for financial stability. It simulates the likely impact of the corona crisis on euro area banks’ capital and predicts a significant capital shortfall. We recommend to end accounting practices that conceal loan losses and sustain capital relief measures. Our in-depth analysis also proposes how to address the impending capital shortfall in resolution/liquidation and a supranational recapitalisation.
Despite the increasing interest in leaders’ health-promoting behavior, the employees’ role in the effectiveness of such behavior and the mechanisms underlying how such leadership behavior affects their well-being have largely been ignored. Drawing on implicit leadership theories, we advance the health-oriented leadership literature by examining employees’ ideals, that is, their expectations regarding such leader behavior, as a moderating factor. We propose that higher expectations increase the association between actual health-oriented leader behavior and employee-rated leader-member relationships (LMX) and health-oriented behaviors by employees, which, in turn, positively relate to their well-being (here: exhaustion and work engagement). We tested our theoretical model in three studies, using a cross-sectional design (Study 1, N = 307), a two-wave time-lagged design (Study 2, N = 144) and an experimental design (Study 3, N = 173). We found that the effect of actual health-oriented leader behavior on LMX is contingent on employees’ ideal health-oriented leader behavior. Yet, for employees’ self-care behavior, the proposed moderation was only significant in Study 1. High expectations strengthened the relationship between actual health-oriented leader behavior with LMX and self-care behavior, which, in turn, were associated with less exhaustion and more work engagement (only LMX), supporting most of our mediation hypotheses. Our results highlight the pivotal role of employees’ expectations regarding leaders’ health support and help in building practical interventions with regard to leaders’ health promotion.
The current economic landscape is complex and globalized, and it imposes on individuals the responsibility for their own financial security. This situation has been intensified by the COVID-19 crisis, since short-time work and layoffs significantly limit the availability of financial resources for individuals. Due to the long duration of the lockdown, these challenges will have a long-term impact and affect the financial well-being of many citizens. Moreover, it can be assumed that the consequences of this crisis will once again particularly affect groups of people who have already frequently been identified as having low financial literacy. Financial literacy is therefore an important target for educational measures and interventions. However, it cannot be considered in isolation but must take into account the many potential factors that influence financial literacy alone or in combination. These include personality traits and socio-demographic factors as well as the (in)ability to defer gratification. Against this background, individualized support offers can be made. With this in mind, in the first step of this study, we analyze the complex interaction of personality traits, socio-demographic factors, the (in-)ability to delay gratification, and financial literacy. In the second step, we differentiate the identified effects regarding different groups to identify moderating effects, which, in turn, allow conclusions to be drawn about the need for individualized interventions. The results show that gender and educational background moderate the effects occurring between self-reported financial literacy, financial learning opportunities, delay of gratification, and financial literacy.
The health and genetic data of deceased people are a particularly important asset in the field of biomedical research. However, in practice, using them is compli- cated, as the legal framework that should regulate their use has not been fully developed yet. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is not applicable to such data and the Member States have not been able to agree on an alternative regulation. Recently, normative models have been proposed in an attempt to face this issue. The most well- known of these is posthumous medical data donation (PMDD). This proposal supports an opt-in donation system of health data for research purposes. In this article, we argue that PMDD is not a useful model for addressing the issue at hand, as it does not consider that some of these data (the genetic data) may be the personal data of the living relatives of the deceased. Furthermore, we find the reasons supporting an opt-in model less convincing than those that vouch for alternative systems. Indeed, we propose a normative framework that is based on the opt-out system for non-personal data combined with the application of the GDPR to the relatives’ personal data.
Analyses of species functional traits are suitable to better understand the coexistence of species in a given environment. Trait information can be applied to investigate diversity patterns along environmental gradients and subsequently to predict and mitigate threats associated with climate change and land use. Species traits are used to calculate community trait means, which can be related to environmental gradients. However, while species traits can provide insights into the mechanisms underlying community assembly, they can lead to erroneous inferences if mean trait values are used. An alternative is to incorporate intraspecific trait variability (ITV) into calculating the community trait means. This approach gains increasing acceptance in plant studies. For macrofungi, functional traits have recently been applied to examine their community ecology but, to our knowledge, ITV has yet to be incorporated within the framework of community trait means. Here, we present a conceptual summary of the use of ITV to investigate the community ecology of macrofungi, including the underlying ecological theory. Inferences regarding community trait means with or without the inclusion of ITV along environmental gradients are compared. Finally, an existing study is reconsidered to highlight the variety of possible outcomes when ITV is considered. We hope this Opinion will increase awareness of the potential for within-species trait variability and its importance for statistical inferences, interpretations, and predictions of the mechanisms structuring communities of macro- and other fungi.
