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LINE-1-Retrotransposons sind für die Entstehung von über 35 % des menschlichen Genoms verantwortlich. Während ihre Aktivität entscheidend zur Evolution von Säugetieren allgemein und des Menschen im Speziellen beigetragen hat, kann die L1-Expression und die L1-vermittelte Retrotransposition schädigende Auswirkungen für die Wirtszelle haben (Goodier und Kazazian, 2008). Die Liste der dokumentierten, durch L1-Aktivität hervorgerufenen Erkrankungen umfasst gegenwärtig ca. 65 Fälle von genetischen bzw. Tumorerkrankungen und wird immer länger. Um die Anzahl schädigender L1-Retrotranspositionsereignisse zu minimieren, hat der menschliche Organismus Strategien entwickelt, um die L1-Retrotransposition zu kontrollieren. Eine dieser Strategien ist die Inhibition der L1-Aktivität durch Mitglieder der APOBEC-Proteinfamilie, wobei deren jeweilige Mechanismen der L1-Inhibition gegenwärtig noch nicht aufgeklärt sind. Es war daher das Ziel dieser Arbeit, Einblicke in die Mechanismen der Hemmung der L1-Retrotransposition durch Mitglieder der Familie der humanen APOBEC3-Proteine zu bekommen, wobei eine Fokussierung auf den durch APOBEC3C vermittelten Mechanismus vorgenommen wurde. Aufbauend auf kürzlich publizierte Daten zur Hemmung der L1-Retrotransposition durch die APOBEC3-Proteine A3A, A3B, A3C und A3F (Bogerd et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2006; Muckenfuss et al., 2006) wurde eine Arbeitshypothese entwickelt, welche die L1-Inhibition durch APOBEC3-vermittelte Deaminierung von Cytosinen der L1-cDNA unter der Beteiligung von Faktoren des „Base Excision Repair“-Weges erklärt. Diese Arbeitshypothese steht im Einklang mit der Abwesenheit nachweisbarer G-zu-A-Hypermutationen von L1-Kopien wie sie für die APOBEC3-spezifische Deaminaseaktivität charakteristisch sind, sowie mit der Existenz 5’-verkürzter genomischer L1-Kopien. Die Ergebnisse aus in silico-Analysen der 5’-Enden von 38 L1-Neuinsertionen aus Zellkulturexperimenten, die in Anwesenheit von endogen exprimiertem A3B, A3C und A3H retrotransponiert waren, sowie von 885 genomischen, endogenen L1-Kopien waren in Übereinstimmung mit unserer Arbeitshypothese, da in beiden Fällen Guanin als erste fehlende L1-Nukleobase am L1-5’-Ende statistisch signifikant überrepräsentiert vorliegt. Während für die Inhibition von L1 durch A3A dessen Deaminaseaktivität notwendig ist, wurde gezeigt, dass A3C die L1-Retrotransposition über einen deaminaseunabhängigen Mechanismus hemmt. Die L1-Inhibition durch A3C erforderte sowohl eine funktionelle Dimerisierungsdomäne als auch eine intakte RNA-Bindedomäne. Die Identifizierung von A3C und L1-ORF1p in derselben Saccharosegradientenfraktion sowie die Kolokalisation beider Proteine im Zytoplasma von HeLa- bzw. 143B-Zellen sprechen für eine Interaktion von A3C mit L1-ORF1p bzw. L1-RNPs. Da eine direkte Interaktion von A3C und L1-ORF1p mittels Immunopräzipitation nicht nachgewiesen werden konnte, spricht dies dafür, dass die Interaktion nicht auf einen direkten Kontakt zwischen A3C und L1-ORF1p beruht. Eine direkte Interaktion zwischen A3A und L1-ORF1p konnte ebenfalls nicht nachgewiesen werden. Vielmehr spricht die Abhängigkeit der A3C-vermittelten Hemmung von der intakten RNA-Bindedomäne, experimentelle Daten, welche eine Interaktion mit L1-RNPs vorschlagen, sowie die Kolokalisation von A3C und L1-ORF1p im Zytoplasma für eine Sequestrierung der L1-RNPs, die Behinderung des nukleären Imports der L1-RNPs oder aber eine Blockierung der TPRT-Initiation als mögliche Mechanismen der A3C-vermittelten Hemmung der L1-Retrotransposition.