This in-depth analysis provides evidence on differences in the practice of supervising large banks in the UK and in the euro area. It identifies the diverging institutional architecture (partially supranationalised vs. national oversight) as a pivotal determinant for a higher effectiveness of supervisory decision making in the UK. The ECB is likely to take a more stringent stance in prudential supervision than UK authorities. The setting of risk weights and the design of macroprudential stress test scenarios document this hypothesis. This document was provided by the Economic Governance Support Unit at the request of the ECON Committee.
This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. It was originally published on the European Parliament’s webpage: www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2021/689443/IPOL_IDA(2021)689443_EN.pdf
Although resilience is a multi-level process, research largely focuses on the individual and little is known about how resilience may distinctly present at the group level. Even less is known about subjective conceptualizations of resilience at either level. Therefore, two studies sought to better understand how individuals conceptualize resilience both as an individual and as a group. Study 1 (N = 123) experimentally manipulated whether participants reported on either individual or group-based responses to real stressors and analysed their qualitative responses. For individual responses, subjective resilience featured active coping most prominently, whereas social support was the focus for group-based responses. As these differences might be attributable to the different stressors people remembered in either condition, Study 2 (N = 171) held a hypothetical stressor (i.e., natural disaster) constant. As expected, resilience at the group level emphasized maintaining group cohesion. Surprisingly, the group condition also reported increased likelihood to engage in blame, denial, and behavioural disengagement. Contrary to expectations, participants in the individual condition reported stronger desire to seek out new groups. The combined findings are discussed within the framework of resilience and social identity and highlight the necessity of accounting for multiple levels and subjective conceptualizations of resilience.
In Spätmittelalter und früher Neuzeit spielten Juristen bei der Pestbekämpfung eine wachsende Rolle: Während die Mediziner darüber stritten, ob die Körpersäfte schuld waren an der Ausbreitung der Seuche oder der Kontakt mit Erkrankten, organisierten juristisch gebildete Amtsträger für ihre Obrigkeiten eine beispiellose Politik staatlicher Intervention. Diese Strategie war zwar erfolgreich, zuweilen jedoch auch gnadenlos.
Viele Krebsarten können heutzutage erfolgreich behandelt werden. Doch häufig entstehen tödliche Hirnmetastasen. Wie es Tumorzellen gelingt, die Blut-Hirn-Schranke zu überwinden und im gut geschützten Organ Hirn zu überleben und sich weiter zu teilen, verfolgt die Arbeitsgruppe von Lisa Sevenich im Georg-Speyer-Haus, dem Institut für Tumorbiologie und Experimentelle Therapie.
Die drei Journalisten Patrick Bauer, Patrick Illinger und Till Krause sind für das Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin in einer tiefschürfenden Recherche dem Fall des Tübinger Professors Niels Birbaumer nachgegangen, der behauptete, die Gedanken von unheilbar an der Nervenkrankheit ALS leidenden Patienten entschlüsseln zu können. Dabei traten jedoch immer größer werdende Unstimmigkeiten zwischen Datenlage und öffentlichen Erfolgsmeldungen auf. Insbesondere die Daten, auf denen die vermeintlichen Forschungsergebnisse basierten, konnten bei Nachprüfungen von anderen Experten nicht nachvollzogen werden. Die Jury des Goethe-Medienpreises erkannte dieser auch journalistisch herausragend umgesetzten Arbeit den 1. Preis zu. Mit zwei Journalisten des Teams, mit Dr. Till Krause und Dr. Patrick Illinger, konnte der UniReport vor der Preisverleihung sprechen.
Die Eltern sind fassungslos: Ihr 14-jähriger Sohn stürzt beim Training von seinem Rennrad und ist auf der Stelle tot – keine äußere Einwirkung, plötzlicher Herztod, wie die Rechtsmediziner feststellen. »Warum mein Sohn? Was sind die Ursachen?« Diese Fragen beschäftigen die trauernden Angehörigen nach dem ersten Schock unablässig, wissen die kardiologische Expertin Dr. Britt Beckmann und die Professorin für forensische Genetik Silke Kauferstein am Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt. Mit ihrem »Rescued«-Projekt sind sie Ansprechpartnerinnen für Betroffene und versuchen, mit modernsten Methoden der postmortalen Gendiagnostik Anhaltspunkte für eine Diagnose zu finden. Außerdem bauen sie – auch mit finanzieller Unterstützung der Freundesvereinigung in Höhe von 9000 Euro – ein erstes bundesweites Registersystem auf, in dem Fälle von plötzlichem Herztod bei jungen Menschen und ihre Ursachen erfasst werden.
Kontaktbeschränkungen betreffen vor allem auch internationale Studierende. Die digitale Kommunikation mit Freunden und Familie in der Heimat ist für viele ohnehin eine Selbstverständlichkeit. Aber die fehlende Präsenz im Studium und im Alltag an ihrem Studienwunschort Frankfurt ist für viele eine große Herausforderung.
Für die Studie 2019 wurden Jugendliche aus 88 Klassen in 23 Schulen von Ende 2019 bis Anfang 2020 befragt. Sie waren im Durchschnitt 16,7 Jahre alt, 81 Prozent der Befragten wohnten in Frankfurt. Die Daten des Monitoring-System Drogentrends basieren auf Befragungen von jährlich ca. 1500 Frankfurter Schüler*innen, die das Centre for Drug Research der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt seit 2002 durchführt. An den hier dargestellten Ergebnissen der Hauptzielgruppe der 15- bis 18-Jährigen waren ca. 1100 Schüler*innen beteiligt. Ebenfalls abgefragt wurde in der MoSyD-Studie Medienkonsum, Glücksspiel und andere Freizeitaktivitäten. Die MoSyD-Studie (Monitoring-System Drogentrends) 2019 umfasst neben der Befragung der Schüler*-innen auch die Befragung von Expert*innen und Trendscouts. Das Drogenreferat der Stadt Frankfurt am Main fördert die Studie. Die gesamte Studie kann kostenfrei heruntergeladen werden unter https://www.uni-frankfurt.de/99133712/MoSyD_Jahresbericht_2019.pd
Hintergrund: Die Verankerung der Kompetenzorientierung und die Betonung der praktisch-klinischen Ausbildung im Rahmen des Medizinstudiums sind zentrale Punkte in den Neuerungen der Ärztlichen Approbationsordnung. Mit der Entwicklung des Nationalen Kompetenzbasierten Lernzielkatalogs Medizin (NKLM) ist ein Rahmenwerk erstellt und verabschiedet worden, das die Inhalte des gesamten Medizinstudiums in Deutschland abbilden und eine Implementierung kompetenzorientierter Lernziele an den Fakultäten forcieren soll. Um diesem Ziel gerecht zu werden, müssen bereits an den Fakultäten vorhandene Lehrveranstaltungen mit dem NKLM abgeglichen und im Rahmen eines Curriculum Mappings kartiert werden. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist daher die Kartierung der im Frankfurter Blockpraktikum Chirurgie erlernten Kompetenzen im Sinne eines Curriculum Mappings in Anlehnung an die im NKLM formulierten Lernziele. Zudem wurde folgenden Fragestellungen nachgegangen: Welcher Umfang kompetenzorientierter Lernziele kann Studierenden in einem zweiwöchigen Praktikum Chirurgie vermittelt werden? Wie ist die Vermittlung der einzelnen Kapitel des NKLM im Blockpraktikum Chirurgie gewichtet? Gibt es Unterschiede der erreichten Lernziele in Abhängigkeit des Geschlechts der Studierenden, der besuchten Fachrichtung bzw. des besuchten Lehrkrankenhauses?