In the last decade, several sophisticated and accurate imaging methods such as positron emission tomography have been developed in order to evaluate malignant potential in enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. This case illustrates an unusual presentation of sarcoidosis that mimicked lymphatic metastases of non small cell lung carcinoma. The reported high specificity and sensitivity of positron emission tomography-Computer Tomography regarding mediastinal staging could lead in same cases of false positives to a delaying of stage adapted therapy of non small cell lung carcinoma, showing that despite the recent advances of imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography-computer tomography, several limitations of this imaging technique are still existing.
Protein catabolism should be reduced and protein synthesis promoted with parenteral nutrion (PN). Amino acid (AA) solutions should always be infused with PN. Standard AA solutions are generally used, whereas specially adapted AA solutions may be required in certain conditions such as severe disorders of AA utilisation or in inborn errors of AA metabolism. An AA intake of 0.8 g/kg/day is generally recommended for adult patients with a normal metabolism, which may be increased to 1.2–1.5 g/kg/day, or to 2.0 or 2.5 g/kg/day in exceptional cases. Sufficient non-nitrogen energy sources should be added in order to assure adequate utilisation of AA. A nitrogen calorie ratio of 1:130 to 1:170 (g N/kcal) or 1:21 to 1:27 (g AA/kcal) is recommended under normal metabolic conditions. In critically ill patients glutamine should be administered parenterally if indicated in the form of peptides, for example 0.3–0.4 g glutamine dipeptide/kg body weight/day (=0.2–0.26 g glutamine/kg body weight/day). No recommendation can be made for glutamine supplementation in PN for patients with acute pancreatitis or after bone marrow transplantation (BMT), and in newborns. The application of arginine is currently not warranted as a supplement in PN in adults. N-acetyl AA are only of limited use as alternative AA sources. There is currently no indication for use of AA solutions with an increased content of glycine, branched-chain AAs (BCAA) and ornithine-α-ketoglutarate (OKG) in all patients receiving PN. AA solutions with an increased proportion of BCAA are recommended in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy (III–IV).
Atmospheric new particle formation is a general phenomenon observed over coniferous forests. So far nucleation is described as a function of gaseous sulfuric acid concentration only, which is unable to explain the observed seasonality of nucleation events at different measurement sites. Here we introduce a new nucleation parameter including ozone and water vapor concentrations as well as UV-B radiation as a proxy for OH radical formation. Applying this new parameter to field studies conducted at Finnish and German measurement sites it is found capable to predict the occurrence of nucleation events and their seasonal and annual variation indicating a significant role of organics. Extrapolation to possible future conditions of ozone, water vapor and organic concentrations leads to a significant potential increase in nucleation event number.
Alternative education or teaching radicalism? New literature on Islamic education in Southeast Asia
(2009)
This review article focuses on three recent publications on Islamic education in Southeast Asia. While two are monographs on South Thailand and Myanmar/ Burma, one is a collection of essays on Indonesia, Malaysia, South Thailand, Cambodia, and the Southern Philippines. All works highlight local, regional and international educational networks, as well as their connections to the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East. Based chiefly on first-hand fieldwork, the works deliver an up-to-date and detailed picture of current discussions and developments regarding Islamic education in Southeast Asia. Key words Education ; Islam ; Southeast Asia ; Indonesia ; Malaysia ; Thailand ; Myanmar
Global betrachtet, bestehen große Unterschiede in der menschlichen Entwicklungsfähigkeit sowohl zwischen verschiedenen Gruppierungen innerhalb einer Gesellschaft als auch zwischen unterschiedlichen Gesellschaften. Diese Differenzen bedürfen einer Begründung. Armut mit ihren Begleiterscheinungen Hunger, Unter- und Mangelernährung (Ernährungsunsicherheit) ist ein menschlich und individuell nicht wünschenswerter Zustand. Angemessene Ernährung ist der Grundstein für jegliche Form von Entwicklung. Armut ist ein absoluter Zustand, der die Betroffenen der Erfüllung grundlegender menschlicher Bedürfnisse und der vollwertigen Teilhabe an der Menschengemeinschaft beraubt. Um Armut als ungerecht verstehen zu können, muss sie von einer bestimmten Art (z.B. strukurell) oder Gründen sein. Biodiversität ist ein grundlegender Baustein, um den Fortbestand der Erde und der Menschheit zu sichern. Ohne biologische Vielfalt ist kurzfristig kein qualitativ hochwertiges und langfristig überhaupt kein Leben möglich. Diverse Regionen und gesellschaftliche Gruppierungen sind unterschiedlich stark von ihrer Nutzung für das alltägliche Überleben abhängig und von einem Verlust der (Agro-)Biodiversität betroffen. Biodiverse Ernährungsstrategien werden selten zur Verringerung der Unterernährung eingesetzt. Die Themen Recht auf Nahrung und landwirtschaftliche Vielfalt sind in dieser Form noch nirgends behandelt worden. Es gibt bislang keine normative Debatte bzw. Literatur, die eine moralphilosophische Begründung des Rechts auf Nahrung versucht und sie in Bezug zu relevanten Abkommen und Rechtskommentaren daraufhin untersucht, welche Gerechtigkeits-konzeptionen implizit und explizit vorhanden sind und inwiefern sie die strukturelle Dimension von Armut und Unterernährung thematisieren. Dies ist ein Versuch der partiellen Aufarbeitung, der sowohl normative als auch empirische Elemente enthält. Nach der umfassenden Analyse landwirtschaftlicher Strukturen sowie der strukturellen Bedingtheiten von Armut untersuche ich die Plausibilität der Begründungsoptionen eines sozialen Menschenrechts und prüfe im Anschluss ob sich Elemente einer moralischen Argumentation innerhalb des UN Sozialpakts, der Allgemeinen Anmerkung 12 des UN Wirtschafts- und Sozialrats sowie der Freiwilligen Leitlinien der FAO rechtfertigen lassen. Abschließend plädiere ich für eine vielfältige Landwirtschaft und die Hinwendung von Ernährungssicherungs-strategien zu biodiverser Ernährung.
In previous investigations an impact of cellular copper homeostasis on ageing of the ascomycete Podospora anserina has been demonstrated. Here we provide new data indicating that mitochondria play a major role in this process. Determination of copper in the cytosolic fraction using total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis and eGfp reporter gene studies indicate an age-related increase of cytosolic copper levels. We show that components of the mitochondrial matrix (i.e. eGFP targeted to mitochondria) become released from the organelle during ageing. Decreasing the accessibility of mitochondrial copper in P. anserina via targeting a copper metallothionein to the mitochondrial matrix was found to result in a switch from a copper-dependent cytochrome-c oxidase to a copper-independent alternative oxidase type of respiration and results in lifespan extension. In addition, we demonstrate that increased copper concentrations in the culture medium lead to the appearance of senescence biomarkers in human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs). Significantly, expression of copper-regulated genes is induced during in vitro ageing in medium devoid of excess copper suggesting that cytosolic copper levels also increase during senescence of HDFs. These data suggest that the identified molecular pathway of age-dependent copper dynamics may not be restricted to P. anserina but may be conserved from lower eukaryotes to humans.
While liberal, redistributive views seek to correct and compensate for past injustices, by resorting to compensatory, procedural arguments for corrective justice, the recognition-based, communitarian arguments tend to promote by means of social movements and struggles for recognition a society free from prejudice and disrespect. In developing democratic societies such as Brazil, Axel Honneth’s contribution to the ongoing debates on Affirmative Action has been evoked, confirming that the dialectics of recognition does not merely seek a theoretical solution to the structural and economic inequalities that constitute some of their worst social pathologies, but allows for practices of self-respect and subjectivation that defy all technologies of social control, as pointed out in Foucault’s critique of power. The phenomenological deficit of critical theory consists thus in recasting the critique of power with a view to unveiling lifeworldly practices that resist systemic domination.