Material und Methoden: Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Medizinstudierende im zweiten bzw. dritten klinischen Semester unmittelbar nach Abschluss ihres Blockpraktikums Chirurgie gebeten, unter Nutzung eines Online-Fragebogens anzugeben, welche der im NKLM formulierten Lernziele sie im zweiwöchigen Blockpraktikum Chirurgie gelernt haben. Somit konnte für jedes Kapitel dargestellt werden, zu welchem prozentualen Anteil die Lernziele dieses Kapitels erreicht worden sind. Zudem wurden die soziodemographischen Daten der Studierenden, die Fachrichtung des Blockpraktikums und das Lehrkrankenhaus erfasst. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte mit dem Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney Test und dem Kruskal-Wallis Test.
Ergebnisse: Insgesamt nahmen 81 Studierenden (28 Männer, 53 Frauen) aus dem 2. bzw 3. klinischen Semester an der Studie teil. Insgesamt wurden im zweiwöchigen Blockpraktikum Chirurgie 8,78 ± 5,10% (Min. 1,01%; Max. 29,84%) aller Lernziele von den Studierenden erreicht. Hierbei wurden anteilig die meisten Lernziele in den Kapiteln 5-11 (Abschnitt 1 „Ärztliche Rollen“) mit 29,92 ± 15,22% (Min. 0,00%; Max. 63,10%) vermittelt. Aus Abschnitt 2 („Medizinisches Wissen, klinische Fähigkeiten und professionelle Haltungen“) wurden vor allem die Lernziele der Kapitel 14b „Klinisch-praktische Fertigkeiten“ (15,49 ± 7,78% (Min. 0,00%; Max. 41,30%) und 14c „Ärztliche Gesprächsführung“ (22,98 ± 16,47% (Min. 0,00%; Max. 70,69%) von den Studierenden erreicht. Männer geben durchschnittlich an, mehr Lernziele erreicht zu haben als Frauen (9,84% vs. 8,22%; p=0.104731). Weiterhin haben Studierende, die ihr Praktikum in einem Lehrkrankenhaus mit weniger als 100 chirurgischen Bettenplätzen (10,60 ± 6,75%; Min. 2,33%; Max. 29,84%) oder in einer Rotation (9,95 ± 6,67%; Min. 1,90%; Max. 29,84%) durch mehrere Fachrichtungen absolvierten, angegeben mehr Lernziele erreicht zu haben als andere Studierende insgesamt.
Schlussfolgerung: Das zweiwöchige Blockpraktikum Chirurgie in Frankfurt kann den Studierenden (im Hinblick auf die Gesamtdauer des Medizinstudiums) einen großen Anteil der im NKLM formulierten Lernziele vermitteln. Vor allem die Lernziele der „Ärztlichen Rollen“ und der „klinisch-praktischen Fertigkeiten“ werden erlernt. Die Vermittlung gelingt besonders umfangreich in kleineren Lehrkrankenhäusern. Trotzdem bietet das Blockpraktikum Chirurgie den Teilnehmer nur einen kleinen Einblick in den Fachbereich Chirurgie. Für die Vermittlung von spezifischen chirurgischen Fähigkeiten, Prinzipen chirurgischer Diagnostik und Therapie, sowie Aspekte der „Patientenzentrierten Gesundheitsversorgung“ sind andere Formate notwendig.
Die vorliegende Dissertation behandelt das Thema der Wechselstromleitfähigkeit nano-granularer Metalle, welche mit Hilfe der fokussierten elektronenstrahlinduzierten Direktabscheidung (FEBID) hergestellt wurden, sowie der dielektrischen Relaxation in metall-organischen Gerüstverbindungen (MOFs). Sie war eingebettet in das interdisziplinäre Projekt „Dielectric and Ferroelectric Surface-Mounted Metal-Organic Frameworks (SURMOFs) as Sensor Devices“ im Rahmen des DPG-Schwerpunktsprogramms „Coordination Networks: Building Blocks for Functional Systems“ (SPP 1928, COORNETs). Dabei verfolgt sie ein Sensorkonzept zur selektiven Detektion von Analytgasen. Der zentrale Erfolg der Arbeit besteht dabei in neuen Erkenntnissen über die Wechselstromleitfähigkeit nano-granularer Pt(C)-FEBID-Deponate. Die hierbei gewonnen Erkenntnisse können in Zukunft einen weiteren Baustein in der theoretischen Beschreibung dieses grundlegend interessanten und für sensorische Anwendungen wichtigen Teilgebiets der Festkörperphysik darstellen.