Processes occurring in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS) are of importance for the global climate, for the stratospheric dynamics and air chemistry, and they influence the global distribution of water vapour, trace gases and aerosols. The mechanisms underlying cloud formation and variability in the UT/LS are of scientific concern as these still are not adequately described and quantified by numerical models. Part of the reasons for this is the scarcity of detailed in-situ measurements in particular from the Tropical Transition Layer (TTL) within the UT/LS. In this contribution we provide measurements of particle number densities and the amounts of non-volatile particles in the submicron size range present in the UT/LS over Southern Brazil, West Africa, and Northern Australia. The data were collected in-situ on board of the Russian high altitude research aircraft M-55 "Geophysica" using the specialised COPAS (COndensation PArticle counting System) instrument during the TROCCINOX (Araçatuba, Brazil, February 2005), the SCOUT-O3 (Darwin, Australia, December 2005), and SCOUT-AMMA (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, August 2006) campaigns. The vertical profiles obtained are compared to those from previous measurements from the NASA DC-8 and NASA WB-57F over Costa Rica and other tropical locations between 1999 and 2007. The number density of the submicron particles as function of altitude was found to be remarkably constant (even back to 1987) over the tropical UT/LS altitude band such that a parameterisation suitable for models can be extracted from the measurements. At altitudes corresponding to potential temperatures above 430 K a slight increase of the number densities from 2005/2006 results from the data in comparison to the 1987 to 2007 measurements. The origins of this increase are unknown. By contrast the data from Northern hemispheric mid latitudes do not exhibit such an increase between 1999 and 2006. Vertical profiles of the non-volatile fraction of the submicron particles were also measured by a COPAS channel and are presented here. The resulting profiles of the non-volatile number density fraction show a pronounced maximum of 50% in the tropical TTL over Australia and West Africa. Below and above this fraction is much lower attaining values of 10% and smaller. In the lower stratosphere the fine particles mostly consist of sulphuric acid which is reflected in the low numbers of non-volatile residues measured by COPAS. Without detailed chemical composition measurements the reason for the increase of non-volatile particle fractions cannot yet be given. The long distance transfer flights to Brazil, Australia and West-Africa were executed during a time window of 17 months within a period of relative volcanic quiescence. Thus the data measured during these transfers represent a "snapshot picture" documenting the status of a significant part of the global UT/LS aerosol (with sizes below 1 μm) at low concentration levels 15 years after the last major (i.e., the 1991 Mount Pinatubo) eruption. The corresponding latitudinal distributions of the measured particle number densities are also presented in this paper in order to provide input on the UT/LS background aerosol for modelling purposes.
We investigate methods and tools for analyzing translations between programming languages with respect to observational semantics. The behavior of programs is observed in terms of may- and mustconvergence in arbitrary contexts, and adequacy of translations, i.e., the reflection of program equivalence, is taken to be the fundamental correctness condition. For compositional translations we propose a notion of convergence equivalence as a means for proving adequacy. This technique avoids explicit reasoning about contexts, and is able to deal with the subtle role of typing in implementations of language extensions.
Die Fragestellung der vorliegenden Arbeit betrifft die Rolle der spezifisch gegen Adenovirus Typ 5 und 7 sowie gegen das humane Herpesvirus 6 reagiblen CD4+ T-Lymphozyten als Surrogatmarker der virusspezifischen zellulären Immunität bei lungentransplantierten Patienten. Adenoviren und auch das humane Herpesvirus 6 sind wichtige Pathogene nach der Transplantation von soliden Organen und Knochenmark. Bei lungentransplantierten Patienten sind Adenovirusinfektionen mit einer hohen Mortalität verbunden. Die Reaktivierung des humanen Herpesvirus 6 ist ein Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung von CMV-vermittelten Erkrankungen bei Patienten unter immunsuppressiver Therapie. Bei nierentransplantierten Patienten kann die durchflusszytometrische Quantifizierung von spezifisch gegen Adenoviren und gegen CMV reagiblen CD4+ T-Zellen dazu beitragen, Patienten mit einem hohem Risiko für eine unkontrollierte Virusreplikation zu identifizieren. Die zelluläre Immunantwort bezüglich des humanen Herpesvirus 6 bei lungentransplantierten Patienten ist bisher kaum untersucht worden. Zur Klärung der Frage, inwieweit die durchflusszytometrische Analyse der de-novo-Zytokinsynthese von CD4+ T-Zellen Aussagen über die virusspezifische zelluläre Immunantwort zulässt, wurde bei 22 Patienten nach Lungentransplantation während 12 Monaten regelmäßig venöses Blut mit Adenovirus Typ 5 (Ad5)- und 7 (Ad7)- sowie humanem Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6 )-Antigen inkubiert und der Anteil [%] von CD4+ TLymphozyten welche eine de-novo-Synthese von Interferon (INF)-γ und CD69 durchführten durchflusszytometrisch bestimmt. Bei n=6 Ad5 positiven Patienten ohne Infekt im Beobachtungszeitraum reagierten im Median 0,31% (Spannweite: 0,09-1,47%), bei n=5 Ad7 positiven Patienten ohne Infektion (kein Nachweis von Adenovirus 5-DNA [copies/ml]) im Beobachtungszeitraum im Median 0,34% (Spannweite: 0,08-1,58%) der CD4+ Lymphozyten, bei n=16 Ad5 negativen Patienten reagierten im Median 0,06% (Spannweite: 0,01-0,25%), bei n=16 Ad7 negativen Patienten 0,05% (Spannweite: 0,01-0,28%) der CD4+ T-Lymphozyten auf die Stimulation mit dem entsprechenden Virus-Antigen mit einer de-novo-Synthese von INF-γ und CD69. Im Gegensatz dazu konnte nach Stimulation mit HHV-6-Antigen bei n=4 HHV-6 positiven Patienten ohne Infektion im Beobachtungszeitraum keine INF-γ- und CD69-Neusynthese nachgewiesen werden. Die in dieser Arbeit gewonnenen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die durchflusszytometrische Untersuchung Adenovirus-spezifischer CD4+ T-Zellen bei lungentransplantierten Patienten möglich ist. Es hat sich im Verlauf dieser Studie gezeigt, dass die Ergebnisse Ausgangspunkt für weitere Untersuchungen der virusspezifischen zellulären Immunantwort bei Transplantationspatienten sein können. In diesem Sinn ist die Untersuchung einer größeren Patientengruppe bei einer zentralen Durchführung der Methode sinnvoll. Im Bezug auf das humane Herpesvirus 6 bleibt es zu klären, ob auf der Basis von Modifikationen des von uns verwendeten durchflusszytometrischen Verfahrens Aussagen zur virusspezifischen Immunität von lungentransplantierten Patieten möglich sind.