The authors present evidence of a new propagation mechanism for wealth inequality, based on differential responses, by education, to greater inequality at the start of economic life. The paper is motivated by a novel positive cross-country relationship between wealth inequality and perceptions of opportunity and fairness, which holds only for the more educated. Using unique administrative micro data and a quasi-field experiment of exogenous allocation of households, the authors find that exposure to a greater top 10% wealth share at the start of economic life in the country leads only the more educated placed in locations with above-median wealth mobility to attain higher wealth levels and position in the cohort-specific wealth distribution later on. Underlying this effect is greater participation in risky financial and real assets and in self-employment, with no evidence for a labor income, unemployment risk, or human capital investment channel. This differential response is robust to controlling for initial exposure to fixed or other time-varying local features, including income inequality, and consistent with self-fulfilling responses of the more educated to perceived opportunities, without evidence of imitation or learning from those at the top.
The Global South is facing severe challenges in ensuring livelihood security due to climate change impacts, environmental degradation and population growth as well as changing lifestyles. These complex problems cannot be solely solved by single scientific disciplines – they require transdisciplinary research (TDR). Stakeholders from civil society, the corporate sector, government and science need to pool their knowledge to find solutions for sustainable transformations. In Namibia, we have been involved in TDR projects on water supply, and sanitation services as well as livestock management in rangeland systems. In this paper, we review two TDR projects that differ in multiple ways and hence allow us to carve out structural differences and critically discuss research outcomes, lessons learned and the challenge of North–South collaborations. Our review builds upon published and unpublished project documents as well as expert interviews with Namibian and German researchers who were involved in the projects. Our results show that TDR can be put into practice in different ways, depending on the research focus and the period available. The TDR phases of problem framing, inter- and transdisciplinary integration were implemented with different tools and foci points. We discuss the role of project length and funding conditions for project success and outcome generation. In addition, we critically consider the role of Namibian and German researchers in these international collaborations. The conclusions we draw touch upon the points of preparatory research funding, the equal acknowledgement of Global South contributions to joint research projects and the explicit handling of TDR components in project work. Significance: • The current social-ecological challenges are complex and require TDR as a mode of knowledge coproduction, particularly in a development context. • Inter- and transdisciplinary integration are critical processes for a project to be successful and require the allocation of adequate time and monetary resources. • Longer-term projects with a funded preparatory research phase constitute a structural model for TDR as project outcomes can evolve over time. • Global South researchers carry a hidden burden in international collaborations that has to be adequately acknowledged upfront in project planning and final products.
Nach dem Theologiestudium in Göttingen und Marburg war Tabea Kraaz am Graduiertenkolleg „Theologie als Wissenschaft“ an unserem Fachbereich tätig. 2018 wurde sie mit einer Arbeit zu „Martin Luthers Glaubenswelten“ promoviert. Heute ist sie Gemeindepfarrerin in Arnoldshain im Taunus und engagiert sich als „TheoTabea“ in Sozialen Medien und mit einem Blog für die „digitale Kirche“.
Was ist ein Hindernis? – Fachliche Aushandlungen im Sachunterricht am Beispiel der Mobilitätsbildung
(2021)
Anhand eines Transkripts aus dem Sachunterricht an einer inklusiven Grundschule wird in diesem Beitrag herausgearbeitet, was Fachlichkeit am Beispiel der Radfahrausbildung in einer vierten Klasse ausmacht. Für die Videographien im Sachunterricht wurden Schulen ausgewählt, die sich selbst als inklusiv beschreiben. So beschreiben sie beispielsweise, dass der Anspruch auf sonderpädagogische Förderung erst im Übergang zur weiterführenden Schule festgestellt wird. Untersucht wird, wie die Teilnehmenden in einer Unterrichtsstunde ihre Vorstellungen zu dem fachlichen Begriff Hindernis aushandeln. Es zeigt sich, dass bei der Bearbeitung des Themas Vorbeifahren an einem Hindernis im Material kein Rückgriff auf die begrifflichen Vorstellungen bzw. Konzepte der Kinder vorgesehen ist. Da die Lernenden dennoch einen Aushandlungsprozess initiieren, in den sie auch die Lehrkraft einbeziehen, ist eine Auseinandersetzung mit den kindlichen und fachlichen Vorstellungen zu beobachten.
Trotz der Relevanz des Themas Suizidalität und gut bekannter Risikofaktoren gibt es bisher keine deutsche Leitlinie zur Suizidalität im Erwachsenenalter. In diesem Beitrag werden zunächst die Geschichte und die Hintergründe der Arbeit mit Leitlinien beschrieben. Der aktuelle Stand der Leitlinien für psychische Erkrankungen in Deutschland wird dargestellt und auf suizidpräventive Inhalte hin untersucht. Die Notwendigkeit evidenzbasierter Suizidprävention und einer spezifischen Leitlinie zur Suizidprävention bei Erwachsenen wird diskutiert.
Nur durch gezielte Suizidpräventionsstrategien und Interventionen für die jeweiligen Risikogruppen und unter Beachtung von Alters- und Geschlechtsspezifität kann für alle Betroffenen eine flächendeckende, gut erreichbare, bedarfs- und versorgungsgerechte, finanzierbare sowie nachhaltige medizinische Versorgung auf einem hohen Niveau sichergestellt werden. Dies gilt für den ambulanten und den stationären Bereich sowie für deren Schnittstellen. Bei Suizidalität handelt es sich um ein diagnoseübergreifendes, in unterschiedlichen Versorgungskontexten auftretendes Syndrom mit komplexem Behandlungsbedarf, weshalb intersektorale und multiprofessionelle Aspekte in einer entsprechenden Leitlinie besonders zu adressieren sind. Wissenschaftliche Evidenz und interdisziplinärer Konsens unter Expertinnen und Experten zum Umgang mit suizidalem Verhalten in der medizinischen Versorgung können dazu beitragen, Morbidität und Mortalität im Zusammenhang mit Suizidalität zu reduzieren. Im August 2021 wurde die Finanzierung einer S3-Leitlinie „Umgang mit Suizidalität“ vom Innovationsfonds des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses bewilligt.
In recent years, the clinical usefulness of the Wada test (WT) has been debated among researchers in the field. Therefore, we aimed to assess its contribution to the prediction of change in verbal learning and verbal memory function after epilepsy surgery. Data from 56 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent WT and subsequent surgery were analyzed retrospectively. Additionally, a standard neuropsychological assessment evaluating attentional, learning and memory, visuospatial, language, and executive function was performed both before and 12 months after surgery. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were used to determine the incremental value of WT results over socio-demographic, clinical, and neuropsychological characteristics in predicting postsurgical change in patients’ verbal learning and verbal memory function. The incorporation of WT results significantly improved the prediction models of postsurgical change in verbal learning (∆R2 = 0.233, p = .032) and verbal memory function (∆R2 = 0.386, p = .005). Presurgical performance and WT scores accounted for 41.8% of the variance in postsurgical change in verbal learning function, and 51.1% of the variance in postsurgical change in verbal memory function. Our findings confirm that WT results are of significant incremental value for the prediction of postsurgical change in verbal learning and verbal memory function. Thus, the WT contributes to determining the risks of epilepsy surgery and, therefore, remains an important part of the presurgical work-up of selected patients with clear clinical indications.
Vulnerability comes, according to Orio Giarini, with two risks: human-made risks, also called entrepreneurial risks, and natural or pure risks such as accidents and earthquakes. Both types of risk are growing in dimension and are increasingly interrelated. To control the vulnerability, sophisticated insurance products are called for. Here, mutual insurance is relevant, in particular when risks are large, probabilities uncertain or unknown, and events interrelated or correlated. In this paper the following three examples are discussed and the advantages of mutual insurance are shown: unknown probabilities connected with unforeseeable events, correlated risks and macroeconomic or demographic risks.