Signal-dependent regulation of actin dynamics is essential for many cellular processes, including directional cell migration. In particular, cell migration is initiated by lamellipodia, actin-based protrusions of the plasma membrane. The formation of these protruding structures require incessant assembly and disassembly of actin filaments. The Arp2/3 complex and WAVE proteins are essential for both lamellipodium formation and its dynamics. WAVEs mediate the activation of the Arp2/3 complex downstream of the small GTPase Rac, thus being critical for Rac- and RTK-induced actin polymerization and cell migration. The WAVE-family proteins are always found associated with multiprotein complexes. The most abundant WAVE-based complex is referred to as the WANP (WAVE2-Abi-1-Nap1-PIR121) complex. IQGAP1 is a huge scaffolding protein with multiple protein-interacting domains. IQGAP1 participates in many fundamental activities, including regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, mitogenic, adhesive and migratory responses, as well as in cell polarity and cellular trafficking. IQGAP1 binds to N-WASP, thus raising the possibility that it might control actin nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex. In this study, IQGAP1 was found co-immunoprecipitated not only with WAVE, but also with the endogenous WANP-complex subunits. Correspondingly, IQGAP1 associated to both anti-WAVE and anti-Abi-1 immuno-complexes. Pull-down experiments proved that IQGAP1 binds directly to the WANP-complex subunits. Physical interaction between IQGAP1 and the reconstituted WANP complex could also be demonstrated. Together, these data indicate that IQGAP1 is an accessory component of the WANP complex. Interestingly, the IQGAP-WANP complex disassembled after either EGF stimulation or transfection with constitutively active Cdc42 and Rac1. HeLa cells devoid of IQGAP1 showed diminished and less persistent ruffling upon EGF, but not HGF, stimulation in comparison with the control. This phenotype was accompanied by a strong reduction in chemotaxis towards both growth factors, which was as dramatic as in WANP-complex knockdown (KD) cells. Moreover, GM130 and Giantin showed a polarized and flat ribbon-like pattern in control cells, as it is expected for cis- and cis/medial-Golgi markers. Conversely, small and dispersed vesicular structures were found in both IQGAP1 KD and WANP-complex KD cells. Importantly, Arp2/3-complex silencing resulted in the same phenotypes. Consistently, Brefeldin A-induced disassembly of the Golgi strongly inhibited the IQGAP1-WANP-complex interaction and chemotaxis towards EGF in wild-type cells. The re-expression of an RNAi-resistant wild-type IQGAP1 in IQGAP1 KD cells fully rescued both the ruffling abilities and Golgi structure. A constitutively active mutant, unable to bind to neither Rac1 /Cdc42 nor the WANP complex, could reconstitute only the former defect. Hence, this study shows that actin dynamics regulated by the IQGAP1-WANP complex controls Golgi-apparatus architecture and its contribution to cell chemotaxis. The working model here proposes that at the Golgi apparatus, recruitment of the WANP complex by IQGAP1 leads to the assembly of actin filaments required to maintain the appropriated Golgi morphology. The dissociation of the complex may be required to allow the remodeling of the Golgi membranes in order to respond following a chemoattractant gradient.
The pictorial art of the Church, as a spiritual product of the Christian civilisation, has continually received great influences from its ecclesiastical tradition and it was defined by its formal aesthetical standards and its iconographic preferences. A more nuanced reading of the parallels can be attained by placing the images in their visual context, which would allow a better appreciation of the meanings within. The biblical story of Adam and Eve, which is the theme of the following thesis, reflects the differentiation between the Eastern and the Western understanding of the events of the history of the holy Oikonomia, a point, which is the major ground for the development of the relative pictorial motifs. The protoplasts are the protagonists from their creation and life in paradise, the fall and expulsion until their resurrection through Christ. Their story is visualised in a number of scenes and episodes, having thus their original sin and resurrection for specific reasons centralised. This doctoral thesis attempts to collect as many parallels of the scenes is possible, trying to collate the Eastern with the Western visual approach in a deductive way, in order to reach our constructive conclusions and make available the combination of the art, theology and liturgy in the scenes of Adam and Eve in Genesis and in Resurrection (Anastasis). The reading we tried to perform was based upon the specific iconographical elements, which were worth to be commented. Our aim was to detect the direct bond between the production of art and the relevant patristic and apocryphal writings or even the theological theories, by quoting texts from the ecclesiastical literature, as well as the liturgical praxis.
Abrupt climate changes of the last deglaciation detected in a western Mediterranean forest record
(2009)
Abrupt changes in Western Mediterranean climate during the last deglaciation (20 to 6 cal ka BP) are detected in marine core MD95-2043 (Alboran Sea) through the investigation of high-resolution pollen data and pollen-based climate reconstructions by the modern analogue technique (MAT) for annual precipitation (Pann) and mean temperatures of the coldest and warmest months (MTCO and MTWA). Changes in temperate Mediterranean forest development and composition and MAT reconstructions indicate major climatic shifts with parallel temperature and precipitation changes at the onsets of Heinrich stadial 1 (equivalent to the Oldest Dryas), the Bölling-Allerød (BA), and the Younger Dryas (YD). Multi-centennial-scale oscillations in forest development occurred throughout the BA, YD, and early Holocene. Shifts in vegetation composition and (Pann reconstructions indicate that forest declines occurred during dry, and generally cool, episodes centred at 14.0, 13.3, 12.9, 11.8, 10.7, 10.1, 9.2, 8.3 and 7.4 cal ka BP. The forest record also suggests multiple, low-amplitude Preboreal (PB) climate oscillations, and a marked increase in moisture availability for forest development at the end of the PB at 10.6 cal ka BP. Dry atmospheric conditions in the Western Mediterranean occurred in phase with Lateglacial events of high-latitude cooling including GI-1d (Older Dryas), GI-1b (Intra-Allerød Cold Period) and GS-1 (YD), and during Holocene events associated with high-latitude cooling, meltwater pulses and N. Atlantic ice-rafting. A possible climatic mechanism for the recurrence of dry intervals and an opposed regional precipitation pattern with respect to Western-central Europe relates to the dynamics of the westerlies and the prevalence of atmospheric blocking highs. Comparison of radiocarbon and ice-core ages for well-defined climatic transitions in the forest record suggests possible enhancement of marine reservoir ages in the Alboran Sea by 200 years (surface water age 600 years) during the Lateglacial.
O texto tenta, num primeiro passo, mostrar que a textura intrínseca da justiça não consiste em bens distribuíveis, mas em relações sociais comumente aceitas que são constituídas por práticas perpassadas de conteúdo moral. Nessas práticas podem ser encontradas aquelas que definem o que significa tratar uma outra pessoa de forma razoável ou justa. Se este ponto de partida é convincente, então algumas consequências metodológicas sobre o conceito de justiça tem que ser tiradas e que são apresentados na segunda etapa: ao invés de construir um procedimento normativo que nos permite deduzir o conteúdo de justiça, temos de começar pela reconstrução das práticas sociais que nos informam sobre o respeito à justiça. O resultado será, tal como indicado em uma terceira etapa, a pluralização do nosso conceito de justiça, que inclui tanto princípios relevantes da justiça como há formas de relações sociais geralmente aceitas e apreciadas.
A new species of the basal araneomorph spider genus Ectatosticta (Araneae, Hypochilidae) from China
(2009)
The hypochilid spider Ectatosticta davidi (Simon) is redescribed on the basis of adults from Mt. Taibaishan in Shaanxi Province, China; the specimens from Qinghai Province previously identified as E. davidi by most modern authors belong to a new species described as E. deltshevi. Keywords: Araneae, Araneomorphae, Hypochilidae, Ectatosticta, China
Atmospheric new particle formation is a general phenomenon observed over coniferous forests. So far nucleation is either parameterised as a function of gaseous sulphuric acid concentration only, which is unable to explain the observed seasonality of nucleation events at different measurement sites, or as a function of sulphuric acid and organic molecules. Here we introduce different nucleation parameters based on the interaction of sulphuric acid and terpene oxidation products and elucidate the individual importance. They include basic trace gas and meteorological measurements such as ozone and water vapour concentrations, temperature (for terpene emission) and UV B radiation as a proxy for OH radical formation. We apply these new parameters to field studies conducted at conducted at Finnish and German measurement sites and compare these to nucleation observations on a daily and annual scale. General agreement was found, although the specific compounds responsible for the nucleation process remain speculative. This can be interpreted as follows: During cooler seasons the emission of biogenic terpenes and the OH availability limits the new particle formation while towards warmer seasons the ratio of ozone and water vapour concentration seems to dominate the general behaviour. Therefore, organics seem to support ambient nucleation besides sulphuric acid or an OH-related compound. Using these nucleation parameters to extrapolate the current conditions to prognosed future concentrations of ozone, water vapour and organic concentrations leads to a significant potential increase in the nucleation event number.